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The idea of one shared past, can develop identity-building potential. Nevertheless, there are diverse memory practices in plural societies and they are an expression of shared, divided, and conflicting memories. The negotiations of (diverse) past(s) and memories and, consequently, related belonging(s) to so-called 'remembrance communities' take place in historical-political adult education. The article explores the relationship between existing historical knowledge about the Holocaust and National socialist past, discursive practices of representation in remembering pasts, and the negotiation of belonging in historical-political adult education. Using the example of a German orientation course, the contribution indicates that (1) remembering is subject to specific social power relations; (2) that teachers and learners navigate in discursive exchange about histories between the (re-)production of national (state) structuring and the attempt to make diversity visible in historical references; (3) that language skills are central for participating in the production of remembrance; (4) that different stakeholders face diverse challenges in teaching and providing historical-political education for adult migrants. The article addresses a relevant and urgent issue in adult education in migration societies. It, therefore, contributes to providing initial insights into teaching and learning opportunities and challenges that arise in courses about the Holocaust and National socialism in migration societies.

The purpose of this study was to investigate elements of the history of mathematics in secondary school mathematics textbooks in Ethiopia. In line with this, the study also identified the extent to which mathematics is seen as a social construct in textbooks. To achieve these four mathematics textbooks from Grades 9 to Grade 12 were selected for this purpose. The document review method used to determine the extent of use of elements of the history of mathematics, the stage in the unit it used, and the learning domains of mathematics it covered in these textbooks are considered. For document analysis purposes Erdogan et al.'s (2015) classification of elements of the history of mathematics was adopted. This distribution involves historical notes, notes on usage areas of mathematics, applications with historical notes, and historical elements in students' extracurricular activities. The result has indicated that it has found 26 elements of the history of mathematics and the highest number found in the grade 11 Mathematics textbook. The learning domain algebra in the form of historical notes also received the highest coverage than others. Moreover, the result has indicated most elements of the history of mathematics were used at the beginning stage of the unit. Finally, the study has concluded that elements of the history of mathematics are not sufficiently integrated with the contents of mathematics textbooks. Several elements of the history of mathematics are far from the social context of the learner, as indicated in the textbooks.

Recent debates relating to the #Rhodes-Must-Fall and related movements invite a careful reappraisal of the complex field of colonial education in the late colonial era, given the lack of attention to the field by historians and the significance of this legacy for the development of educational policy in the post-colonial world. The British, French and German colonial offices, along with missionary societies and American philanthropic organisations, had attempted to shape such policies in the first half of the twentieth century, broadly influenced by notions of Indirect Rule and Progressive Education, but there were also significant critics of formal policy initiatives who have only had intermittent scholarly attention. Bryant Mumford's career in the field (especially in Tanganyika -- 1923-1932) and in his role as lecturer in the newly established Colonial Department at the London Institute of Education (1934-1942), provides valuable insights into the world of colonial education.

In this paper the author looks at the letters of two renowned women mathematicians and scientists of the Victorian period, Mary Somerville and Ada Lovelace, while also considering the imperceptibility of Sophie Germain, an important French mathematician and philosopher in their epistolary exchanges and philosophical writings. Drawing on the importance of mathematical correspondences and epistolary education in the creation, circulation and dissemination of knowledge, as well as in processes of formal and informal learning, the author argues that Lovelace's and Somerville's letters leave traces of a remarkable genealogical line of women's mentorship and personal relations in the nineteenth century world of British mathematics in the backdrop of contradictory discourses around gender, mathematics, and science education.

While civic education may not always be explicitly included in school curriculums, it can still be imparted through various non-teaching practices and in different places. In this article, we will delve into three potential educational spaces--memorials, museums, and libraries--that are commonly found in Western democracies. We will explore the significance and scope of each of these spaces and discuss their respective ethical, political, and aesthetic responsibilities. Additionally, we will examine how they possess agency and can influence the educational process, recognizing that even non-human entities, such as nature itself, can play an important role in shaping our understanding of civic education.

