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Die vorliegende Masterarbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Bestands- und Weiterentwicklung eines typischen Wiener Gemeindebaus aus den 1950er Jahren, der einige sichtbare Probleme, Defizite und Mängel aufweist und dennoch großes Potential für eine Nachverdichtung bietet. Es wird aufgezeigt, welche Maßnahmen und Aspekte zu einer verbesserten Wohnraumversorgung der bestehenden Wohnquartiere der 1950er bis 1970er Jahre führen und in welchem Zusammenhang diese mit der Dichte im städtebaulichen und gesellschaftlichen Sinne stehen. Dabei werden mögliche Nachverdichtungspotentiale dargestellt und zielführende Aspekte und Kriterien erarbeitet. Daraus entwickelt sich ein Konzept und die Schaffung eines neuen sozialen, urbanen, gemeinschaftlichen und generationenübergreifenden Wohnquartiers der Zukunft. Mittels einer Standort- und Grundstücksanalyse können zudem die jeweiligen Mängel und Potentiale aufgezeigt werden. Durch das steigende Bevölkerungswachstum und dem Trend der Urbanisierung wird der Begriff Dichte zu einem aktuellen Thema. Die städtische Dichte erhält einen besonderen Stellenwert und fordert insbesondere bei den Wohnanlagen der Nachkriegsjahre eine Nachverdichtung. Die locker bebauten Anlagen, die großzügigen Grünanlagen und Zwischenräume sind entscheidende Grundlagen für eine Umsetzung der Verdichtungsmaßnahmen. Diese Wohnquartiere müssen einen Beitrag leisten, damit das ansteigende Bevölkerungswachstum bewältigt und leistbarer Wohnraum geschaffen werden kann. Aus sozioräumlicher Sicht sind aktuelle Bebauungen und besonders die Wohnquartiere der 1950er bis 1970er Jahre durch starke Anonymität geprägt. Menschen ziehen sich zurück und verschließen sich. Die Themen Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft rücken in den Hintergrund. Aktuelle Stadtentwicklungsprojekte in Zusammenhang mit der Urbanität gewinnen immer mehr an Bedeutung. Quartiere werden geschaffen, die urbane Qualitäten miteinbinden und aus soziologischer Perspektive ein hohes Potential aufweisen. Hinter dem Begriff der Dichte steht nicht nur die bauliche Dichte, sondern auch funktionsdurchmischte Stadtquartiere mit einer hohen Diversität und Vielfalt der unterschiedlichen Funktionen. Dadurch entsteht eine Stadt in der Stadt mit fußläufigen Entfernungen. Versorgung und Lebensalltag verbleiben daher innerhalb eines Quartiers. Der zukünftige urbane Mensch wird durch Offenheit, Gemeinschaft und Verantwortung gekennzeichnet. Anonymität und Monotonie werden ausgeschlossen. Der gemeinschaftliche Zusammenhalt innerhalb eines Wohnquartiers mit den Nachbarn, Freunden und Bekannten rückt in den Mittelpunkt und ist für die Zukunft des Wohnens entscheidend. Die Bestandsentwicklung des Franz-Novy-Hofs orientiert sich an den drei Nachhaltigkeitsaspekten und zielt darauf ab, Bedürfnisse, Wünsche und Vorstellungen der verschiedenen Generationen, zu berücksichtigen. Ein belebtes urbanes Wohnquartier entsteht durch ein dichtes Netz an verschiedenen Nutzungen. Eine Mischung der Funktionen Wohnen, Arbeiten und Freizeit ermöglicht geplante oder ungeplante Begegnungen, Orte der Kommunikation und gemeinschaftliche Nachbarschaftsbildung. Grundlegende Aspekte meiner Masterarbeit sind innovative vielfältige räumliche Lösungen, Nutzungskonzepte, kompakte Wohnungsgrundrisse und gemeinschaftliche Einrichtungen. Der Fokus liegt dabei auf lebendigen Erdgeschoßzonen, veränderten Wohnungsformen und bespielten Frei- und Grünräumen. Durch einen Verdichtungs- und Transformationsprozess des Bestands soll den Bewohnern ein nachhaltiges und zukünftiges Wohnquartier geboten werden. Der Entwurf schafft somit qualitativ hochwertige, bedarfsorientierte und nachhaltige Wohnräume für die jüngeren und älteren Menschen. Eine höhere Dichte mit einer gleichzeitig höheren Wohn- und Lebensqualität für die Bewohner wird erzeugt. Die Bestands- und Weiterentwicklung zählt zu einem wichtigen Bestandteil der ökologischen, ökonomischen und sozialen Nachhaltigkeit und wird besonders in Zukunft immer mehr an Bedeutung gewinnen. My master’s thesis is about the inventory and further development of a typical Viennese municipal building from the 1950s, which has some obvious problems and deficits. There is a great potential for recompaction. It will be shown which measures and aspects lead to an improved supply of living space in the existing residential quarters of the 1950s to 1970s and how they are related to density in the urban and social sense. Possible potentials for recompaction are presented and target-oriented aspects and criteria are developed. From this a concept and the creation of a new social, urban, community and generation-spanning residential quarter of the future will be developed. By means of a location and property analysis, the respective deficiencies and potentials can also be identified. Due to increasing population and the trend of urbanisation, the term density is becoming a top priority. Urban density is becoming an important issue and needs recompaction, especially in the residential areas of the post-war period. The loosely built up areas, the generous green spaces and interspaces are decisive bases for the implementation of densification measures. These residential quarters must make a contribution so that the increasing population growth can be managed and affordable living space can be created. From a socio-spatial point of view, current buildings and especially the residential quarters of the 1950s to 1970s are characterised by a strong anonymity. People withdraw and close themselves off. The themes of community and society move into the background. Current urban development projects in connection with urbanity are becoming important. Quarters are being created with urban qualitiy and high potential from a sociological perspective. Behind the concept of density is not only the density of buildings, but also functionally mixed urban quarters with a high diversity and variety of different functions. This creates a city within the city in walking distance. Supply and everyday life therefore remain within one quarter. The future urban person will be characterised by openness, community and responsibility. Anonymity and monotony are excluded. The community cohesion within a residential quarter with neighbours, friends and acquaintances moves to the centre and is decisive for the future of living. The development of the Franz-Novy-Hof is based on the three aspects of sustainability and aims to take into account the needs, wishes and ideas of different generations. A lively urban residential quarter is created by a dense network of different uses. A mixture of the functions living, working und leisure enables planned or unplanned encounters, places of communication und community building. Fundamental aspects of my master’s thesis are innovative diverse spatial solutions, usage concepts, compact apartment floor plans and community facilities. The focus is on lively ground floor zones, changing forms of housing and playful open and green spaces. Through a process of densification and transformation of the existing stock, sustainable and future residential quarters are being offered for the resident. The design creates high-quality, demand-oriented and sustainable living spaces for younger and older people. A higher density with a simultaneously higher quality of living and life for residents will be created. Existing and further development is an important component of ecological, economic and social sustainability and will become more and more important in the future. vorgelegt von: Sandra Kendlbacher Das Dokument ist ausschließlich in gedruckter Form in der Bibliothek vorhanden Masterarbeit Wien, FH Campus Wien 2020

