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The denominations of origin and geographical indications, as distinctive signs, occupy a prominent place as an element of the impulse to the economic development of a given territory, since through them the development and marketing of high-quality products and differentiation, which in turn, allows reaching significant levels of commercial and tourist positioning for the place or region of its origin, as well as the generation of new sources of direct and indirect employment, increasing foreign exchange income from exports, the increase of State tax collection, among other socio-economic benefits. Thus, designations of origin and geographical indications are considered elements of economic development within the productive policy of a State. Therefore, the purpose of this work is to analyze the denominations of origin and geographical indications as a specialized category within the field of Trademark Law and Intellectual Property Law. It is relevant for a better understanding of how these concepts developed in Ecuadorian legislation. While for determining the options presented by the local legal framework promoting its development and use. Moreover, as those elements that the State should consider for taking advantage to promote national growth. Then the exegetical-critical method has been used, through is introduced a doctrinal and normative approach.

RESUMEN El 28 de junio de 2019 la UE y el MERCOSUR llegaron a un compromiso para la firma de un Acuerdo de Asociación Comercial. En el ámbito agroalimentario, el Acuerdo de Asociación establece una serie de instrumentos para impulsar el intercambio de productos entre los dos bloques regionales. Entre las medidas negociadas para impulsar el comercio entre las dos regiones está la disminución programada de las tarifas y el uso transparente de las medidas sanitarias y fitosanitarias. Aunque las negociaciones tomaron un plazo muy largo debido, entre otros motivos, al desacuerdo sobre temas como las cuotas de exportación hacia la UE de carne bovina del MERCOSUR y la protección en los países del MERCOSUR de las Indicaciones Geográficas registradas en la UE, el Acuerdo de Asociación resulta ser un logro mayor por abarcar un mercado de casi 780 millones de consumidores. Los beneficios a largo plazo del acuerdo para el sector agroalimentario son todavía dudosos, sin embargo, la asociación comercial entre los dos bloques regionales es vista también como un impulso hacia una mayor integración económica y una diversificación de los procesos productivos de los países del MERCOSUR y para que la UE tome medidas para reformar su política agrícola. RESUMO Em 28 de junho de 2019, a UE e o MERCOSUL chegaram a um Acordo de Princípios para a assinatura de um Acordo de Associação Comercial. No setor agroalimentar, o Acordo de Associação estabelece uma série de instrumentos para promover o intercâmbio de produtos entre os dois blocos regionais. Entre as medidas negociadas para impulsionar o comércio entre as duas regiões está a redução programada de tarifas e o uso transparente de medidas sanitárias e fitossanitárias. Embora as negociações tenham demorado muito, devido, entre outros motivos, a divergências sobre questões como as cotas de exportação para a UE da carne bovina do MERCOSUL e a proteção nos países do MERCOSUL das indicações geográficas registradas na UE, o Acordo a Parceria acaba sendo uma conquista importante para cobrir um mercado de quase 780 milhões de consumidores. Os benefícios de longo prazo do acordo para o setor agroalimentar ainda são duvidosos; no entanto, a associação comercial entre os dois blocos regionais também é vista como um impulso para uma maior integração econômica e diversificação dos processos produtivos dos países do MERCOSUL e para a UE tomar medidas para reformar sua política agrícola. ABSTRACT On 28 June 2019, the EU and the MERCOSUR reached consensus for the signature of a Trade Agreement. In the agro-food sector, the agreement provides a series of instruments aimed at increasing the volumes of exchange between the two regional blocks. Among the tools negotiated to boost bilateral trade is a scheduled reduction of tariffs and the means for the transparent application of the sanitary and phytosanitary measures. Although the negotiations have taken an exceptionally long time, inter alia, for the discordant positions on the quotas of beef imported in the EU from the MERCOSUR and on the protection in the MERCOSUR of the Geographical Indications registered in the EU, the Trade Agreement is considered a major achievement for encompassing a market of almost 780 million of consumers. The long-term benefits of the agreement in the agro-food sector are still unknown, however, the trade association between the two partners should also be seen as a driver towards a greater economic integration and the diversification of the production processes in the MERCOSUR and as an opportunity for the EU to reform its agricultural policy.