We review research on the history of education policy in colonial sub-Saharan Africa and among the African Diaspora in the United States and Brazil through a political economy lens. While the supply of education was severely constricted in all of these cases, demand for education remained strong. Thus, even as authoritarian states have attempted to restrict educational supply for social control, the strength of the demand--and the accompanying pedagogical, organizational, and political innovations--illustrates the power of education to empower marginalized communities. Through reviewing work in economics, history, and political science, we highlight the transformative effects of formal education in Black communities as well as the centrality of Black people in demanding access to higher education and innovating new political ideas and pedagogies that saw education as a force for liberation. Governments and citizens must continue to work to correct the inherited distortions in the supply of education in Black communities in Africa as well as in the diaspora.

In this paper, we report data from the first national survey of secondary Shakespeare teaching in the UK, conducted online in 2017-18 with a sample of 211 teachers distributed throughout Wales, England, Northern Ireland, and Scotland. In this article, we outline the pedagogical practices which are dominant. Specifically, we examine the group of pedagogies known as 'Active Methods' and consider their popularity in secondary classrooms, and why teachers say they do or do not use them. The most popular activities for teaching Shakespeare plays in the UK across the key stages are as follows: reading with parts around the groups; creating scene summaries; watching a film; and historical context activities.

The Library of Congress has acquired the Omar ibn Said Collection, including an exceptional artifact, the autobiography of Omar ibn Said, written in ancient Arabic by an African enslaved man. In this article, I analytically examine the role of literacy in Omar ibn Said's life as informed by African cultures, ethnicities, histories, languages, and literacies in the Senegambia region, and the history of Black literacy access in the United States. In Arabic, Omar ibn Said stealthily applied sophisticated literacy skills to contest living under anti-Black racism and chattel enslavement through his rhetorical and strategic use of Qur'anic surahs and verses. Early translations and interpretations of his autobiography, filtered through Eurocentrism and White supremacy, failed to discern Omar ibn Said's proclamation of his humanity and bold condemnation of chattel enslavement. Africanist, Islamist, and Muslim scholars valorize his resilience as an African Muslim man who remained faithful to Islam under anti-Black racism, the horrors of chattel enslavement, and attempts at Christian conversion. They also provide knowledge about centuries of literacy among people of African descent; expose the pervasiveness of White supremacy; and unveil the roots of deliberate anti-Black literacy laws, policies, and practices, historically and contemporaneously. Omar ibn Said's autobiography dismantles prevailing assumptions about people of African descent as sub-human, without culture, history, intellect, language, or literacy. To create an equitable and ethical approach to literacy: We must transcend the past and present, respect humanity, acknowledge literacy as a global construct, understand literacy as a human right, cultivate a critical consciousness, and require authenticated knowledge.

Mathematics was considered to be a universal language that God used to write the book of nature. Many of the greatest mathematicians (such as Descartes, Leibniz, Euler, Cantor) saw their mathematical work as a way to have a clearer insight into the existence of God and His infinity, as well as to glorify His name. This paper explores the mathematics-theology relation in the works of some of the greatest mathematicians from the fifteenth century to the present day. It also discusses how this information could be used to introduce the investigation of the reality of mathematics as divine language in the mathematics curricula of Catholic universities and colleges. At advanced levels, students need to understand Mathematics not only as a secular subject of technical utility, but also as a rich culture in which ideas of transcendence can be explored.

The authors provide the reader an opportunity to see how second-grade children can use a twelfth-century painting as historical evidence to identify transportation modes, economic activities, and cultural features of Bianjing, an ancient Chinese city. They compare Bianjing with their community using modern mapping technology. Through this approach, art, history, geography, economics, technology, and civics are integrated into an engaging inquiry lesson.

When we considered how current sociopolitical events may impact experiences of girlhood today and remembered our own lived girlhood experiences, we came to the collective realization that we often turned to books as a way to make sense of our liminal experiences during girlhood. Given the sociopolitical moment in which we are living and considerations of the impact historical fiction had on our own navigation of girlhood, our author team wondered how historical fiction texts could help young readers to understand and navigate the liminal experiences of girlhood today. Building from these analyses of connections between the past and present in historical fiction literature, we interrogate girlhood across time to consider what readers might learn about contemporary girlhood from historical texts. Depictions of history often tend to be white-centric and to omit or deemphasize the histories and stories of other communities. Specifically, the lens of new historicism applied to portrayals of girlhood allowed for an examination of these portraits of girlhood in relation to historical context as well as power dynamics. This analysis broadens readers' notions of girlhood, both historically and in the present day, beyond white-centric conceptions.