During the past decades, the montane and subalpine belts of many European mountains experienced agricultural land abandonment followed by spontaneous recolonization of trees and shrubs on semi-natural mountain grasslands, potentially leading to severe losses in biodiversity. Here we analyse the spatial and temporal patterns of forest encroachment of a Prealpine study site in Northern Italy (Triangolo Lariano, Como) since 1954 in response to land use change and aim to assess whether this process has been accelerated by recent climate warming and atmospheric CO2 increase. To achieve a detailed reconstruction of forest encroachment dynamics, we adopted a multidisciplinary integrated approach, involving dendrochronological and phytosociological analyses, and vegetation mapping. Available maps updated with aerial photographs allowed the delineation of the forest distribution and changes of forest boundaries. Accordingly, along nine elevational transects, 60 plots were set within different forest-grassland successional stages in order to integrate vegetation mapping with phytosociological analyses and reconstruct the recruitment rates through dendrochronological analyses. Since 1954, the forest encroachment process occurred across an elevation range of 185 m, at a mean rate of 29 m per decade, although with uneven temporal and spatial trends. The forest encroachment rates increased progressively with time, from +0.8%/y (1954–1993) to +2.4%/y (1993–2015) to +4.9%/y (2015–2018). The air warming exhibited an increasing trend too, especially in the last twenty years. Betula pendula was the most abundant species responsible for this process (the only one presenting seedlings and saplings settling along the summit areas) and showed two recruitment peaks: the first in concomitance with the abandonment of the agro-silvo-pastoral practices (1950/60s), but the largest recruitment was detected with the increased air warming since early 2000s. The correlation analysis confirmed that forest encroachment was related to air warming (in particular summer warming), land use change and increase of atmospheric CO2 and that it was further accelerated in concomitance with further air warming in the recent decades. The forest encroachment process on semi-natural grasslands triggered by land use change on European mountains and its recent acceleration in response to climate warming represent an increasing threat to biodiversity, leading to potential habitat and species loss, especially of the most vulnerable habitats.

Water regulation and purification (WR) function is defined as "the capacity of the soil to remove harmful compounds and the capacity of the soil to receive, store and conduct water for subsequent use and to prevent droughts, flooding and erosion." It is a crucial function that society expects agricultural soils to deliver, contributing to quality water supply for human needs and in particular for ensuring food security. The complexity of processes involved and the intricate tradeoff with other necessary soil functions requires decision support tools for best management of WR function. However, the effects of farm and soil management practices on the delivery of the WR function has not been fully addressed by decision support tools for farmers. This work aimed to develop a decision support model for the management of the WR function performed by agricultural soils. The specific objectives of this paper were (i) to construct a qualitative decision support model to assess the water regulation and purification capacity of agricultural soils at field level, to (ii) conduct sensitivity analysis of the model; and (iii) to validate the model with independent empirical data. The developed decision support model for WR is a hierarchical qualitative model with 5 levels and has 27 basic attributes describing the soil (S), environment (E), and management (M) attributes of the field site to be assessed. The WR model is composed of 3 sub-models concerning (1) soil water storage, (2) P and sediment loss in runoff, and (3) N leaching in percolating water. The WR decision support model was validated using a representative dataset of 94 field sites from across Europe and had an overall accuracy of 75% when compared to the empirically derived values across these sites. This highly accurate, reliable, and useful decision support model for assessing the capacity of agricultural soils to perform the WR function can be used by farmers and advisors help manage and protect their soil resources for the future. This model has also been incorporated into the Soil Navigator decision support tool which provides simultaneous assessment of the WR function and other important soil functions for agriculture.

The goal of the Regional Development Policy of the Republic of Croatia is to contribute to the identification of priority activities that would strengthen the development potential of all Croatian regions, reduce regional disparities, strengthen and build the development potential of less developed parts of the country. The aim of this paper is to illustrate the effect of establishment of a new dry port on regional development through increased development index. Details of regional development index calculation are presented in the paper, and an example of the calculation containing the actual data for the regions/counties of the Republic of Croatia is given. A simulation of regional development index calculation in case of establishment of a new dry port was run and presented. The simulation of development index increase as a result of dry port establishment in the town of Vinkovci in the Vukovar-Srijem County was conducted. Vinkovci was chosen primarily owing to its favourable geographic position in the TEN-T network connecting Croatia with various destinations through the Orient East-Med Corridor or Rhine-Danube Corridor, existing infrastructure that can be used for new dry port terminal, and the fact that Vukovar-Srijem is one of the most undeveloped regions (counties) in Croatia. The results have shown that the regional development index would increase in the region/ county of dry port establishment. The contribution of this research is that the paper proves the influence of dry port establishment on regional development, with emphasis on the number of newly employed persons and the effect thereof on regional development index indicators.

Significance The changing climate is causing shifts in the timing of species activity. We use data on over 820,000 nesting records to quantify changes in the beginning, end, and duration of breeding among boreal birds. In addition to a general advance of breeding, we find an overall contraction of the breeding period. This pattern was most common among resident and short-distance migrating species. Overall, we detect a shift in the community-level distribution of bird reproduction, involving the start and end of reproduction and how concentrated the breeding period is. From a methodological perspective, our study illustrates that a focus on quantifying phenological advances alone may mask important patterns of phenology change across the season., Breeding timed to match optimal resource abundance is vital for the successful reproduction of species, and breeding is therefore sensitive to environmental cues. As the timing of breeding shifts with a changing climate, this may not only affect the onset of breeding but also its termination, and thus the length of the breeding period. We use an extensive dataset of over 820K nesting records of 73 bird species across the boreal region in Finland to probe for changes in the beginning, end, and duration of the breeding period over four decades (1975 to 2017). We uncover a general advance of breeding with a strong phylogenetic signal but no systematic variation over space. Additionally, 31% of species contracted their breeding period in at least one bioclimatic zone, as the end of the breeding period advanced more than the beginning. We did not detect a statistical difference in phenological responses of species with combinations of different migratory strategy or number of broods. Nonetheless, we find systematic differences in species responses, as the contraction in the breeding period was found almost exclusively in resident and short-distance migrating species, which generally breed early in the season. Overall, changes in the timing and duration of reproduction may potentially lead to more broods co-occurring in the early breeding season—a critical time for species’ reproductive success. Our findings highlight the importance of quantifying phenological change across species and over the entire season to reveal shifts in the community-level distribution of bird reproduction.

Knowledge of the factors influencing foraging efficiency in top predators can provide insights into the effects of environmental variability on their populations. Seabirds are important marine predators foraging in a highly temporally and spatially variable environment. While numerous studies have focussed on search time and its effects on foraging energetics in seabirds, relatively little is known about the factors influencing capture success and prey profitability in these predators. In the present study, animal-borne cameras were used to investigate the chase durations, capture success, handling durations and profitability of prey consumed by Australasian gannets (Morus serrator) (n=95) from two breeding colonies in south-eastern Australia exposed to different oceanographic conditions. Capture success was generally lower when individuals foraged alone. However, foraging in multi-species groups and in high prey densities increased chase time, while larger prey elicited longer handling times. While prey type influenced profitability, high prey density and foraging in multi-species groups was found to lower prey profitability due to increased time expenditure. While previous studies have found group foraging reduces search time, the increased profitability explains why some animals may favour solitary foraging. Therefore, future studies should combine search time and the currently found factors., Summary: In this study, bird-borne cameras were used to investigate the factors influencing capture success, chase and handling time, and prey profitability in Australasian gannets.