As interest in sustainable fashion and localism mounts, there is a compelling need to foster purchasers’ trust in claims made by fashion businesses. Geographical indications (GIs) have proven successful not only in reducing consumers’ search costs through reliable labels but also in safeguarding identity and heritage and delivering added value for agricultural products. Building on the EU Commission proposed Regulation to protect craft and industrial products that rely on the originality and authenticity of traditional practices from their regions and drawing on the “fiber follows food” adage, this paper puts forward policy recommendations related to the proposed expansion of GIs to the fashion industry. Through cross-sector and transdisciplinary explorative research, this article provides evidence on how the origin link could be framed to accommodate apparel and footwear items within the scope of protection of the EU sui generis GIs system despite their “non-terroir” character. Key drivers and barriers to harnessing GIs’ potential and enhancing the sustainability of localized fashion production are further explored based on the theoretical insights and comparative practical experience extrapolated from qualitative interviews with GI-protected winemakers in Apulia. Ultimately, the paper increases the understanding of the economic, ecological, social, and governance implications, which need to be addressed to improve the sustainability impact of sui generis GI systems before expanding them to the apparel and footwear domain.

Geographical Indication is restricted to local blended producers and service providers, which can promote territorial development. It is questioned, therefore, why in the State of Bahia, which has a large number of Identity Territories, there are only four Geographical Indications produced. Given this, this article aims to analyze territorial development with the signs of the IG in Bahia, as well as to identify the feasibility of expanding new records in other regions of the state. Through a qualitative approach of an exploratory research, they were used as bibliographic and documentary techniques, from the bibliometric search in the Web of Science and Scopus databases. In view of the results, two documents directly related to the thematic focus of the research were retrieved, which demonstrates an initial stage of maturity, therefore, the realization of new researches, in order to discuss the generated and social impacts generated in the regions covered by them. A Indicação Geográfica (IG) é restrita aos produtores e prestadores de serviços estabelecidos no local, o que pode promover o desenvolvimento territorial. Questiona-se, portanto, por que no Estado da Bahia, que possui um grande número de Territórios de Identidade, há apenas quatro Indicações Geográficas registradas? Diante dessa questão, este artigo objetiva analisar o desenvolvimento territorial com as IGs registradas na Bahia, bem como identificar a viabilidade de expansão de novos registros em outras regiões do Estado. Por meio de uma abordagem qualitativa de uma pesquisa exploratória, foram utilizadas as técnicas bibliográfica e documental, a partir da busca bibliométrica nas bases Web of Science e Scopus. A partir dos resultados, foram recuperados dois documentos diretamente relacionados à temática-foco da pesquisa, o que demonstra ser um estágio inicial de amadurecimento, sugere-se, portanto, a realização de novas pesquisas com o intuito de discutir os impactos econômicos e sociais gerados nas regiões abrangidas por elas.

Implementing the European Green Deal and transforming agricultural practices requires a wider and amplified policy toolbox. As many sustainability considerations are context-dependent, there is a need for instruments, which take individual characteristics of production landscapes into account. Food products with a particularly strong relationship to their landscape of origin can be marketed under the “Protected Designation of Origin” label (PDO). In this article, we analyze synergies between PDO production and regional sustainable development by assessing to what extent social-ecological landscape characteristics appear in landscapes with PDO-labeled food production systems. Building upon 12 social-ecological variables we defined three landscape characteristics influential for the presence of PDOs by using a principal component analysis. By running regression models combining those characteristic landscapes with the spatial distribution of PDO certification we were able to explore linkages between landscapes and products. Additionally, a geographically weighted regression delivered insights into the regional differences and product-specific relationships throughout the EU countries. Overall, we could prove the assumed positive correlation between PDO production and ecologically valuable landscapes. Further, we showed that mostly meat PDOs coincide with landscapes influenced by structural change, while cheese PDOs are not well captured by our models despite their large number. We can conclude that PDOs have the potential to jointly support conservation and rural development, especially when they would be tied to sustainable management standards in the future.

The EU Green Deal aims to promote healthier diets that include more nutritious and natural foods instead of ultra-processed products. EU geographical indications (GIs) protecting traditional foods such as Roquefort cheese or Parma ham will be reinforced under the corresponding 'Farm to Fork Strategy'. Although several GI producers advertise their products as artisanal and healthy, little is known yet about whether GI foods can actually contribute to these EU policy ambitions. Therefore, we examine the nutritional quality and food composition of GIs compared to non-GIs. We base our analysis on extensive open-access data of more than 6,000 cheeses and prepared meats marketed in France including about 1,200 products regulated under 79 different GIs. We find that GIs are associated with lower overall nutritional quality based on the Nutri-Score metric, which has become one of the major candidates for harmonised nutritional labelling in the EU. Thus, future GI specifications may allow for innovative reformulations towards healthier alternatives of local food traditions. Second, our probit regressions indicate that GIs tend to be less likely to be ultra-processed and to contain food additives. However, this seems to be truer for protected designations of origin (PDOs) with typically stricter provisions than protected geographical indications (PGIs). Hence, more harmonised rules on additives could be considered to foster the natural character of GIs and consistency across PDOs and PGIs. Finally, a revised Nutri-Score may also account for the use of additives.