Over time, the concept of social movement has evolved as society has changed, but has always implied collective action in the public space. The form of social contestation has changed, according to the conjuncture of each historical period. In 18th century, the transition from the Old Regime to Liberalism provoked movements considered by some authors as "primitive" or "premodern," as they were spontaneous, sporadic and depoliticized. Industrial society of the 19th century gave rise to the labor movement and trade unionism, which from then on organized the social movements. In the 20th century there were changes and innovation in the collective way of acting, there was the emergence of a series of social movements that differ from the traditional in terms of the objectives and actors involved, such as the pacifist, ecologist, feminist movements, acting on the fringes of parties and unions. The 21st century has witnessed a set of movements that begin on social networks, such as Generation Scratch, Outraged, Occupy Wall Street, Screw the Troika, and quickly outgrow local scales to become global. Through the use of a theoretical and conceptual framework derived from the theories of social movements and taking into account the current transformation of collective action that has been witnessed in the 21st century, we intend to verify if we are facing a new social phenomenon or another phase of "repertoire" change.

This article-dialogue presents a conversation on the values and knowledge of global citizenship education (GCE) between Professor Wiel Veugelers and "Prospects" guest editor Emiliano Bosio. GCE is framed within an interdisciplinary and moral-critical perspective that explores and lays bare the sociopolitical, economic, ideological, and cultural conditions of society, particularly in the Netherlands, where Professor Veugelers lives and works. Veugelers's prolific work accomplishes this in many important respects: his insights, perspectives, and concerns bring important ideas to the centre of educational debates on GCE, through which one can better understand the complex roots and history of global citizenship--particularly in relation to notions of autonomy, social concerns, and empowering humanity.

Pandemics are rarely experienced in anyone's lifetime, but events of such scope are not uncommon in the larger map of human social history (Quammen, 2012). A health crisis triggered by the outbreak and rapid spread of the SARS-CoV-2 novel coronavirus rippled across the globe from 2020 to 2022, in a paroxysm of disruptions to all normality to which most individuals had become accustomed in their daily living. But there is always something to be learned from such events that stop us in our tracks, catapult us into the unknown, and heave us unceremoniously atop the wreckage of all we have ever known. After a disaster strikes, gathering ourselves for the cleanup and recovery requires perspective. A global pandemic. An environmental catastrophe. A personal failure. How do we gather ourselves and make something from a pile of nothing?

The idea of a sign language town, or a Deaf utopia, where Deaf and signing people can come together to live in a geographical or figurative homeland has long persisted in US Deaf life, letters, and literature. In the wake of the Milan Congress of 1880, Alexander Graham Bell's alarming rhetoric concerning "a deaf mute variety of the human race" and the "campaign against sign language," the idea of a homeland, and a Deaf commonwealth took on additional resonance. However, in the absence of geographical sign language towns, utopian and figurative homelands then became an important possible alternative through a communal shared space formed through language, culture, and customs. Homelands for Deaf people can extend to both physical spaces like Deaf schools and Deaf clubs or metaphorical and creative spaces, as in Deaf literature itself. Additionally, this article uses the proclaimed "first Deaf culture novel," Douglas Bullard's "Islay: A Novel" (1986), about a fictional Deaf republic, as a brief case study of several different overlapping cultural, social, artistic, and literary movements; written Deaf literature before and after this novel is, in some ways, markedly different, and in other ways, much the same due to the ways in which language and modality schemas are invoked in imaginative literature written in English. This study provides additional literary and cultural context for "Islay" as well as a brief history of Deaf creative writing in prose in relation to key mid-to-late twentieth century Deaf cultural and social movements.

This article documents the process I, as a teacher educator at UCLA's History Geography Project, went through to develop my lesson for centering Salvi history, "Reclaiming Our Stories Con Pláticas y Fotos: Pláticas as Pedagogy In K-12 History Classrooms." Inspired by the scholarship of feminist women of color who have shaped and informed my teaching practice and my views on the purpose of history education, I make the case for why Salvi communities in Los Angeles need a lesson like this to intervene in the erasures of Salvi communities in the history-social science framework for California public schools. These overt silences that I, and an entire generation of Salvi students, have faced at home and in school motivated this lesson, in which I use pláticas as pedagogy in an effort to move towards healing in our community. Specifically, I narrate how my lesson draws on the five principles outlined in the Chicana/Latina feminist plática methodology as well as the ways my lesson aimed to meet the specific needs of my Salvi community and history instruction. I conclude by reflecting on how I made this lesson accessible to educators through various professional developments and reflect on the process of working with educators.