Сследования проводили с целью изучения влияния биопрепаратов и стимуляторов роста на поражённость растений сои пероноспорозом и септориозом, а также формирование урожая культуры в условиях Приморья. Работу выполняли в 2018-2019 гг в Приморском крае. Объекты исследований - растения сорта сои Приморская 86. Сравнивали эффективность различных комбинаций биопрепаратов на основе штаммов бактерий Bacillus subtilis Бактофит, Гамаир и регуляторов роста Циркон, Мивал-Агро. Изучаемые средства применяли для обработки семян и опрыскивания вегетирующих растений. Схема опыта включала следующие варианты: без обработки (контроль); обработка семян (30 г/т) и опрыскивание растений (60 г/га) препаратом Гамаир; обработка семян препаратом Гамаир (30 г/т) + опрыскивание растений Цирконом (50 мл/га); обработка семян Гамаиром (30 г/т) + опрыскивание растений Мивал-Агро (15 г/га); обработка семян (2 кг/т) и опрыскивание растений (2 кг/га) препаратом Бактофит; обработка семян Бактофитом (2 кг/т) + опрыскивание растений Цирконом (50 мл/га); обработка семян Бактофитом (2 кг/га) + опрыскивание растений Мивал-Агро (15 г/га). Максимальная в опыте эффективность (29,7 %) против септориоза отмечена в варианте Гамаир + Мивал-Агро. Против пероноспороза лучшие результаты обеспечивало сочетание Бактофит + Циркон, биологическая эффективность которого составила 26,1 %. Все препараты положительно влияли на рост и развитие растений сои. При их использовании масса 1000 семян достоверно увеличивалась, по сравнению с контролем (176,2 г), на 13,5.22,0 %. Наибольшая урожайность отмечена в варианте с применением Бактофита и Мивал-Агро (2,75 т/га), прибавка к контролю (1,84 т/га) составила 50 %.

Purpose: to determine the influence of various factors on the yield and water consumption of spring wheat in rainfed conditions in Priazov zone Rostov region. Materials and methods. The place and time of the research is the experimental station of Federal State Budgetary Institution “Federal Rostov Agrarian Scientific Center”, 2017–2019. Studied: the methods of primary tillage (moldboard, combined, surface); fertilizer backgrounds (high – N80P80K80, medium – N40P40K40, without fertilizers); features of spring wheat water consumption in different years of heat and moisture. When conducting field observations and research, the generally accepted methods of B. A. Dospekhov, A. N. Kostyakov and A. F. Vadyunina were used. Results. It was revealed that the best conditions for the Donela M variety are created with a moldboard plowing of 25–27 cm and a background of N80P80K80 fertilizers, providing a yield of 36.9 c/ha. In a similar variant of the combined tillage (surface treatment on 14–16 cm BDT-3 + slitting on 40–45 cm Sch-2), a decrease in yield by 1.5 c/ha, or 4.1 %, was observed. The greatest efficiency in the use of fertilizers was noted in the variant with an average supply background and a moldboard tillage, amounting to 6.33 kg of additional products per 1 kg of NPK added. In a favorable for heat and moisture supply (hydrothermic coefficient HTC = 0.85) year the efficiency of fertilizer application was 1.66 times higher than in a dry year with HTC= 0.20. The lowest coefficient of water consumption was obtained during moldboard plowing, amounting to 575 cubic meters per ton. Conclusions. Under the conditions of resource shortage, along with cultivating spring wheat by moldboard plowing + N80P80K80 fertilizer background, it is possible to use resource-saving combined tillage and an average N40P40K40 background, which can reduce energy costs and get the best return on fertilizer application.

The Earth is experiencing climatic changes globally, influencing issues such as reduced water availability, loss of native habitats for flora and fauna, increased resource demand and consumption by humans, continued dependency on carbon-based energy, rapid population growth and rising global temperatures. In order to combat and mitigate these issues, changes to our design habits will be required. Historically, golf courses have been viewed negatively with regard to environmental impacts, due to excessive water use, reliance on herbicides and pesticides and the carbon footprint associated with mowing. However, recent studies have shown that golf courses have the potential to positively impact their environment by recreating native habitats and providing on-site stormwater management to reduce water needs (Kohler, Poole, Reicher, & Turco, 2004) (Hodgkison, Hero, & Warnken, 2007). Recent changes in the culture of golf course management have led to a shift toward becoming environmental stewards. One of the areas most affected by climate changes is the Upper Mountain/West region that includes Utah, Colorado, Idaho and Wyoming.

China es en la actualidad el mejor socio comercial africano por delante de Estados Unidos. Los acuerdos resultantes de la última cumbre FOCAC (Forum On China Africa Cooperation) dan cuenta de ello. Pero este creciente interés chino por el continente que parece haber sido olvidado por el resto de potencias mundiales hace que nos preguntemos: ¿se trata de un trabajo de desarrollo conjunto o un interés dominante por parte del gigante asiático? En el escrito se analizará el interés comercial de ambos actores y su complementariedad, así como el riesgo de dependencia en el que podría caer el continente africano al abrir plenamente sus puertas a su principal aliado comercialAbstractChina is currently the best african trade partner ahead of the United States. The agree-ments resulting from the last FOCAC summit (Forum On China Africa Cooperation) proves it. But this growing Chinese interest in the continent that seems to have been forgotten by the rest of the world powers makes us wonder, is it a joint development work or a domi-nant interest by the Asian giant? The article will analyze the commercial interest of both actors and their complementarity, as well as the risk of dependence in which the african continent could fall by fully opening its doors to its main commercial partner

