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U četverogodišnjim pokusima s 14 sorti ječma na lokalitetima u Tovarniku, Novoj Gradiški, Požegi i Osijeku istraživan je interakcijski učinak sorta*okolina AMMI1 i AMMI2 modelom za urod zrna i količinu bjelančevina u zrnu. Analizom varijance procijenjeni su značajni učinci godine, lokaliteta i sorte na urod zrna i sadržaj bjelančevina. Najvišim urodima zrna, slične razine, izdvojile su se sorte Bingo (7,357 t/ha) i Barun (7,336 t/ha). Najviše količine bjelančevina u zrnu su sorte Vanessa (13,06%) i Prometej (12,94%), a najniže količine bjelančevina u zrnu su sorte Barun (12,14%) i Princ (12,29%). Visoku stabilnost uroda zrna i količine bjelančevina u zrnu ječma, imala je sorta Barun. Stabilnost sorte Barun za urod zrna izraženija je s obzirom na godinu ispitivanja, nego u odnosu na lokalitet ispitivanja. Sorta Vanessa, uz visoki prosječni sadržaj bjelančevina u provedenim istraživanjima, imala je visoke interakcijske skorove IPCA1, koji su izraženiji kod lokaliteta nego godina ispitivanja. Sorte Tiffany, Plaisant i Favorit osrednjih su do viših interakcijskih skorova IPCA1 i IPCA2 za sadržaj bjelančevina, a u biplot AMMI2 modelu ne pokazuju povezanosti s lokacijama., Fourteen barley cultivars were tested through 4-year trials at Tovarnik, Nova Gradiška, Požega and Osijek sites in order to explore interaction effects of genotype by environment using AMM1 and AMM2 models for grain yield and grain protein content. The results of analysis of variance showed statistically significant effects of year, location and cultivar on grain yield and protein content. The highest grain yields had cultivars Bingo (7.357 t/ha) and Barun (7.336 t/ha). The highest values of grain protein content had cultivars Vanessa (13.06%) and Prometej (12.94%), whereas the lowest values of grain protein content were obtained for cultivars Barun (12.14%) and Princ (12.29%). High stability of grain yield and protein content, together with high level of grain yield and lower level of protein content, was estimated for cultivar Barun. The stability of cultivar Barun was more expressed in relation to the year of testing than to the location. Related to location of testing, high interaction scores (IPCA1) were obtained for cultivar Vanessa with high average protein content. Cultivars Tiffany, Plaisant and Favorit had medium to higher interaction scores (IPCA1 and IPCA2) for grain protein content, and in case of AMMI2 analysis they didn't show specific relation to locations.

The research of 14 varieties of winter barley, of which 10 were from Agricultural Institute Osijek (Sladoran, Rex, Zlatko, Gvozd, Prometej, Barun, Trenk, Bingo, Lord and Princ), was conducted during field trials from 2003/2004 to 2006/2007 on localities in Tovarnik, Nova Gradiška, Poţega and Osijek. Tiffany and Vanessa originate from Germany, variety Plaisant from France, and the Favorit comes from BC Institute in Zagreb. Cultivars Lord, Primus, Favorit and Plaisant belong to six-row spike form barley group. Analysis of variance showed significant (F=***) effects for year, locality and variety on grain yield, hectolitre mass of grain, starch and protein content. There was no significant difference between sowing rates of 300 and 450 grains/m² ; (F-test not significant) for crop yield, hectolitre mass of grain, protein content. There was also no significant variety*sowing rate interaction for all of the properties researched. Significant year*sowing rate interaction (F=** ; ***) was confirmed for properties concerning grain yield, protein and starch content. There were significant (F=***) interactions between locality*sowing rate (L*D), year*locality*sowing rate (Y*L*D), year*variety (Y*G), variety*locality (G*L) and year*variety*locality (Y*G*L) for crop yield, hectolitre mass, protein and starch content. The crop yield of 6.796 t/ha was achieved by 450 grains/m2 sowing rate, and 6.793 t/ha by 300 grains/m2. These varieties Bingo-7.357 t/ha, Barun-7.336 t/ha, Gvozd-7.281 t/ha, Zlatko-7.214 t/ha displayed top grain yield, but within average parameters.