In this field note article, I discuss my in-progress historical novel about privateering in the 17th century to demonstrate how adult education feminist theories of situated learning have influenced my fiction-based research. I introduce situated learning in gendered communities of practice, explain women's experiences in (para)military organizations, and describe fiction-based research. I then compare theoretical concepts and quotations with excerpts from my fiction to explore feminist situated learning adult education theories, women in non-traditional roles, fiction-based research, and how women's lives from the 17th century connect to those in the 21st. I conclude with a discussion of how adult educators can use fiction to engage with theory in their own teaching and research. In ways similar to Watson (2016), who argues that "fiction offers sociologists a medium for doing sociological work" (p. 434), in this article, I explore how fiction can offer adult educators a medium for doing pedagogical work.

The Volkskundemuseum (Austrian Museum of Folklife and Folk Art) in Vienna considers itself to be a thoroughly democratic, polyphonic museum in which not only cooperation partners but also the interested public have their say. But what role does academically researched information play? In the project "Speaking of Objects" participants took a close look at selected objects themselves and produced new narratives to share with the public through self-made podcasts. The project was led by Austrian artist group "gecko art." In another project queer stories were invented for the performative tour entitled "Queer local history" by members of QWIEN -- Center for Queer History. The stories drew attention to the heteronormative interpretation of the museum curators of the 1990s, or as Andreas Brunner and Hannes Sulzenbacher said: "One invents the homosexualization of the object, just as the museum or the curator invents the heterosexualization of the object." In this contribution we not only present but also question the mediation methods that are full of fiction. The question raised here is if and when it is valid to invent stories about objects that could be mistaken for truth by the public.

In this article Sharon Stein and Jan Hare ask how higher education institutions might begin to confront the connections between climate change and colonization. To grapple with this question, they examine the dynamics through which climate action can reproduce colonial relations and reflect on the challenges, complexities, and possibilities that emerged in the context of one university's Indigenous engagement efforts around a climate emergency declaration. The authors suggest that if universities seek to interrupt climate colonialism, they will need to commit to upholding Indigenous rights, knowledges, and self-determination and to accepting responsibility for repairing colonial harm and developing respectful, reciprocal relationships with Indigenous communities and lands. To fulfill these commitments, universities will need to avoid the common tendency to seek quick solutions and instead support the development of institutional conditions and individual capacities that would make it possible to have difficult conversations about the historical and ongoing ways that they have been complicit in social and ecological harm.

Although political relations between Russia and Norway have softened over the years, the symbolic boundaries persist. In this article, we illustrate how Russian female migrants in Northern Norway relate to these symbolic boundaries. Thus, perspectives from the phenomenology of the body and critical phenomenology are used to analyze qualitative data on how Russian female migrants experience the celebration of March 8, widely known as International Women's Day, as a transnational space where they feel both belonging and non-belonging. More specifically, we explore the following research questions: How do Russian female migrants in Northern Norway use International Women's Day as an occasion to express Russian femininity, or even Russian feminism, in their own way? And what can we, through a political-historical contextualization of these March 8 narratives, learn about the Norwegian majority and how the majority, often in subtle ways, represent women from outside the West, including Russians, as 'the other'? It is our goal that this article will inspire readers to become more sensitive to racialization processes in our communities by becoming more aware of 'ourselves', and how we, through various narratives, reproduce inclusion and exclusion processes.

Since the early 1990s, there has been a paradigm shift in human development theory due to a slow but steady increase in the attention paid to the concepts of quality of life, wellbeing and happiness. Accordingly, some scientists have questioned the validity of Gross Domestic Product as a tool to explain the wealth and development of nations, and several institutions and scholars have started to provide new policies and indexes to measure both subjective and collective wellbeing. These include, among others, the so-called Stiglitz-Sen-Fitoussi report, the OECD's Better Life Initiative, the Quality of Life in Europe and the United Nations' World Happiness Index. At the moment, a comprehensive and critical historical review of this trend is still missing, as well as its impact on education systems. In this paper, we first review the historical development of what has been called the 'Quality of Life movement' (QoL movement) and the major trends and indexes currently available for measuring the quality of life and wellbeing. We then present some education policy initiatives as examples of the attempt to implement QoL discourse into education systems. We conclude by outlining critical theoretical considerations of how the QoL movement could impact future education policies and systems.