Background: Mutations in BRCA2 cause a higher risk of early-onset aggressive prostate cancer (PrCa). The IMPACT study is evaluating targeted PrCa screening using prostate-specific-antigen (PSA) in men with germline BRCA1/2 mutations. Objective: To report the utility of PSA screening, PrCa incidence, positive predictive value of PSA, biopsy, and tumour characteristics after 3 yr of screening, by BRCA status. Design, setting, and participants: Men aged 40-69 yr with a germline pathogenic BRCA1/ 2 mutation and male controls testing negative for a familial BRCA1/2 mutation were recruited. Participants underwent PSA screening for 3 yr, and if PSA> 3.0 ng/ml, men were offered prostate biopsy. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis: PSA levels, PrCa incidence, and tumour characteristics were evaluated. Statistical analyses included Poisson regression offset by person-year follow-up, chi-square tests for proportion t tests for means, and Kruskal-Wallis for medians. Results and limitations: A total of 3027 patients (2932 unique individuals) were recruited (919 BRCA1 carriers, 709 BRCA1 noncarriers, 902 BRCA2 carriers, and 497 BRCA2 noncarriers). After 3 yr of screening, 527 men had PSA > 3.0 ng/ml, 357 biopsies were performed, and 112 PrCa cases were diagnosed (31 BRCA1 carriers, 19 BRCA1 noncarriers, 47 BRCA2 carriers, and 15 BRCA2 noncarriers). Higher compliance with biopsy was observed in BRCA2 carriers compared with noncarriers (73% vs 60%). Cancer incidence rate per 1000 person years was higher in BRCA2 carriers than in noncarriers (19.4 vs 12.0; p = 0.03); BRCA2 carriers were diagnosed at a younger age (61 vs 64 yr; p = 0.04) and were more likely to have clinically significant disease than BRCA2 noncarriers (77% vs 40%; p= 0.01). No differences in age or tumour characteristics were detected between BRCA1 carriers and BRCA1 noncarriers. The 4 kallikrein marker model discriminated better (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.73) for clinically significant cancer at biopsy than PSA alone (AUC = 0.65). Conclusions: After 3 yr of screening, compared with noncarriers, BRCA2 mutation carriers were associated with a higher incidence of PrCa, younger age of diagnosis, and clinically significant tumours. Therefore, systematic PSA screening is indicated for men with a BRCA2 mutation. Further follow-up is required to assess the role of screening in BRCA1 mutation carriers. Patient summary: We demonstrate that after 3 yr of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing, we detect more serious prostate cancers in men with BRCA2 mutations than in those without these mutations. We recommend that male BRCA2 carriers are offered systematic PSA screening. (C) 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

BACKGROUND: Mutations in BRCA2 cause a higher risk of early-onset aggressive prostate cancer (PrCa). The IMPACT study is evaluating targeted PrCa screening using prostate-specific-antigen (PSA) in men with germline BRCA1/2 mutations.OBJECTIVE: To report the utility of PSA screening, PrCa incidence, positive predictive value of PSA, biopsy, and tumour characteristics after 3 yr of screening, by BRCA status.DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Men aged 40-69 yr with a germline pathogenic BRCA1/2 mutation and male controls testing negative for a familial BRCA1/2 mutation were recruited. Participants underwent PSA screening for 3 yr, and if PSA > 3.0 ng/ml, men were offered prostate biopsy.OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: PSA levels, PrCa incidence, and tumour characteristics were evaluated. Statistical analyses included Poisson regression offset by person-year follow-up, chi-square tests for proportion t tests for means, and Kruskal-Wallis for medians.RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: A total of 3027 patients (2932 unique individuals) were recruited (919 BRCA1 carriers, 709 BRCA1 noncarriers, 902 BRCA2 carriers, and 497 BRCA2 noncarriers). After 3 yr of screening, 527 men had PSA > 3.0 ng/ml, 357 biopsies were performed, and 112 PrCa cases were diagnosed (31 BRCA1 carriers, 19 BRCA1 noncarriers, 47 BRCA2 carriers, and 15 BRCA2 noncarriers). Higher compliance with biopsy was observed in BRCA2 carriers compared with noncarriers (73% vs 60%). Cancer incidence rate per 1000 person years was higher in BRCA2 carriers than in noncarriers (19.4 vs 12.0; p = 0.03); BRCA2 carriers were diagnosed at a younger age (61 vs 64 yr; p = 0.04) and were more likely to have clinically significant disease than BRCA2 noncarriers (77% vs 40%; p = 0.01). No differences in age or tumour characteristics were detected between BRCA1 carriers and BRCA1 noncarriers. The 4 kallikrein marker model discriminated better (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.73) for clinically significant cancer at biopsy than PSA alone (AUC = 0.65).CONCLUSIONS: After 3 yr of screening, compared with noncarriers, BRCA2 mutation carriers were associated with a higher incidence of PrCa, younger age of diagnosis, and clinically significant tumours. Therefore, systematic PSA screening is indicated for men with a BRCA2 mutation. Further follow-up is required to assess the role of screening in BRCA1 mutation carriers.PATIENT SUMMARY: We demonstrate that after 3 yr of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing, we detect more serious prostate cancers in men with BRCA2 mutations than in those without these mutations. We recommend that male BRCA2 carriers are offered systematic PSA screening.

The Lancet Countdown is an international, multidisciplinary collaboration, dedicated to monitoring the evolving health profile of climate change, and providing an independent assessment of the delivery of commitments made by governments worldwide under the Paris Agreement.\ud The 2019 report presents an annual update of 41 indicators across five key domains: climate change impacts, exposures, and vulnerability; adaptation, planning, and resilience for health; mitigation actions and health co-benefits; economics and finance; and public and political engagement. The report represents the findings and consensus of 35 leading academic institutions and UN agencies from every continent. Each year, the methods and data that underpin the Lancet Countdown's indicators are further developed and improved, with updates described at each stage of this report. The collaboration draws on the world-class expertise of climate scientists; ecologists; mathematicians; engineers; energy, food, and transport experts; economists; social and political scientists; public health professionals; and doctors, to generate the quality and diversity of data required.\ud The science of climate change describes a range of possible futures, which are largely dependent on the degree of action or inaction in the face of a warming world. The policies implemented will have far-reaching effects in determining these eventualities, with the indicators tracked here monitoring both the present-day effects of climate change, as well as the worldwide response. Understanding these decisions as a choice between one of two pathways—one that continues with the business as usual response and one that redirects to a future that remains “well below 2°C”—helps to bring the importance of recognising the effects of climate change and the necessary response to the forefront.\ud Evidence provided by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the International Energy Agency, and the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration clarifies the degree and magnitude of climate change experienced today and contextualises these two pathways.

[EN] Spanish electrical generation has traditionally included high pollutant energy resources, like fuel or carbon. However, disturbing ever-increase in the average temperature of Planet Earth has led to a search for sustainability in the energy scenario. Therefore, Spanish electrical generation mix is prone to replace contaminant energy resources by non-contaminant, such renewables. Concretely, Spain is one of the countries with more solar peak annual hours. Nevertheless, having enough space to increase solar fields has been widely question. In this paper, an unrealistic scenario where all the annual Spanish consumption would be covered by photovoltaics is deeply analysed. Considering real electrical Spanish consumption data from 2017, required total quantity of solar panels has been quantified. Additionally, the study takes the hypothesis that all the panels should be placed on Spanish desert zones for two main reasons. First, total solar peak annual hours there are higher than in other Spanish regions. Last, making there the installation would give use to previous wasted zones. Obtained results indicate that around 691 million of 330Wp solar panels would be required for this issue, taking up 492175 km2. This space means only a 0.77% of all Iberian Peninsula. These outcomes clearly show that there is suitable and enough space to increase solar fields in Iberian Peninsula., This work was supported in part by the regional public administration of Valencia under the grant ACIF/2018/106.