In field trials with four spring barley cultivars (Astor, Fran, Matej and Scarlett) during four years (2004-2007) at two localities (Osijek and Nova Gradiska) researches of grain yield, hectoliter weight, protein and starch content, extract content, friability of malt, Kolbach index and malt viscosity were carried out. Cultivar Matej (5.535 t ha-1) had significantly higher (P>0.05) grain yield in comparison with cultivars Astor 4.968 t ha-1), Fran (5.113 t ha-1) and Scarlett (5.150 t ha- 1). The year of production had significant influence on grain yield as well as on all indicators of malt quality, and differences in grain yield between localities Osijek and Nova Gradiska were not statistically justified. Significant differences between localities Osijek and Nova Gradiska in extract content and friability were estimated. Based on extract content and parameters of malt modification the best scores had cultivar Scarlett which was followed by cultivar Fran. Cultivar Scarlett had grain yield at average level of the trial, but high interaction scores (IPCA1) indicated the high adaptability of this genotype to conditions of production.

This article focuses on the various uses of gëi 'give', as attested in a corpus of spoken Beijing Mandarin collected by the author. These uses are compared to those in earlier attestations of Beijing Mandarin from the end of the Qing, and to those in Greater Beijing Mandarin and in the Ji-Lu Mandarin dialects. The uses oîgëi in the corpus are shown to be consistent with those found in these two dialect groups, where the primary function of gëi is that of indirect object marking and where, in contrast to Standard Mandarin, gëi is not additionally used as an agent marker or a direct object marker. Exceptions to this pattern in the corpus are explained as a recent development arisen through reanalysis., Cet article décrit et analyse les divers usages de gëi 'donner' dans un corpus de langue parlée recueilli à Pékin, et les compare à ceux des textes reflétant le pékinois de la fin des Qïhg, ainsi qu'à ceux du mandarin pékinois étendu et des dialectes mandarins de Ji-Lu. Il montre que les usages de gëi dans le corpus sont dans leur majorité identiques à ceux de ces dialectes mandarins, où la fonction primaire de gëi est celle d'un marqueur d'objet indirect, et où, contrairement au chinois standard, gëi ne fonctionne ni comme marqueur du passif ni comme marqueur d'objet direct. Les exceptions observées dans le corpus sont interprétées comme un développement récent dû à une réanalyse., Chirkova Katia. Gëi 'give' in Beijing and beyond [Gëi 'donner ' à Pékin et au-delà]. In: Cahiers de linguistique - Asie orientale, vol. 37 1, 2008. pp. 3-42.

Genotype by environment interaction (GEI) is a topic of continuous interest for plant breeders. Winter wheat data were subjected to the Additive Main Effects and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) analysis. Results indicated a significant GEI for grain yield and its components that influenced the relative ranking of the genotypes across the environments. Informative visualization of AMMI results in form of biplot is discussed.

Research is based on grain yield results reached from field trials carried out with 14 winter barley varieties (Hordeum vulgare L.) during four growing seasons (2004 to 2007), at four sites (Osijek-eutric cambisol, Pozega-pseudoghley, Tovarnik-hypogley and Nova Gradiska-alluvial soil) and with two sowing densities (300 and 450 kernels per m2). Significant effects of year, locality and variety on grain yield were estimated (F=0.001). Difference between two sowing densities (300 and 450 kernels per m2) was not significant, as well as interaction variety*sowing density. Significant interactions year*sowing density, locality*sowing density, year*locality*sowing density, lokality* variety, year* variety, year* variety*lokality were found. Based on realized grain yield, variance of deviation from regression (S2di), coefficient of regression (bi) and interaction scores (AMMI1 analysis), varieties Barun, Gvozd and Prometej are suitable for more intensive conditions of growing. Higher parameters of stability and interaction scores (AMMI1 analysis) indicate that variety Bingo, which had the highest grain yield, showed favorable reactions of grain yield also in more extensive growing conditions (at lower level of production).