This paper reports on a project designed to promote the understanding of the World Heritage site of Old Rauma, Finland, with the help of craft activities. Through fieldwork and an analysis of the data collected from two craft interventions, the paper examines how craft making can serve as a medium to celebrate a sense of place and inspire people to deliberate the role that heritage occupies in their everyday lives. Based on the study, it can be concluded that attention needs to be placed on the teaching and learning of creative practices in order to contribute to the makers' perceptions of placeness and to sustain local development as well as to promote heritage in a historical town.

The term 'upstanding' encompasses actions and behaviors grounded in one's defense of their own beliefs and others. While such broad application of the term has merit, from a critical education perspective it lacks direction. To efficaciously address injustice, upstanding action must go beyond one's beliefs. A directional application of upstanding behavior, or the notion of 'upstanding for justice,' frames upstanding as action to address chronic social victimization via systems of oppression. In this article, we describe the development of a new heuristic to support students' understanding of upstanding and detail the university honors course in which we used the heuristic to explore the phenomena of 'bullying' and historical injustice to expand ideas of 'upstanding'. Results indicate that students in the course broadened their conceptions of justice and the use of historical cases aided in their understanding of the interplay between individual agency and social structure in social justice efforts. [For the corresponding grantee submission, see ED605878.]

Sociology of education is a matter of discussion in terms of whether it is an independent field or it is a subdiscipline of educational sciences or sociology. In this respect, the development of sociology of education is a challenging process which goes through some never-ending continuity and discontinuity, and it is sometimes considered to be a process that consists of blurriness, fluidity, and sometimes it is regarded as a complex process. In this regard, the fundamental purpose of this study is to find out the development of sociology of education in England and the USA. This study is designed as a historical research. As a result of the study, It can be said that sociology of education as a discipline in these countries has not been established upon a joint developmental process as it has had some continuity and discontinuity in its relationship with education or sociology departments. It may be stated that from time to time macro subject matters gained a popularity and sometimes micro issues become important in the agenda of sociology of education because of the fact that different understandings of the field and different traditions.

Using auto-ethnography, I write my story as Mexican international student in the role of pre-service teacher in Australia. I focus on exploring my socio-political status and its relationship to assuming a position to respond to education policies about working with students from Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander backgrounds, and teaching Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander content. I argue that assuming a position to respond to these policies as international pre-service teacher is overlapped with a multi-layered process in which epistemological deliberation occur as a consequence of being in a state of constant position shifting. Anzaldúa's Coyolxauqui imperative and Martin's Relatedness theory are used to analyse the structural conditions that framed the epistemological challenges that I encountered. I suggest a process to support international pre-service teachers who are ethnic minorities to assume a position in relation to these policies. Recommendations for potential further research are outlined.

The beauty of Pua Kumbu is not merely a cultural expression but it also represents the wealth of information to pass from one generation to another. The art of creating Pua Kumbu design motifs is based on the body of knowledge gathered through collective memory, and the conservation of Pua Kumbu's knowledge and history. The aesthetic perception stimuli from the audiences are complicated cognitive processes. Hence, this study aims to measure the aesthetic perception of 400 participants on design motifs applied on the cloth according to their gender and background using ARS-Revised [Art Reception Survey-Revised] questionnaire. The findings revealed that female participants exhibited a greater knowledge of Pua Kumbu compared to their male counterparts. Participants from Sarawak perceived higher in cognitive stimulation, knowledge, and self-reference which indicated that they were more likely to be knowledgeable about Pua Kumbu. Participants from Sabah demonstrated the lowest in both cognitive stimulation and expertise despite Sabah being situated in the same region as Sarawak in Borneo. Gender and background of the participants are concluded to exert significant influence on the knowledge in Pua Kumbu design motifs. Knowledge of Pua Kumbu is crucial for the appreciation of aesthetics in preserving the culture and heritage of Sarawak, Malaysia at its best. The findings of this study may interest scholars and researchers in the unique Malaysian heritage.