The research analyses the specifications of EU and non-EU geographical indications (GIs) for agricultural products and foodstuffs registered in the European Union. In particular, it considers whether the difference between the legal requirements for Protected Designations of Origin (PDO) and Protected Geographical Indications (PGI) is reflected in the products listed in the EU GI Register. By way of a ‘pragmatic approach’, meaning a qualitative content analysis of GI specifications and interviews with producer groups, the research shows a blurred difference between PDOs and PGIs, highlighting its consequences for registration, innovation and trade. Through the discussion on the results of the empirical research, this dissertation aims at evaluating various options on how to draw a clear distinction between PDOs and PGIs. This is accompanied with policy recommendations aimed at increasing the clarity and understandability of the EU quality schemes for both agricultural and non-agricultural products, as part of the ongoing EU GI reform.

Protecting GIs through EU collective marks

Geographical indications, as part of product labeling and packaging, are used extensively worldwide as a powerful tool for product diversification and branding. The main purpose of this study is to shed light on consumers' awareness and knowledge of geographical indications in Serbia. Aiming to bridge this gap, we present the results obtained from a consumer survey on a sample of 806 respondents in the territory of Serbia. Differences in consumers' awareness of geographical indications have been tested according to several socio-demographic criteria. The results showed that there are significant statistical differences in monthly income and level of education regarding consumer awareness of GIs. In addition, the respondents indicated a low level of knowledge about the GIs, qualities, benefits, and method of production of these products, as well as the existence of an adequate control system. As consumers consider themselves insufficiently informed, this finding suggests that it is necessary to undertake actions that will contribute to the consumers' education and information. Based on the obtained results, recommendations useful for marketing managers, decision-makers, agricultural producers as well as future research are given in the paper.

Cilj je rada istražiti mogućnosti zaštite zemljopisnih oznaka kojima se obilježavaju tradicijski proizvodi u Europskoj uniji, osobito nakon stupanja na snagu Ženevskog akta na Lisabonski sporazum o oznakama izvornosti i oznakama zemljopisnog podrijetla. Pritom se polazi od dosadašnjih mogućnosti zaštite na međunarodnoj razini. Pokazuju se najznačajnije izmjene koje donosi Ženevski akt te se detaljno analiziraju posljedice pristupanja Europske unije tom međunarodnom sporazumu. Istraživanje pokazuje da prednosti kad je riječ o zaštiti zemljopisnih oznaka nakon pristupanja Europske unije Ženevskom aktu postoje samo za tradicijske poljoprivredne i prehrambene proizvode, dok primjerice tradicijski obrtnički proizvodi, suveniri i ostali nepoljoprivredni proizvodi od toga zasad nemaju koristi. Pokazuje se i da je usvajanjem Ženevskog akta Europska unija uspjela u određenoj mjeri proširiti politiku zaštite zemljopisnih oznaka na globalnoj razini, no njezin položaj slabi činjenica da na razini Europske unije ne postoji sui generis sustav zaštite oznaka izvornosti i oznaka zemljopisnog podrijetla za nepoljoprivredne proizvode. Analizira se i koje su prednosti, a koja ograničenja i nedostaci zaštite tradicijskih proizvoda zemljopisnim oznakama kojima se oni obilježavaju te se osobito ističe značaj zaštite oznaka za autohtone nepoljoprivredne proizvode (suvenire) za turističke destinacije kao što je Republika Hrvatska. Zaključak provedenog istraživanja govori u prilog nužnosti uspostave sustava zaštite zemljopisnih oznaka za nepoljoprivredne proizvode na razini Europske unije kako bi se omogućila zaštita zemljopisnih oznaka za sve tradicijske proizvode u Europskoj uniji kroz uspostavljen sustav međunarodne registracije., The aim of this paper is to explore the possibilities of protection of geographical indications marking traditional products in the European Union, especially after the entry into force of the Geneva Act of the Lisbon Agreement on Appellations of Origin and Geographical Indications. The current possibilities of protection at the international level serve as a starting point. The most significant changes brought about by the Geneva Act have been indicated in the paper and the consequences of the European Union accession to this international agreement have been analysed in detail. The research shows the advantages in terms of protection of geographical indications after the accession of the European Union to the Geneva Act only related to traditional agricultural and food products, whereas, for example, traditional handicrafts, souvenirs and other non-agricultural products do not benefit therefrom. Moreover, the results of the research show that while the European Union has managed to expand the policy of protection of geographical indications at a global level through the adoption of the Geneva Act, its position has been weakened by the fact that there is no sui generis system of protection of designations of origin and geographical indications for non-agricultural products in the European Union. The paper also analyses the advantages, disadvantages and limitations of the traditional products protection through the geographical indications protection marking them, and it emphasizes the importance of geographical indications protection for indigenous non-agricultural products (souvenirs) for tourist destinations such as the Republic of Croatia. The conclusion of the research supports the need for establishing a system of geographical indications protection for non-agricultural products at the European Union level in order to enable the protection of geographical indications for all traditional products in the European Union through the established system of international registration.