© 2019 Elsevier B.V. We examine whether family doctor firms in England respond to local competition by increasing their quality. We measure quality in terms of clinical performance and patient-reported satisfaction to capture its multi-dimensional nature. We use a panel covering 8 years for over 8000 English general practices. We measure competition as the number of rival doctors within a small distance and control for a large number of potential confounders. We find that increases in local competition are associated with increases in patient satisfaction and to a lesser extent in clinical quality. However, the magnitude of the effect is small.

Electronic Prescribing tools (e-prescribing) have shown several benefits in terms of prescribing process adequacy and health care quality in hospital settings. We hypothesize however, that an undesired effect of digitalisation, due to the easier and faster prescribing process allowing patients to skip face-to-face conversations with patients and nurses, is that it could facilitate the prescription of medications at high risk of overuse or abuse, such as benzodiazepines (BZDs). We conducted a panel data study to investigate, the impact of the introduction of an e-prescribing system on new BZD prescriptions in hospitalised patients in a network of five teaching hospitals. During the observation period 1 July 2014&ndash, 30 April 2019, 43,320 admissions were analysed. A fixed-effects model was adopted to estimate the effect of e-prescribing on new BZD prescriptions. E-prescribing implementation was associated with a significant increase of new BZD prescriptions: absolute +1.5%, and relative +43% (p &lt, 0.001). The effect was similar in males and females (respectively, absolute +2.3%, relative +65% (p &lt, 0.001), absolute +1.8%, relative +58% (p = 0.01)) and in patients &ge, 70 years old (absolute +1.6%, relative +59% (p &lt, 0.001)). After controlling for time-varying explanatory variables, the implementation of the e-prescribing tool showed similar significant effects. E-prescribing implementation was associated with a significant increase of new in-hospital BZD prescriptions. For classes of drugs at risk of overuse or abuse, e-prescribing should be used cautiously, to minimize the risk of over-prescriptions. Further research in other settings and countries is needed to analyse causal interactions between e-prescribing and BZD prescriptions in the hospital setting, and to promote the ultimate goal of high-value care.

The gastrointestinal microbiota is emerging as a unique and inexhaustible source for metabolites with potential to modulate G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). The ghrelin receptor [growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR)-1a] is a GPCR expressed throughout both the gut and the brain and plays a crucial role in maintaining energy balance,metabolism, and the centralmodulation of food intake,motivation, reward, andmood. To date, few studies have investigated the potential of the gastrointestinal microbiota and its metabolites to modulate GPCR signaling. Here we investigate the ability of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), lactate, and different bacterial strains, including Bifidobacteriumand Lactobacillus genera, tomodulateGHSR-1a signaling.We identify, forwhat is to our knowledge the first time, a potent effect ofmicrobiota-derivedmetabolites on GHSR-1a signaling with potential significant consequences for host metabolism and physiology. We show that SCFAs, lactate, and bacterial supernatants are able to attenuate ghrelin-mediated signaling through the GHSR-1a.We suggest a novel route of communication between the gut microbiota and the host via modulation of GHSR-1a receptor signaling. Together, this highlights the emerging therapeutic potential in the exploration of themicrobiota metabolome in the specific targeting of key GPCRs, with pleiotropic actions that span both the CNS and periphery., This study was supported by Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre Grant SFI/12/RC/2273 to the Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre (APC) Microbiome Ireland, Student/Faculty Interaction (SFI) Grant 12/RC/2276 DBP and APC Microbiome Ireland industry partner Cremo SA

El Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID), menciona que las obras de infraestructura que implementen los países, generan un crecimiento económico directo, por la creación de mayor capital fijo e indirecto, ya que facilita el desarrollo productivo por mejorar el acceso de las personas a los servicios básicos, que además permiten a la economía ser funcional (BID, 2019). De igual forma, en el foro económico mundial del 2011, se considera a los desarrollos viales que realice un país de gran importancia, por los beneficios que traen consigo, como lo es, el de facilitar la comercialización de los bienes y servicios de manera más rápida y segura, permitiendo de esta manera la accesibilidad de todos aquellos emprendedores a las actividades económicas. Así mismo, distintos estudios que se han realizado para identificar el tipo de barreras que enfrentan los empresarios al querer entrar en los mercados, tanto nacionales como internacionales, tienen en común al transporte de carga interno, como uno de los mayores impedimentos para su realización (Zamora & Pedraza, 2013), ya que este es el medio que más comúnmente utilizan, para acceder a los centros de producción. De igual manera, el incremento del potencial del mercado y producto interno bruto (PIB) en un país, se logra al reducir las distancias entre productores y compradores, mediante mejoramientos en la infraestructura vial (Ramírez, 2015). The Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) mentions that the infrastructure works implemented by the countries generate direct economic growth, due to the creation of greater fixed and indirect capital, since it facilitates productive development by improving people's access to basic services, which also allow the economy to be functional (IDB, 2019). Similarly, in the world economic forum of 2011, road developments that a country of great importance is considered, for the benefits that they bring, as it is, to facilitate the commercialization of goods and services more fast and safe, thus allowing the accessibility of all those entrepreneurs to economic activities. Likewise, different studies that have been carried out to identify the type of barriers that entrepreneurs face when they want to enter the markets, both national and international, have in common the transport of internal cargo, as one of the greatest impediments to its realization ( Zamora & Pedraza, 2013), since this is the most commonly used means, to access the production centers. Similarly, the increase in the potential of the market and gross domestic product (GDP) in a country is achieved by reducing the distances between producers and buyers, through improvements in road infrastructure (Ramírez, 2015). Pregrado

Most of the carbon (C) stored in temperate arable soils is present in organic matter (OM) intimately associated with soil minerals and with slow turnover rates. The sensitivity of mineral-associated OM to changes in temperature is crucial for reliable predictions of the response of soil C turnover to global warming and the associated flux of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the soil to the atmosphere. We studied the temperature sensitivity of C in 63 μm fractions rich in particulate organic matter (POM). The fractions were isolated by physical separation of two light-textured arable soils where the C4-plant silage maize had replaced C3-crops 25 years ago. Differences in 13C abundance allowed for calculation of the age of C in the soil-size fractions (old C, C3–C > 25 years; recent C, C4–C < 25 years). We incubated bulk soils (12CO2 and 13CO2 evolution rates. The temperature sensitivity was similar or slightly higher for POM than for MOM. Within the POM fraction, old C3–C was more sensitive to changes in temperature than recent C4–C. For the MOM fraction, the temperature sensitivity was unrelated to the age of C. Quantitative PCR analysis indicated that the proportions of bacteria, archaea and fungi did not change during incubation. Our results suggest that while OM stabilizing mechanisms affect the temperature sensitivity of soil C, temperature sensitivity appears unrelated to the age of mineral-associated OM.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of E. coli and Salmonella spp on the growth and mortality of baby alpacas (Vicugna pacos). It was selected 104 Huacaya alpacas with diarrheal processes and with an average age of 10.0 ± 2 days, body weight of 9.6 ± 0.5 kg and height at the withers of 85.0 ± 0.5 cm. Samples of rectal swabs were cultured in selective culture media of MacConkey, EMB, SS, XHD and BIH agar, and biochemical tests were performed. Based on the positive results of E. coli and Salmonella spp. A total of 80 animals were selected and assigned into four groups: G1, E. coli (n=23); G2, Salmonella spp (n=17); G3, E. coli – Salmonella spp (n=12); G4, control (n=28), positive for one or both germs and treated with tetracycline. The animals were weighed and measured (height at the withers) at weeks 4 and 8 of the study and mortality was recorded. The weight and corporal height were more affected in G1, G2 and G3 that the G4 (p, El estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el efecto de Escherichia coli y Salmonella spp en el crecimiento y mortalidad de crías de alpacas (Vicugna pacos). Se seleccionaron 104 crías de alpacas Huacaya con procesos diarreicos y con edad promedio de 10.0 ± 2 días, peso de 9.6 ± 0.5 kg y altura a la cruz de 85.0 ± 0.5 cm. Se tomaron muestras de hisopados rectales y se cultivaron en medios de cultivo selectivos de agares MacConkey, EMB, SS, XHD y BIH, y se hicieron pruebas bioquímicas. Con base a los resultados positivos a E. coli y Salmonella spp se seleccionaron 80 crías que fueron distribuidas en cuatro grupos: G1, E. coli (n=23); G2, Salmonella spp (n=17); G3, E. coli – Salmonella spp (n=12); G4, Testigo (n=28), positivos a uno o a los dos gérmenes y tratados con tetraciclinas. Los animales fueron pesados y medidos (altura a la cruz) a las 4 y 8 semanas del estudio y la mortalidad fue registrada. El peso y la talla corporal fueron más afectados en G1, G2 y G3 que en G4 (p