This study seeks to analyse the awareness of the pre-service teachers on the counting methods, systems and tools used in the prehistoric method and the Ancient period and to examine the distribution of this awareness by gender. A total of 42 sophomore-level students studying at a university in the Western Black Sea region, Turkey, participated in this exploratory case study. The data were obtained through a form consisting of 6 questions, one of which is open-ended, after the 14-week course of history of mathematics. The data collection tool included questions on the counting methods used in the pre-historic period and the Ancient Egyptian, Ancient Roman, Babylonian, Ancient Greek and Mayan number systems. The data were analysed through descriptive analysis and content analysis. The findings indicated that the pre-service teachers most reported the methods of tallying, tying a knot, token, circular disc. Also, the question on the Ancient Egyptian number system was answered correctly by all pre-service teachers, the lowest performance was observed in the question on the Mayan number system. Analysis of the answers by gender revealed that the male pre-service teachers were more likely to give false answers compared to the female pre-service teachers.

The article presents a multiple-criteria analysis of the composition of the Simferopol correctional shelter of the late XIX-early XX centuries. The social well-being of a child who showed elements of destructive behavior is assessed, the role of an educational institution in the life of juvenile delinquents is examined. The authors compiled a social profile of the pupil of the Simferopol correctional shelter, based on dominant indicators according to different criteria: the grounds for sending juvenile delinquents to the shelter, their age, the length of stay of juvenile offenders in the correctional institution, the family composition and literacy of the delinquent, religious and social status, place of residence, crimes committed, determining the definition of juvenile delinquents in a shelter, further life after release. The article analyzes the misconduct of foster children in a shelter and considers the system of punishment for juvenile delinquents.

The relevance of the problem examined in the study is determined by the insufficient knowledge from the point of modern pedagogics of art about the widely spread and publicly recognized festival and competition movement which is aimed at identifying gifted children and promoting the aesthetic development of all children participating in festivals and competitions in various types of art. Following the priorities of modern education aimed at the formation of students' independent thinking, creativity, tolerance, initiative, and communicability, the authors view the festival and competition movement as a form of development of dialogical thinking in teachers and students able to understand each other in the process of communicating on the topics of art, creativity, and social phenomena. The basis of the study is formed by the results of four children's drawing competitions held by the Federal State Research Institution of the Russian Academy of Education "Institute of Art Education" in 2019-2020 which involved 30 educational institutions and over 3,000 drawings, as well as teachers' reports and video and photographic recordings of the educational process and programs combining all types of participants' artistic activity (musical, theatrical, literary, fine art, decorative, constructive, design) at the final stages of festivals and competitions. The dialogue of arts practiced in the process of children's and teachers' participation in the festival and competition movement is disclosed in the present article as a method of dialogical thinking development manifesting in creative activity that has a motive, a goal, a system of actions and operations, a result and control. The goal of the study is to identify the aesthetic and personal priorities of children and adolescents in various types of art that allow determining the optimal system of motives, goals, actions, and operation in the course of the dialogue between a teacher and a student on the topics of art, creativity, and social and cultural events. It is concluded that the festival and competition movement presents an effective form of development of teacher's and student's dialogical thinking under certain conditions, namely the reliance on the age-specific and individual characteristics of a child's development, the formation of "I am the author" position in a child, and a teacher's understanding of a student's aesthetic and personal priorities.

The article discusses the issues of local identity. The author proves the influence on the formation of regional identity of the territorial location of the region that organically combines Eastern Christian, Islamic, and Western Christian civilizations. The author proves the influence on the formation of regional identity of the territorial location of the region that organically combines Eastern Christian, Islamic, and Western Christian civilizations.