The essay deals with the TRIPs regulation of geographical indications and with the last relevant international agreements

Geographical indications (GIs) are considered as a tool to preserve traditional knowledge and cultural heritage, to support rural development, and to contribute to tourism. However, there are certain limits to take advantage of the opportunities and benefits of GIs, such as low awareness, understanding and recognition of GIs in the tourism sector. This study, therefore, focuses on the role of geographically indicated food products in faith tourism routes such as the Seven Churches of Asia, which are all located in Anatolia; Ephesus, Smyrna, Laodicea ad Lycum, Sardis, Pergamum, Philadelphia, Thyatira. Determining the food products with geographical indications on the Seven Churches route (İzmir-Manisa-Denizli) and revealing the awareness of tour guides on these intangible assets may fill the research gaps about a possible combination of two alternative tourism experiences including faith and food tourism in terms of geographically indicated food products. A qualitative approach based on a content analysis of in-depth interviews with tour guides is conducted for the data collection. Results indicate that awareness of tour guides about geographical indications on faith routes is limited, and a targeted GI training would provide a necessary skill for improving tour guides’ personal developments and qualifications. No sponsor

In recent years, GI cheese consumption has attracted increasing interest among consumers, due to its beneficial properties for local economies and the surrounding environment. Given the high importance that consumers ascribe to geographical indications, considered one of the most relevant attributes for agro-food consumers, this study aims at detecting the main variables that influence purchasing intention for GI cheese. A total of 806 consumers took part in the study from all four regions of the Republic of Serbia. For this purpose, a binary logistic regression model analysis was performed. The research highlights that tradition and origin, education, and higher knowledge only had a significant effect on consumer attitudes toward GI cheeses.

Geographical indications (GIs) are distinctive signs which enable consumers to distinguish between products with geographical origin-based characteristics and others without those characteristics. GIs can thus be a key element in developing quality-bound-to-origin products with great economic impact. Furthermore, GIs convey the cultural identity of a nation, region, or specific area. They can give added value to local products and thus make them preferred by consumers. GIs can apply to any product type. However, most of them are food, beverages and agriculture products.There is no great difficulty to recall different GIs from different countries around the world. Parmigiano-Reggiano cheese from Italy, Kalamata olive oil from Greece, Tequila from Mexico, Bordeaux wines from France and Darjeeling tea from India are worldwide well-known GIs. This is not the case when one tries to recall Israeli GIs. This is no wonder since there are only 7 of them.Israel has a great potential of producing various bound-to-origin products. The Land of Israel is a unique and diverse region. Although it is one of the smallest countries in the world, it lies between diverse geological, physiological, and climatic elements. Israel enjoys several climatic zones despite its limited area. The question that arises is why this is not reflected in a significant registration of products as GIs, given its benefits.The protection of GIs is being explored more and more worldwide as a tool for supporting local sustainable development, stimulating the economy, increasing international trade, and promoting cultural and social exposure. However, academic writing and research on Israeli GIs are extremely limited.The purpose of this paper is to explore GIs with the Israeli perspective. The paper discusses the Israeli legal framework regarding GIs and appellations of origin. At first glance it appears that by adopting the international legal framework, Israel has an extensive legal framework for protecting local goods. It has Sui generis protection system and both GIs and appellations of origin are governed, by statute, under the Appellations of Origin and GIs (Protection) Law. Israel is also a member of the Lisbon Agreement.However, notwithstanding the evolution of Israel's legal framework over the years, problems related to the GIs regulation remain. Focusing on the Israeli wine industry, this paper traces the possible reasons for not realizing the potential of protecting Israeli products as GIs. No actual legislative steps have yet been taken towards a mandatory classification of wine regions. Moreover, no actual actions have yet been taken regarding the supervision of the use of wine regions names on labels of wine bottles produced in Israel. Some other difficulties are the lack of effective means of supervision and control, the lack of a body legally authorized to update the wine regions, and the lack of clear and binding professional criteria regarding the determination of the boundaries of the wine regions.By examining the great benefits GIs registration offers, this paper will put forward arguments supporting a policy of raising awareness and encouraging manufacturers, by the Israeli public authorities, to register their products as GIs.

Geographical Indications: What is Their Worth for Regulating the Connection Between Australian Regional Food and Origin?