Sistematización de la experiencia de la práctica profesional modalidad emprendimiento cuyo propósito es el estudio de viabilidad financiera para la puesta en marcha de un centro de aprovechamiento del ocio para aficionados a la cultura de las motos en Girardot Cundinamarca. El proyecto estudio de viabilidad económica y financiera para la apertura de un centro de aprovechamiento del ocio tiene como propósito central identificar la viabilidad financiera para la creación de un lugar de esparcimiento tipo bar temático el cual se realiza con el análisis de falencias que presentan algunos bares de la ciudad, donde no se tiene en cuenta las necesidades del grupo de mercado que en el momento es nuestro objetivo (moteros), sin descuidar al resto de mercado que nos ofrece la ciudad y que tales beneficios también serán de su interés. Se presenta datos e informes recolectados a través de la encuesta realizada, para así tener un punto de partida e ir desarrollando las diferentes estrategias necesarias para la realización del proyecto, además se presentan todos los temas de reglamentación, los diferentes marcos y una reseña histórica importante de la creación de estos tipos de establecimientos y que cada vez toman más importancia en el sector económico. La ciudad de Girardot es conocida en muchas partes de Colombia, como una de los principales destinos turísticos por su clima, por la infraestructura hotelera y las diferentes actividades que se ofrecen en los centros de esparcimiento nocturnos, por lo cual el grupo de mercado de los moteros están en un crecimiento y son visitadores de forma constante a la ciudad, es de aquí donde nace nuestra idea y en la cual está fundamentada la realización de este proyecto, adjuntando lo necesario a través de los procesos realizados y demostrando la innovación que será atractiva al mercado. The project of economic and financial feasibility study for the opening of a center for the use of leisure has as its central purpose to identify the financial viability for the creation of a thematic bar type entertainment place which is carried out with the analysis of flaws presented by some bars of the city, where the needs of the market group that at the moment is our objective (moteros) are not taken into account, without neglecting the rest of the market that the city offers us and that such benefits will also be of interest to them. Data and reports collected through the survey are presented, in order to have a starting point and develop the different strategies needed to carry out the project, as well as all the regulatory issues, the different frameworks and an important historical review. Of the creation of these types of establishments and that increasingly take more importance in the economic sector. The city of Girardot is known in many parts of Colombia, as one of the main tourist destinations due to its climate, the hotel infrastructure and the different activities that are offered in the night leisure centers, for which the market group of the bikers are growing and are constant visitors to the city, this is where our idea was born and on which the realization of this project is based, attaching what is necessary through the processes carried out and demonstrating the innovation that will be attractive to the market.

Less frequent cervical cancer screening in human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccinated birth cohorts could produce considerable savings without increasing cervical cancer incidence and loss of life-years. We report here the baseline findings and interim results of safety and accuracy of infrequent screening among HPV16/18 vaccinated females. The entire 1992-1994 birth-cohorts (30,139 females) were invited to a community-randomized HPV16/18-vaccination trial. A total of 9,482 female trial participants received HPV16/18-vaccination in 2007-2009 at age of 13-15. At age 22, 4,273 (45%) of these females consented to attend a randomized trial on frequent (ages 22/25/28; Arm 1: 2,073 females) vs. infrequent screening (age 28; Arm 2: 2,200 females) in 2014-2017. Females (1,329), who had got HPV16/18 vaccination at age 18 comprised the safety Arm 3. Baseline prevalence and incidence of HPV16/18 and other high-risk HPV types were: 0.5% (53/1,000 follow-up years, 10(4)) and 25% (2,530/10(4)) in the frequently screened Arm 1; 0.2% (23/10(4)) and 24% (2,413/10(4)) in the infrequently screened Arm 2; and 3.1% (304/10(4)) and 23% (2,284/10(4)) in the safety Arm 3. Corresponding prevalence of HSIL/ASC-H and of any abnormal cytological findings were: 0.3 and 4.2% (Arm 1), 0.4 and 5.3% (Arm 2) and 0.3 and 4.7% (Arm 3). Equally rare HSIL/CIN3 findings in the infrequently screened safety Arm A3 (0.4%) and in the frequently screened Arm 1 (0.4%) indicate no safety concerns on infrequent screening despite the up to 10 times higher HPV16/18 baseline prevalence and incidence in the former.

Повышения продуктивности скота можно достичь при обеспечении полноценного кормления животных. Горский скот малопродуктивный, средняя живая масса 250 кг. Сроки нагула скота в целом определяются не только увеличением живой массы, убойным выходом повышается пищевая ценность мяса, возрастает эффективность производства говядины, что положительно сказывается на рентабельности хозяйства. Поэтому с учетом дефицита отдельных макро и микроэлементов в пастбищной траве в условиях горной местности Дагестана разработана минеральная смесь, состоящую из 21 г мононатрийфосфата, 7 г жженой магнезии, 72 мг сернокислой меди и 2,3 мг йодистого калия, которую задавали бычкам ежедневно в расчете на 1 голову, смешивая её с ячменной дертью. Установлено, что использование этой минеральной смеси в рационе горского скота в горной зоне республики Дагестан позволяет увеличивать среднесуточные приросты за период нагула животных на 16,4. Бычки получавшие минеральную подкормку на горных пастбищах достигали живой массы в 18ти месячном возрасте 306,6 кг, т.е. выше на 11,8 по сравнению с контролем при достоверной разнице (Р0,05). Они также имели преимущество по индексу сбитости, растянутости и костистости, Increased livestock productivity can be achieved while ensuring full feeding of animals. Mountain cattle unproductive, average live weight of 250 kg. Terms of feeding livestock as a whole are determined not only by an increase in live weight, the nutritional value of meat increases by its slaughter output, and the efficiency of beef production increases, which has a positive effect on the profitability of the farm. Therefore, taking into account the deficit of individual macro and microelements in pasture grass in the conditions of the mountainous area of Dagestan, a mineral mixture was developed consisting of 21 g of monosodium phosphate, 7 g of burnt magnesia, 72 mg of copper sulphate and 2.3 mg of potassium iodide, which was given daily to calves on 1 head, mixing it with barley dertyu. It has been established that the use of this mineral mixture in the diet of highland cattle in the mountainous zone of the republic of Dagestan allows for an increase in daily average increments over the feeding period by 16.4. Minets fed mineral dressing on mountain pastures reached a body weight at 18 months of age 306.6 kg, i.e. higher by 11.8 compared with the control with a significant difference (P0.05). They also had an advantage in the index of shedness, extension and costiness., №2 (2019)