This article focuses on the various uses of gěi ‘give', as attested in a corpus of spoken Beijing Mandarin collected by the author. These uses are compared to those in earlier attestations of Beijing Mandarin and to those in Greater Beijing Mandarin and in Jì-Lǔ Mandarin dialects. The uses of gěi in the corpus are demonstrated to be consistent with the latter pattern, where the primary function of gěi is that of indirect object marking and where, unlike Standard Mandarin, gěi is not additionally used as an agent marker or a direct object marker. Exceptions to this pattern in the corpus are explained as a recent development arisen through reanalysis., Cet article décrit et analyse les divers usages de gěi ‘donner' dans un corpus de langue parlée recueilli à Pékin, et les compare à ceux des textes reflétant le pékinois de la fin des Qīng, ainsi qu'à ceux du mandarin pékinois étendu et des dialectes mandarins de Jì-Lǔ. Il montre que les usages de gěi dans le corpus sont dans leur majorité identiques à ceux de ces dialectes mandarins, où la fonction primaire de gěi est celle d'un marqueur d'objet indirect, et où, contrairement au chinois standard, gěi ne fonctionne ni comme marqueur du passif ni comme marqueur d'objet direct. Les exceptions observées dans le corpus sont interprétées comme un développement récent dû à une réanalyse.

Selection of stabile genotype with broad adaptation to various environments is one of the main goals in winter wheat breeding. Genotype x environment interaction (GEI) hinders selection of the best genotypes due to confounding results for the genetic differences between wheat genotypes. Therefore, attention has been devoted to analyzing genotype by environment interactions (GEI) to improve crop breeding success (Thomason and Philips, 2006). Usually, strategy for selection of winter wheat is that selection should be made on several locations different in climatic and soil conditions. The objectives of this paper were to examine influence of different testing environments and sowing rates on formation of winter wheat thousand kernel weight and, after the stability analysis, to identify most stabile genotypes and locations. Thousand kernel weight is very important trait for yield formation in winter wheat and it is considered to be one of the direct yield component. Research work was conducted during 2006/07 growing season on four test locations with four different soil types: Nova Gradiška – fluvisol ; Osijek – eutric cambisol ; Požega – pseudogley ; Tovarnik – chernozem. Research work included 14 winter wheat genotypes. Genotypes were chosen due to their high yielding performance and good quality. They included recognized cultivars and new breeding lines. The examined genotypes were sowed with two sowing rates: 300 and 600 germinable seeds m-2. Combined analysis of variance showed highly significant (p≤ 0.01) influence of genotypes, environments (sowing rate and location) and GEI on thousand kernel weight. AMMI 1 model biplot showed that the location with highest thousand kernel weight in combination with lower sowing rate was Nova Gradiška. The most stabile location in combination with lower sowing rate and high thousand kernel weight was location with the best soil conditions – Tovarnik. Lower sowing rate at all locations showed higher thousand kernel weight than higher sowing rate at the same location. Lower sowing rate at all locations also was more stabile than higher sowing rate. Biplot also showed that locations were spread from locations with lower thousand kernel weight to locations with high kernel weight. That is very important for selection of stabile and adaptable genotypes. Examined genotypes differed in thousand kernel weight and in stability across environments. Breeding line OSK 63/05 has the highest thousand kernel weight, but it was unstable and adapted to higher yielding environments. Stabile genotypes, but with lower kernel weight, were cultivar Srpanjka and breeding line OSK 89/05. Best combination of high kernel weight and good stability was in breeding line OSK 108/04.