Geographical Indications (GI) are official signs that indicate that a product has "a" certain specific quality linked to the territory of origin. However, the implementation of the CGI does not offer full guarantees in that regard. The findings of ambiguities in the regulations and above all, of their interpretations (Sylvander and Barjolle, 2000), entail a huge variability of qualities communicated under the great umbrella of the GI, with risks of misleading customers.What is the essence of the GI? In principle they communicate the presence of "a" quality (objectified and symbolic) built locally in the course of history. That quality should be identifiable and correspond to what local society assumes as its own. The criteria on which is based the recognition of CGIs should be stable, shared and known by the different countries. However, there are strong differences in the criteria used for such a recognition. To what extent a rating system that has no equivalence, neither conceptual nor practical, among countries should be considered reliable? To what extent is a global system that benefits countries with low levels of requirements to recognize CGIs appropriate? What are the main reasons for these drifts in the recognition process and what are the possible corrections?From our experience as researchers, members of recognition devices and companions in processes of construction of recognition applications, we compared the ideal provision of GI positive effects with real cases issues. We consider that the technical, commercial and political ways to build specifications provide the three sources of such drifts.At a technical level, ambiguities come from the regulations themselves, especially under the PGI (but not only). One of the main difficulties is the consideration of reputation as a sufficient element to support a differentiation through PGI. In other cases, it is due to the consideration (or not) of human factors as essential. The diversity of interpretations of these elements partly explains the large range of products including a low degree of specificity in their quality and a weak link with their territory. In other cases, the weakening of the link with the territory and the trivialization of quality are due to an indiscriminate incorporation of exogenous technologies into the territory. At the commercial level, adjusting to the desires of certain niche markets can lead to a loss of specific quality and local society appropriation. At the political level, the drifts come from the pressures that can be exerted for a product to be recognized by GI, even if there are no sufficient bases that justify it.From our perspective, these drifts weaken the system, inducing loss of credibility and negative effects at the territorial level. Faced with such drifts that jeopardize the system, our reflection is oriented to propose possible ways of reorganization, in which situations that do not respond to the requirements of GIs are redirected towards other devices such as public or private territorial brands. This would contribute to achieving a more objective and reliable system, in view of ensuring its perennation.

Fostering Indian foodstuffs GIs for sustainable development

Mediterranean Diet: a multidisciplinary approach to develop a new territorial strategy

Coğrafi işaretli (Cİ) ürünlerin uluslararası ticaretinden önemli ölçüde gelir sağlandığı ve bu gelirin her geçen yıl arttığı bilinmektedir. Dolayısıyla Cİ'li ürünler piyasası yerel bazda kalmayarak küresel ölçekte dikkate değer bir büyüme sergilemektedir. Türkiye kadim tarihi ve çok farklı kültürleri tek bir coğrafyada barındırması nedeniyle Cİ'li ürün zenginliği açısından dikkate değer bir konumdadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı Türkiye'de dış ticarete konu olmuş ve olabilecek ürün potansiyelinin ne durumda olduğunu ortaya koymaktır. Bu amaçla, nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden biri olan İz Sürme (Tracer) yöntemi kullanılarak, 25 Cİ'li ürün tescil sahibi, 70 Cİ'li ürün üreticisi, ihracatçı birlikleri ve diğer paydaşlar ile yüz yüze görüşmeler yapılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda elde edilen verilere göre Türkiye'nin Cİ'li ürünlerinden 2019 yılında yaklaşık 1 Milyar 821 milyon dolar ihracat gelirine sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir. İhracattaki en yüksek paya menşe korumasına sahip Cİ'li ürünlerden Manisa Sultani Çekirdeksiz Üzümü, Malatya Kayısısı ve Giresun Tombul Fındığının sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir. ABD, Almanya ve Fransa ise en fazla Cİ'li ürün ihraç edilen ülkeler olarak belirlenmiştir. 2010-2020 arası yaklaşık dış ticaret verileri, tescil sahibinin ürünün uluslararası ticareti ile ilişkisi ve ürünün dış ticareti yapılırken karşılanabilecek sorunlar ortaya konulmuştur. Son olarak, bu sorunların nasıl üstesinden gelinebileceğine ve Cİ'li ürünlerin uluslararası ticaretteki potansiyelinin nasıl geliştirilebileceği ile ilgili önerilere yer verilmiştir. It is widely known that a significant income is obtained from the international trade of the products with geographical indications (GI) and this income is increasing every year. Therefore, the market for GI products does not remain on a local basis but exhibits a remarkable growth on a global scale. Due to Turkey's ancient history and hosting many different cultures in a single geography, Turkey is in a remarkable position in terms of variety of GI products. The aim of this study is to reveal the situation of the GI product potential that has been and will possibly be subject to foreign trade in Turkey. In this regard, face-to-face interviews were conducted with 26 GI registrants, 70 GI producers, exporters' associations, and other stakeholders by using the Tracer Method, which is one of the qualitative research methods. As a result of the research, it has been determined that Turkey has an export income of approximately 1 billion 821 million dollars from its GI products in 2019. Moreover, the highest share in the export income was determined as Manisa Sultani Seedless Grape, Malatya Apricot and Giresun Hazelnut, which are CI products. The USA, Germany and France have been identified as the top exporters of Turkey's GI products. It has been also revealed that GI products' approximate foreign trade data between 2010-2020, the registrant's relationship with the international trade of the GI product and problems encountered while doing foreign trade of the GI product. Finally, suggestions are given on how to overcome these problems and how to develop the potential of the products in international trade.