The 2017 Georgia House Bill 280 states that, with limited exceptions, a properly licensed handgun owner can Concealed Carry on Georgia's public college and university campuses. Since its inception and because of the recent history of mass shootings, much controversy surrounds this law. The infancy of and controversy behind this law calls for further research into the subject. In this paper, we will offer a discussion of historical and environmental perspective, compliance with the law, risks and challenges, previous case analysis, and recommendations for Georgia Higher Education administrators. To lessen confusion and controversy surrounding the Campus Carry law in Georgia, administrators should consider implementing a committee to research the impact this law has on students, the institutions, and the state. Similarly, if the law is to remain in effect, mandatory safety trainings should be implemented on college and university campuses across the state.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of understanding Indonesian history, interest in learning history and national insight with the nationalism attitude among State Senior High School students in Ngaglik subdistrict, Yogyakarta. The data collection used tests and questionnaires distributed to 126 students who were the respondents, the data were analyzed quantitatively using SPSS version 21. The validity test of the instrument employed biserial point correlation and reliability test using the Kuder-Richardson Formula 20 (KR 20) formula. Analysis prerequisite tests include normality test, linearity test, and multicollinearity test. The hypotheses were tested using Pearson's product moment correlation and multiple correlation The results of the data analysis shows: (a) there is a positive and significant relationship between understanding Indonesian history with nationalism attitude; (b) there is a positive and significant relationship between interest in learning history and nationalism attitude; (c) there is a positive and significant relationship between national insight and nationalism; and (d) there is a simultaneously positive and significant relationship between understanding of Indonesian history, interest in learning history, and national insight with nationalism attitude.

The issues addressed in this work concern primarily the linguistic history and the different language policies that have been adopted from independence till today. Through this paper, the author aims to tackle the status of foreign languages in the Algerian educational system and the extent to which English has been promoted on the expanse of French. Henceforth, the higher education reforms and their influence on the process of teaching/learning English as a foreign language. Mainly, this study intends to uncover the ideological inhibitions exercised by the government to model up a citizen meets the requirements that it needs but not the requirements of the 21st century. More specifically, it exposes the trends of the Algerian decision-makers to maintain a position of a particular foreign language--French--over another foreign language, which is English among the Algerian speech community. This study will contribute to the reconsideration of the language policy of the government, the status of English as a foreign language, and the foreign language curricula. Yet, it bears a particular significance to the sociolinguistic situation in Algeria and its relationship to English as a foreign language context. It suggests the importance of promoting English to meet up the escalating waves of globalization.

Many governments in history have always wanted to educate their citizens according to their own perceptions. In the early years of the Republic, the administrators of the Republic of Turkey intended to educate citizens concurrent with the republican regime. The present study aims to investigate and reveal what kind of a citizen was desired to be educated in the first years of the Republic. From this point of view, numerous views of the administrators in the first years of the Republic were revealed and the citizenship education courses ("Musahabat-i Ahlakiye" and "Malumat-i Vataniye") which were included in the 1924 Primary Schools Program were addressed. In order for the course to be able to be evaluated in terms of aims and citizenship education, a sample book from the textbooks of "Musahabat-i Ahlakiye" and "Malumat-i Vataniye," which were taught in fourth and fifth grades in primary schools, was examined. The present study was designed with document analysis method, one of the qualitative research methods.

One of the main tendencies of mathematical development in 19th and 20th centuries seem to be on rigor and formalization. Rigor and formalization took place on axiomatic basis leading to more abstraction. Euclidean type of an axiomatic model became a model of mathematics even for constructively developed analysis. Even though rigor and axiomatic method are different, and it is not necessary for rigor to be based on axiomatic method, in practice, rigor and axiomatics have been the requirement for valid mathematics. Different interpretations seem to be made about it. Some explain it as mathematical necessity and some relate it more as the result of philosophical underpinnings, especially that of formalism and foundationalism. Such situation motivated me to examine how philosophy, rigor and axiomatic are related. It seems that philosophy has distant but determining impression on the nature of mathematical knowledge, but rigor and axiomatics seems to be more internal to mathematics. Since such issues have more been associated to western mathematical traditions, it seems that such issues also need to be examined going beyond non-European traditions, such as, Hindu mathematical traditions which has significant contributions to mathematical development but which seems to have absence of axiomatic proof as well as philosophical presumption of absolute certainty of mathematical knowledge.

This article uses a critical discourse analysis approach to observe themes and patterns in eight non-fiction books about Polish patriotism for children. The books are commercially available in mainstream bookshops, and may be used in a range of home or educational settings. In a social and political context where the concept of patriotism has a long history of use by various powerful elites to legitimize their positions and political actions, and where approaches to teaching patriotism in schools have been widely discussed, the article compares themes emerging from the books with patterns in wider social and political discourse, as well as considering what messages and assumptions are revealed in the texts themselves. The analysis finds that, while most of the authors try to associate themselves with a modern and inclusive type of patriotism, they also tend to reproduce certain assumptions that favour exclusionary or hierarchical understandings as to who has the right to be recognized as a member of the national community.