Conducted researches showed significant effect of cultivar and environment on grain yield and malting quality of barley. Barun is cultivar with the highest grain yield and very good indicators of protein and malt extract content. Vanessa had lower grain yield than cultivars Barun and Zlatko, higher protein content in grain but the best indicators of malt extract, malt viscosity and beta-glucan. Cluster analysis of malt extract content indicated grouping of locations Nova Gradiska and Pozega as well as Osijek and Tovarnik, which did not depend on year. Significant differences were found for beta glucan content between years and locations of testing, and particularly inadequate beta glucan content was found at Osijek and Nova Gradiska locations in 2005. Interactions of variety and environment may have an impact on sustainable cropping methods.

U pokusima od 1999. do 2005. godine na dva lokaliteta (Nova Gradiška i Osijek) ispitivano je 11 sorti jarog ječma. Sorte Velebit, Jaran, Astor, Igor, Mislav, Valentin i Fran su sorte Poljoprivrednog instituta Osijek. Scarlet je sorta ječma porijekom iz Njemačke, sorta Gimpel iz Francuske, Magda iz Nizozemske, a Orbit iz Slovačke. Pokusi su postavljeni u četiri ponavljanja i s dvije norme sjetve (300 i 450 zrna/m2). Analizom varijance ustanovljene su značajne razlike između godina (G), lokaliteta(L), normi sjetve (NS) i sorti(S) za urod zrna. Statistički značajna interakcija SNS, te LNS nije utvrđena. Utvrđena je značajna interakcija GNS, GLNS, SG, GLS. Koeficijentom regresije (Finlay i Wilkinson, 1963), i varijancom odstupanja od regresije (S2di)(Eberhart i Russell, 1966) procijenjena je reakcija sorte na uvjete proizvodnje i stabilnost uroda zrna. Cluster analizom (Everitt, 1980) i dendogramom procijenjene su razine grupiranja sorti i lokaliteta obzirom na interakciju genotip*okolina. Utjecaj predvidljivog okolinskog učinka i nepredvidivog učinka interakcije genotip*okolina (GEI) na urod zrna genotipova ječma istražen je i analizom GEI AMMI1 modelom (Gauch, 1992 ; Piepho, 1999). Na cluster dendogramu ustanovljeno je grupiranje sorti u dvije veće grupe. Prvu grupu sorti čine sorte Astor, Magda, Fran Igor i Mislav, a drugu grupu sorte Valentin, Orbit, Scarlet, Jaran i Gimpel. I unutar tih grupa na prvoj razini združivanja uočava se grupiranje sorti Jaran i Gimpel, Valentin i Orbit, te Igor i Mislav.

Se diseñó una cámara dinámica para el registro de emisiones procedentes de pequeños animales y de estiércoles poniéndose en marcha posteriormente con la determinación de las emisiones de dióxido de carbono por parte de conejos de cebo durante periodos de 24 y 48 horas.