Concept of collective ownership under the Indian Geographical Indications Act

Product Classification System for the Protection of Geographical Indications

International audience; To identify whether EU certified food – here organic and geographical indications – is more sustainable than a conventional reference, we developed 25 indicators covering the three sustainability pillars. Original data was collected on 52 products at farm, processing and retail levels, allowing the estimation of circa 2000 indicator values. Most strikingly, we show that, in our sample, certified food outperforms its non-certified reference on most economic and social indicators. On major environmental indicators – carbon and water footprint – their performance is similar. Although certified food is 61% more expensive, the extra-performance per euro is similar to classical policy interventions to improve diet sustainability such as subsidies or taxes. Cumulatively, our findings legitimate the recent initiatives by standards to cover broader sustainability aspects.

The aim of this paper is to determine the current situation in the field of geographical indications schemes (GI), obstacles for futures development and to provide recommendations for GIs development in Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro. GIs quality schemes provide confirmation to consumers that foodstuff is a traditional product produced in a certain area and with certain attributes. Although the Western Balkan countries are reach in well-known traditional products and have excellent ago-ecological conditions for GIs production, this quality schemes are not developed. In this paper are applied comparative methodology, literature review and field research. Results are showing that path to improvement GIs is in the further legal framework harmonization with EU legal framework, providing flexibility for registration of the GIs foodstuff processing capacities, support to the producer's organization, shifting of the national GIs recognition to the EU, systematic support to the GIs etc.

To identify whether EU certified food – here organic and geographical indications – is more sustainable than a conventional reference, we developed 25 indicators covering the three sustainability pillars. Original data was collected on 52 products at farm, processing and retail levels, allowing the estimation of circa 2000 indicator values. Most strikingly, we show that, in our sample, certified food outperforms its non-certified reference on most economic and social indicators. On major environmental indicators – carbon and water footprint – their performance is similar. Although certified food is 61% more expensive, the extra-performance per euro is similar to classical policy interventions to improve diet sustainability such as subsidies or taxes. Cumulatively, our findings legitimate the recent initiatives by standards to cover broader sustainability aspects.

The Turopolje pig (TP) is an endangered Croatian breed traditionally raised in open ecosystems of oak forests and wetlands of the Turopolje region. Recent research with Croatian consumers and stakeholders has shown that the TP breed needs to be valorised with value-added products to enable more sustainable breeding. Therefore, a new conservation strategy was proposed based on the traditional production system and the niche of labelled products. Within this strategy, the Noble Municipality of Turopolje - Section of Turopolje Pig Breeders - has recently applied for the EU Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) label for fresh meat from TP (PDO "Meso turopoljske svinje"). The main points on which the PDO application is based are characteristics of the TP meat essentially linked to the terroir, including natural and human resources. In the case of TP, these are the relief-geographical, climatic and biotic factors of the local lowland forest ecosystems, which favoured the early development of pig breeding in the Turopolje area, whose inhabitants have been well-known pig farmers for centuries. Moreover, TP, as one of the oldest European pig breeds, has developed without major external influences over a long period of time, during which the continuous interaction between genotype and environment has adapted the breed to the use of natural resources. The production system with grazing and use of naturally available feed sources, the innate breed characteristics such as robustness, slow growth and the ability to produce fat, as well as the absence of intensive selection and crossbreeding with other breeds affect the development of body tissues and typical characteristics of the TP meat. For instance, higher muscle activity and slaughter age result in greater accumulation of muscle pigment, which is reflected in darker and more reddish meat colour. Meat and fat colour is also more stable due to more diverse food choices and the intake of natural antioxidants and other ingredients that help stabilise tissues. The smaller diameter of the muscle fibres provides a finer texture to the meat, which is compact and has better water- holding capacity than conventional pork. In addition, the meat of TP naturally has a higher degree of lipid deposition, especially in the subcutaneous fat and between the muscle tissues. As a result, the cooked meat has an elastic-juicy texture, a full flavour and a specific aroma of dissolved meat fats when eaten. Due to traditional free-range farming and distinctive meat and fat quality, the meat from TP is considered better and more appreciated than conventional pork by most of today's consumers, especially local ones.