La presente investigación pretende realizar un aporte a la educación través de la sistematización de la práctica profesional elaborando un plan de negocio para la empresa crepes al parque en el municipio de Anapoima con el fin de mejorar las condiciones actuales de la empresa. La siguiente sistematización es la experiencia de un proyecto de innovación al que se vincularon conocimientos adquiridos en la práctica profesional, aplicando principios administrativos que registraron el avance para diagnosticar las estrategias de sostenibilidad y crecimiento la cual permiten la fidelización y lealtad de los clientes actuales, a su vez captar nuevos, mediante publicidad que informa y antojara superando las expectativas, y claro Garantizando el sabor tradicional, con las características de siempre. Se desarrollaron aspectos técnicos y de producción que permitieron identificar algunos procesos básicos para el normal funcionamiento del negocio Crepes al Parque. Al consolidar la estructura organizacional se pudo definir las dependencias, los cargos y las obligaciones y así responsabilizar a cada uno de los integrantes de este grupo de trabajo, disminuyendo gastos y costos en procesos que eran mal implementados. Al afianzar este plan de negocio como producto de la práctica profesional y tesis de grado, hay estimulación al conocimiento en realidad concreta de cambios y evolución en el crecimiento personal, profesional, y como persona, mejorando condiciones materiales de vida, tanto mías como de las personas que me colaboran. Esta experiencia enriquecedora es la base para el aporte socioeconómico al municipio de Anapoima abriendo nuevas fuentes de empleo, aportes tributarios, contribuciones al turismo y desarrollo del sector. The following systematization is the experience of an innovation project to which knowledge acquired in the professional practice was linked, applying administrative principles that registered the progress to diagnose the strategies of sustainability and growth which allow the loyalty and loyalty of my current clients, to At the same time, it will attract new ones, through advertising that informs and whims exceeding expectations, and of course, Guaranteeing traditional flavor, with the same characteristics as always. Technical and production aspects were developed that allowed to identify some basic processes for the normal operation of the Crepes al Parque business. By consolidating the organizational structure it was possible to define dependencies, positions and obligations and thus hold each of the members of this work group accountable, reducing costs and expenses in processes that were poorly implemented. By consolidating this business plan as a product of professional practice and thesis, there is stimulation to knowledge in concrete reality of changes and evolution in personal, professional growth, and as a person, improving material living conditions, both mine and the people who collaborate with me This enriching experience is the basis for the socioeconomic contribution to the municipality of Anapoima, opening new sources of employment, tax contributions, contributions to tourism and development of the sector.

Smoking is associated with shorter leucocyte telomere length (LTL), a biomarker of increased morbidity and reduced longevity. This association is widely interpreted as evidence that smoking causes accelerated LTL attrition in adulthood, but the evidence for this is inconsistent. We analysed the association between smoking and LTL dynamics in 18 longitudinal cohorts. The dataset included data from 12 579 adults (4678 current smokers and 7901 non-smokers) over a mean follow-up interval of 8.6 years. Meta-analysis confirmed a cross-sectional difference in LTL between smokers and non-smokers, with mean LTL 84.61 bp shorter in smokers (95% CI: 22.62 to 146.61). However, LTL attrition was only 0.51 bp yr −1 faster in smokers than in non-smokers (95% CI: −2.09 to 1.08), a difference that equates to only 1.32% of the estimated age-related loss of 38.33 bp yr −1 . Assuming a linear effect of smoking, 167 years of smoking would be required to generate the observed cross-sectional difference in LTL. Therefore, the difference in LTL between smokers and non-smokers is extremely unlikely to be explained by a linear, causal effect of smoking. Selective adoption, whereby individuals with short telomeres are more likely to start smoking, needs to be considered as a more plausible explanation for the observed pattern of telomere dynamics.

Purpose: Whether the association between hypnotic and increased mortality risk is created by causation or confounding, has been long debated. We further examined the possibility of confounding by indication with a comprehensive approach. Methods: The National FINRISK Study cohorts of 1997, 2002, and 2007 (25,436 participants aged 25-74) were followed up until July 2012. There were 1822 deaths, and at least one gender, baseline age and cohort matched 'control' was found for 1728 'cases' yielding a final analytical sample of 3955 individuals. An index age, equivalent to the age at death of their respective cases' was set for each control. Hypnotic drug purchases were followed from the Finnish nationwide register during a 36-month run-up period before the date of death/index date. The prevalence and incidence of hypnotic purchases were compared between cases and matched controls. Moreover, latent developmental trajectories of purchases were modelled and their relations with specific and all-cause death risks were analysed. Results: An increasing difference between cases and controls was observed as regards the use of hypnotic drugs. During the last 30 months before the date of death/index date, the rate ratio of incident purchases between cases and controls was 2.37 (95% CL, 1.79-3.12) among older and 3.61 (95% CL, 2.37-5.89) among younger individuals. The developmental trajectories of hypnotic drug purchases were differently and by interpretation plausibly associated with specific mortality risks. Conclusions: In most cases the association between hypnotics and mortality risk is created by symptomatic treatment when death is approaching. (c) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Lung transplantation is a lifesaving treatment in numerous forms of end-stage lung disease but organ shortage remains nowadays his biggest issue. Ex vivo lung perfusion (EVLP) has recently emerged as a solution to this problem and begins to be accepted is clinical practice. In this review, we will focus on his experience worldwide. We would like to describe the technique and the criteria used to select the donors and the transplantable lungs. We will also browse the acceptance rate described in literature as well as numerous other aspects of this new tool. ispartof: JOURNAL OF THORACIC DISEASE vol:11 issue:4 pages:1635-1650 ispartof: location:China status: published

El estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el efecto de Escherichia coli y Salmonella spp en el crecimiento y mortalidad de crías de alpacas (Vicugna pacos). Se seleccionaron 104 crías de alpacas Huacaya con procesos diarreicos y con edad promedio de 10.0 ± 2 días, peso de 9.6 ± 0.5 kg y altura a la cruz de 85.0 ± 0.5 cm. Se tomaron muestras de hisopados rectales y se cultivaron en medios de cultivo selectivos de agares MacConkey, EMB, SS, XHD y BIH, y se hicieron pruebas bioquímicas. Con base a los resultados positivos a E. coli y Salmonella spp se seleccionaron 80 crías que fueron distribuidas en cuatro grupos: G1, E. coli (n=23); G2, Salmonella spp (n=17); G3, E. coli - Salmonella spp (n=12); G4, Testigo (n=28), positivos a uno o a los dos gérmenes y tratados con tetraciclinas. Los animales fueron pesados y medidos (altura a la cruz) a las 4 y 8 semanas del estudio y la mortalidad fue registrada. El peso y la talla corporal fueron más afectados en G1, G2 y G3 que en G4 (p

Background Hyperglycemia is common and associated with increased mortality after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) and return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). Mechanisms behind ultra-acute hyperglycemia are not well known. We performed an explorative study to describe the changes in glucose metabolism mediators during the prehospital postresuscitation phase. Methods We included patients who were successfully resuscitated from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in two physician-staffed units. Insulin, glucagon, and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) were measured in prehospital and hospital admission samples. Additionally, interleukin-6 (IL-6), cortisol, and HbA1c were measured at hospital admission. Results Thirty patients participated in the study. Of those, 28 cases (71% without diabetes) had sufficient data for analysis. The median time interval between prehospital samples and hospital admission samples was 96 minutes (IQR 85-119). At the time of ROSC, the patients were hyperglycemic (11.2 mmol/l, IQR 8.8-15.7), with insulin and glucagon concentrations varying considerably, although mostly corresponding to fasting levels (10.1 mU/l, IQR 4.2-25.2 and 141 ng/l, IQR 105-240, respectively). GLP-1 increased 2- to 8-fold with elevation of IL-6. The median glucose change from prehospital to hospital admission was -2.2 mmol/l (IQR -3.6 to -0.2). No significant correlations between the change in plasma glucose levels and the changes in insulin (r = 0.30, p = 0.13), glucagon (r = 0.29, p = 0.17), or GLP-1 levels (r = 0.32, p = 0.15) or with IL-6 (r = (-0.07), p = 0.75), cortisol (r = 0.13, p = 0.52) or HbA1c levels (r = 0.34, p = 0.08) were observed. However, in patients who did not receive exogenous epinephrine during resuscitation, changes in blood glucose correlated with changes in insulin (r = 0.59, p = 0.04) and glucagon (r = 0.65, p = 0.05) levels, demonstrating that lowering glucose values was associated with a simultaneous lowering of insulin and glucagon levels. Conclusions Hyperglycemia is common immediately after OHCA and cardiopulmonary resuscitation. No clear hormonal mechanisms were observed to be linked to changes in glucose levels during the postresuscitation phase in the whole cohort. However, in patients without exogenous epinephrine treatment, the correlations between glycemic and hormonal changes were more obvious. These results call for future studies examining the mechanisms of postresuscitation hyperglycemia and the metabolic effects of the global ischemic insult and medical treatment.

Daily surface soil temperature data from 360 weather stations in China during 1962&ndash, 2011 were retrieved and analyzed. The data revealed two aspects of asymmetric soil warming. Firstly, there was asymmetry between day and night in terms of increases in soil temperature. The daily maximum surface soil temperature ( S T max ) and daily minimum surface soil temperature ( S T min ) increased at rates of 0.031 and 0.055 &deg, C/year over the 50-year interval, respectively. As a consequence of the more rapid increases in S T min , the soil diurnal temperature range (SDTR) decreased at most stations (average rate of &ndash, 0.025 &deg, C/year), with the most profound decrease in winter (&ndash, 0.08 &deg, C/year). The solar duration (SD) was positively related to SDTR and is regarded as the key underlying cause of the decreasing SDTR. Secondly, there was asymmetry between the soil and air in the temperature increase. The differences between soil and air temperature ( T D ) were highest in summer (2.76 &deg, C) and smallest in winter (1.55 &deg, C), which decreased by 0.3 &deg, C over the study interval, this meant agricultural practice plans based on air temperature alone may be severely limited. The difference between soil temperature and air temperature reduces at night. This would facilitate the wintering of perennials in areas near the zero-contour line.

Listening skills are essential for interaction among human beings. However, the teaching of listening skills using conventional media and materials has created problems for the students. This study tries to answer the question on how to improve students’ listening skills using English Discoveries Online Program (EDOP), as a part of Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL). Engaging 32 students and applying classroom action research, this study revealed that EDOP could improve the students’ listening skills. Key Words: listening, english discoveries online, increase Abstrak: Keterampilan mendengarkan sangat penting kaitannya dengan interaksi diantara manusia. Namun, pembelajaran keterampilan mendengarkan dengan menggunakan media dan materi tradisional telah menimbulkan beberapa masalah bagi siswa. Penelitian ini mencoba untuk menjawab pertanyaan tentang bagaimana meningkatkan keterampilan mendengarkan siswa menggunakan English Discoveries Online Program (EDOP), sebagai bagian dari Pembelajaran Bahasa dengan Bantuan Komputer (CALL). Melibatkan 32 siswa dan menerapkan penelitian tindakan kelas, penelitian ini mengungkapkan bahwa EDOP dapat meningkatkan keterampilan mendengarkan siswa. Kata kunci: mendengarkan, penemuan bahasa Inggris online, meningkat

Short sleep duration or insomnia may lead to an increased risk of various psychiatric and cardio-metabolic conditions. Since DNA methylation plays a critical role in the regulation of gene expression, studies of differentially methylated positions (DMPs) might be valuable for understanding the mechanisms underlying insomnia. We performed a cross-sectional genome-wide analysis of DNA methylation in relation to self-reported insufficient sleep in individuals from a community-based sample (79 men, aged 39.3 ± 7.3), and in relation to shift work disorder in an occupational cohort (26 men, aged 44.9 ± 9.0). The analysis of DNA methylation data revealed that genes corresponding to selected DMPs form a distinctive pathway: “Nervous System Development” (FDR P value

Background Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) are used to assess symptoms in patients with functional dyspepsia (FD). Current end-of-day questionnaires have several limitations including sensitivity to recall and ecological bias. The experience sampling method (ESM) is characterized by random and repeated assessments across momentary states in daily life and therefore less sensitive to these limitations. This study describes the development of a novel PROM based on ESM technology. Methods An initial draft of the PROM was developed based on literature. Focus group interviews with FD patients according to Rome IV criteria, and an expert meeting with international opinion leaders in the field of functional gastrointestinal disorders were conducted in order to select items for the PROM. Cognitive interviews were performed to evaluate patients' understanding of the selected items and to create the definitive PROM. Key results A systematic literature search revealed 59 items across four domains (ie, physical status; mood and psychological factors; context and environment; and nutrition, medication, and substance use). After patient focus group interviews and an international expert meeting, the number of items was reduced to 33. Cognitive interviews resulted in some minor linguistic changes in order to improve patients' understanding. Conclusions and inferences A novel digital ESM-based PROM for real-time symptom assessment in patients with functional dyspepsia was developed. This novel PROM has the potential to identify individual symptom patterns and specific triggers for dyspeptic symptoms, and optimize treatment strategies.