Individual differences, especially physical disabilities, play a significant role in people's perception of their living places and their attitudes in these environments. Accordingly, the starting point of the present research is based on the possible contributions and developments of the implementations and studies partly eliminating the negative aspects of individual disabilities to the perceptions and information of the disabled people regarding the physical and social environment that they live in. The research aims to determine the impacts of time and experience on the recognition of the historical, cultural, and natural heritage properties of Samsun by the disabled students, on the analysis-based acquisition process of this information, and on the development and alteration of the disabled students' knowledge and perceptions regarding these properties. Within the scope of this purpose, the study has been carried out with a one-group pretest-posttest design recognized as the weak experimental design in the category of the experimental method. The mind mapping technique has been used as the data collection tool of the study. In the research, it has been observed that the theme contents of the posttest mind maps of the disabled students regarding the values symbolizing Samsun city are richer than the theme contents of their pretest mind maps. In other words, it has been detected that time and experience create a positive effect on the knowledge and perception of the disabled students regarding Samsun. It is thought that projects for people with disabilities, sightseeing and observation activities or increasing the means to enable them to reach natural, historical and cultural values will positively contribute to the knowledge and perceptions of disabled people about the values of the cities they live in.

While many U.S. residents like listening to African stories, hearing African stories is difficult because designing effective curricula and teaching about African contexts appear to be a major challenge in U.S. social studies education. Drawing on postcolonial theory, we analyzed the discourses of two contemporaneous historical documents to demonstrate the complexities in meaning-making processes inherent in the indigenous Yoruba social practices in the southwestern part of Nigeria. Differential complex perspectives on Yoruba social practices are evident in both colonialist- and nativeauthored historical documents from the same time period, when colonialist authority had been established but indigenous cultural practices were evident and continuing. The colonialist-authored historical document indicates misunderstanding of the meaning of some Yoruba social practices. The native-authored historical document provides underlying meanings for social practices and ties portrayal of social practices to indigenous ways of being. The discussion calls attention to how colonial legacies influence meaning-making, meaning made from and knowledge made available by historical documents, as well as ways forward in addressing contemporary discourse on Africa in U.S. social studies curricula.

Translation/interpretation has always been central to intercultural communication. Lack of knowledge of another culture may cause confusion, misunderstanding or even offense during communication process and it also makes the conclusion of international or bilateral agreements difficult or impossible. To the extent that without communication there can be no negotiation, communication is obviously integral to the success of the mission. It is necessary for a translator or an interpreter to realize the importance of having a cultural background when taking part of this kind of negotiations, which can affect thousands of people. Therefore, this paper aims to offer a closer analysis of the translation profession from the point of view of intercultural communication.

The paper characterizes the category of developed Linguistic rhetorical (LR) ideal developed by the authors. The phenomenon is a binding core, the epicenter of the social cultural and educational space (P?SC?S) and is a powerful factor for the formation of a professional linguistic personality of a specialist working in any field or having different educational specialization. In the first place it is relevant for a future teacher for whom language skills are especially important. In the course of communication with students of all ages educates new generations instilling the norms and requirements of the LR ideal that is timely for this stage of cultural and historical development of the state and its P?SC?S. In the process of the pedagogical research the experimental work was conducted with the first year students of Sochi State University specializing in history and foreign languages within the framework of the optional course "Basics of speech self-improvement". The testing results of the theoretical model witness the efficiency of the process developed within the framework of Sochi school continuous Linguistic & rhetorical education. This approach is based on the result-oriented complementary organisation of counter-processes of designing an innovative pedagogical process and self-design of a learner as a strong linguistic personality of a dialogic, democratic and polycultural type (general culture foundation of university training within the framework of Federal State Educational Standards) and professional linguistic personality (specialized foundation of a training program.

Of all the arguments directed against presenting mathematical topics within a cultural and historical context, the most serious ones are those that we will refer to as the time and the content arguments. In this paper, after briefly describing these stances, we will endeavor to evaluate and refute their rationales using a social constructivist line of reasoning. To this end, we will first discuss the basic tenets of radical and social constructivism and then, through some simple concrete examples, show how social constructivism organically heralds the pedagogical methodology that imparts mathematical concepts in conjunction with their historical and cultural contexts.