Prosciutto di Parma, Bavarian beer and Roquefort—Geographical Indications (GIs) have been systematically protected at the EU level for 30 years and are now an important part of the farm2fork strategy. The article analyses how the integration of the EU GI system can be explained from an institution and discourse theoretical perspective and ties in with the soft spaces debate. In doing so, scalar shifts in competence from a German perspective and the role of discursive spatial relations are examined in more detail. The empirical results are based on a mix of methods that includes the evaluation of secondary statistical data, document analyses, participant observation and expert interviews. The study shows that the European Commission (EC) is increasingly acting as a spokesperson for GIs, but that regional actors are also playing a more important role in implementation and enforcement. This development is fed by the influence of the agricultural policy instrument in terms of competition, but also consumer protection and trade policy. Overall, there are three development layers: protect and systematise, legitimise and expand and open and defend. A more independent development of the EU GI system as an instrument of quality policy and for the development of rural areas could give greater weight to the sustainability-relevant, environmental policy aspects currently demanded by society.

Industrial property aims at the economic and technological development of the country. In its list of rights, there are distinctive signs of quality and origin of a product or service due to its geographical origin, as well as distinctive signs capable of distinguishing products and services from similar ones offered in the market. The first deals with geographical indications, the second deals with brands. The Brazilian legislation took care to protect such rights under the Federal Constitution of 1988 and through ordinary legislation, citing the Industrial Property Law - No. 9,279/96. Geographical indications aim to maintain the quality and origin of a given product or service that has characteristics originating from the geographical environment in which it is produced, acting in the protection of the cultural identity of the region. Brands serve to identify products and services placed on the market, differentiating them from similar products and services. Collective marks have the same power and can be used by members of the collective body that owns the institution. Thus, from an analysis of the geographical indication Vale dos Vinhedos and the collective brand Vinhateiros do Vale, the research questions: to what extent these two institutes, although different, complement each other and in what way the collective brand can be protagonist in the empowerment and development of small and medium wine producers? The objective is to analyze the similarities and differences of geographical indications and collective brands, verifying how they can complement each other and investigating the importance of the collective brand, especially for small and medium-sized producers, from the multidimensions of sustainability and the analysis of the Vale region. dos Vineyards and Vinhateiros do Vale. This study will be made possible by the systemic-complex theory of Fritjof Capra and Edgar Morin, using the deductive approach method and the methods of monographic procedure and indirect documentation. As for research techniques, abstracts and records will be used. It was concluded, therefore, that the link between geographical indications and collective brands can have an effect on the reach of the multidimensions of sustainability, as well as it was obtained that collective brands can consist of important protagonists of empowerment and reach of new markets to the small and medium wine producers. A propriedade industrial tem por finalidade o desenvolvimento econômico e tecnológico do país. No seu rol de direitos, existem sinais distintivos de qualidade e procedência de um produto ou serviço em razão de sua origem geográfica, bem como sinais distintivos aptos a individualizar produtos e serviços de outros semelhantes ofertados no mercado. O primeiro, trata das indicações geográficas, já o segundo, trata das marcas. A legislação brasileira atentou-se em tutelar tais direitos junto à Constituição Federal de 1988 e por meio de legislações ordinárias, citando-se a Lei de Propriedade Industrial – nº 9.279/96. As indicações geográficas, objetivam a mantença da qualidade e procedência de determinado produto ou serviço que possua características oriundas do meio geográfico no qual é produzido, atuando na proteção da identidade cultural da região. As marcas, servem para identificar produtos e serviços colocados no mercado, diferenciando-os de produtos e serviços semelhantes. As marcas coletivas possuem o mesmo condão, podendo ser utilizadas pelos membros da entidade coletiva titular do instituo. Desta forma, a partir de uma análise da indicação geográfica Vale dos Vinhedos e da marca coletiva Vinhateiros do Vale, a pesquisa questiona: em que medida estes dois institutos, ainda que diversos, se complementam e de que forma a marca coletiva pode ser protagonista no empoderamento e desenvolvimento de pequenos e médios produtores de vinhos? Objetiva-se analisar as semelhanças e diferenças das indicações geográficas e das marcas coletivas, verificando de que forma podem se complementar e perquirindo a importância da marca coletiva especialmente aos pequenos e médios produtores, a partir das multidimensões da sustentabilidade e da análise da região do Vale dos Vinhedos e da Vinhateiros do Vale. Este estudo será viabilizado pela teoria de base sistêmico-complexa de Fritjof Capra e Edgar Morin, com o emprego do método de abordagem dedutivo e dos métodos de procedimento monográfico e documentação indireta. Quanto às técnicas de pesquisa, serão utilizados resumos e fichamentos. Concluiu-se, portanto, que a ligação entre as indicações geográficas e as marcas coletivas podem surtir efeitos no alcance das multidimensões da sustentabilidade, bem como auferiu-se que as marcas coletivas, podem consistir em importantes protagonistas de empoderamento e alcance de novos mercados aos pequenos e médios produtores de vinhos.

Ukrainian companies’ entrance into foreign markets with competitive goods requires strict observance of intellectual property rights. In the system of international trade law there is a separate subsystem for regulating trade aspects of intellectual property rights, particular with regard to geographical indications. Due to the need to implement the Association Agreement with the EU, the problem of implementing the requirements of the relevant WTO agreement and related EU directives and regulations is becoming important. The article aims at studying the regulating system of geographical indications using during companies’ entrance to European markets of goods. As a result of the research, the normative-legal documents regulating the geographical indications for goods have been determined. As well as prerequisites for intensification of legislative work in the European Union to regulate the use of geographic indications have been identified. These include the expansion of the EU’s borders and the intensification of foreign trade with new members; spreading the mood within domestic companies to enter foreign markets with specific agricultural products and food products; increasing the number of participants involved in identifying and clarifying the boundaries of the territory of distribution of intellectual property; increasing the probability of repetition of product names due to a significant expansion of the range of product names and geographical indications of their origin. The paper analyzes the place of geographical indications in the system of qualitative characteristics of agricultural and food products, describes the cases of registration of the most common and protected its species – PDO/PGI/TSG., Вихід українських компаній на зарубіжні ринки з конкурентоспроможними товарами вимагає суворого дотримання прав інтелектуальної власності. У системі міжнародного торговельного права сформовано окрему підсистему регулювання торговельних аспектів прав інтелектуальної власності, зокрема щодо географічних зазначень. У зв’язку з потребою виконання Угоди про асоціацію з ЄС проблема імплементації вимог відповідної угоди СОТ та пов’язаних директив і регламентів ЄС набуває важливого значення. Метою статті було дослідження системи регулювання використання географічних зазначень під час виходу компаній на європейські ринки товарів. У результаті дослідження визначено нормативно-правові документи, що регулюють питання географічних зазначень для товарів. Визначено передумови для активізації законодавчої роботи в Євросоюзі щодо урегулювання використання географічних зазначень. До них належить розширення кордонів ЄС та активізація зовнішньої торгівлі з новими членами; поширення у вітчизняних компаній настроїв щодо виходу на зарубіжні ринки зі специфічною сільськогосподарською продукцією та продовольчими товарами; збільшення кола учасників, пов’язаних із виявленням та уточненням меж території поширення об’єктів інтелектуальної власності; зростання ризиків становлення однакових найменувань продукції у зв’язку з розширенням спектру торгованих на міжнародних ринках продуктів та знаків відповідних географічних зазначень території їх походження походження. В роботі проаналізовано місце географічних зазначень у системі якісних характеристик сільськогосподарської продукції та продуктів харчування, описано кейси реєстрації найбільш поширених та захищених їх видів – PDO/PGI/TSG.

In a globalized scenario characterized by cogent challenges, sustainable development represents a fundamental objective, according to the agenda of policymakers. This is particularly true with regard to farming, and those agricultural systems that are fully consistent with sustainability in society (health, employment), environment (methane emission, water resource and so on), and economy (source of wealth). Tunisia is one of the world’s top olive oil-producing countries. It is also the country with the largest certified organic olive-producing areas in the world. Moreover, a larger volume of Tunisian olive oil is produced using nearly organic practices, without actually being certified. Given the growing demand for certified products, Tunisia should strengthen its market position by building on its reputation for sustainable farming, through the promotion and the creation of new geographic indications for EVOO. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the impact of GIs and how such kinds of labeling can be more effective, operational, and sustainable, to support the country’s development strategy in this sector. Through an ad hoc quanti-qualitative analysis of Tunisian olive oil value chain, representative of the natural resources, the deep understanding of cultures and traditions of the country, a comprehensive and precise SWOT analysis carried out on the Tunisian olive sector has been performed. This study bears significance as it depicts a specific roadmap that should allow a better application and extension of GI’s initiatives referring to the three pillars of Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations, and by building on the position of Tunisia as an organic origin focusing on five strategic lines: organizational and institutional framework, capacity building improvement, communication and networking roles, the role of TIC and the emergence of new opportunities, financial and support products availability. The final outcome should also aim to shorten the distances between all stakeholders to achieve the goals of the 2030 Agenda in the Mediterranean basin, by removing behavioral and institutional barriers that inhibit the transformations needed to achieve more sustainable economies and societies, by means of a cross-disciplinary dialogue around olive oil chain sustainability and narrowing the gap between research and policymakers.