U pokusima od 2003. do 2006. godine na četiri lokaliteta (Tovarnik, Nova Gradiška, Požega i Osijek)ispitivano je 17 sorti ozimog ječma. Sorte Rodnik, Sladoran, Rex, Zlatko, Barun, Trenk, Heraklo, Gvozd, Prometej, Bingo, Princ, Lord i Grof su sorte Poljoprivrednog instituta Osijek. Sorte Tiffany i Vanessa su porijekom iz Njemačke, sorta Plaisant je iz Francuske, a Favorit je sorta BC Instituta u Zagrebu. Pokus je postavljen u tri ponavljanja i s dvije norme sjetve (300 i 450 zrna/m2). Ustanovljene su značajne razlike između godina (Y), lokaliteta (L) i sorti (G) za urod zrna i sadržaj bjelančevina. Između normi sjetve (NS) nije utvrđena značajna razlika za navedena svojstva, a ni značajna interakcija GNS. Za urod zrna i sadržaj bjelančevina utvrđena je značajna interakcija YNS, LNS, YLNS. Analiza stabilnosti i reakcija sorti na uvjete proizvodnje koeficijentom regresije (b) (Finlay i Wilkinson, 1963) i varijancom odstupanja od regresije (S2di)(Eberhart i Russell, 1966), te analiza učinka interakcije GE cluster analizom (Everitt, 1980) i AMMI1-modelom (Gauch, 1992 ; Piepho, 1999) ukazuju na grupiranja sorti s obzirom na stabilnost uroda zrna i sadržaja bjelančevina, te učinke GEI. Kod uroda zrna ustanovljeno je na cluster dendogramu 5 grupa sorti. Sorte Zlatko i Barun, su ostvarile najviše urode zrna, na cluster dendogramu čine posebnu grupu sorti koje karakterizira odstupanje koeficijenta regresije (b) u pozitivnom (Barun) ili negativnom (Zlatko) smjeru, te značajnije odstupanje varijance odstupanja od regresije (S2di )od 0.

U pokusima od 1999. do 2005. godine na lokalitetetima Nova Gradiška i Osijek ispitivano je 11 sorti jarog ječma. Sorte Velebit, Jaran, Astor, Igor, Mislav, Valentin i Fran su sorte Poljoprivrednog instituta Osijek. Scarlet je sorta ječma porijekom iz Njemačke, sorta Gimpel iz Francuske, Magda iz Nizozemske, a Orbit iz Slovačke. Pokusi su postavljeni u četiri ponavljanja i s dvije norme sjetve (300 i 450 zrna/m2).Analizom varijance ustanovljene su značajne razlike između godina (G), lokaliteta (L), normi sjetve (NS) i sorti(S) za urod zrna. Statistički značajna interakcija SNS, te LNS nije utvrđena. Utvrđena je značajna interakcija GNS, GLNS, SG, GLS. Koeficijentom regresije (Finlay i Wilkinson, 1963), i varijancom odstupanja od regresije S2di) (Eberhart i Russell, 1966) procijenjena je reakcija sorti na uvjete proizvodnje i stabilnost uroda zrna. Cluster analizom (Everitt, 1980) i dendogramom procijenjene su razine grupiranja sorti i lokaliteta obzirom na interakciju genotip*okolina. Utjecaj predvidljivog okolinskog učinka i nepredvidivog učinka interakcije genotip*okolina (GEI) na urod zrna genotipova ječma istražen je i analizom GEI AMMI1 modelom (Gauch, 1992 ; Piepho, 1999). Na cluster dendogramu ustanovljeno je grupiranje sorti u dvije veće grupe. Prvu grupu sorti čine sorte Astor, Magda, Fran Igor i Mislav, a drugu grupu sorte Valentin, Orbit, Scarlet, Jaran i Gimpel. I unutar tih grupa na prvoj razini združivanja uočava se grupiranje sorti Jaran i Gimpel, Valentin i Orbit, te Igor i Mislav.

Genotype by environment interaction (GEI) is a topic of continuous interest for plant breeders. The logical part of the plant breeding process is the construction of genotype (plant variety) by environment (years, locations or both) two-way table with the variables important for variety evaluation. The AMMI model is a multivariate approach to the analysis and especially to the interpretation of GEI using biplots. We present a model on the sugar beet data set from the official Croatian variety trials for acceptance of new varieties.

Variety testing is an important process in plant breeding. Every year new varieties enter and the others leave the field experiments on many different sites. This makes the data sets unbalanced and many problems can not be solved by the standard ANOVA procedure. REML is one of the most efficient and frequently used method of variance components estimation, especially in the variety trials data analyses which provides the results that can be used in exploring trial variation, variety stability, GEI, variables relation...

Variety testing in Croatia is organized by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry with the engagement of different institutions, persons and firms. Field experiments planning and statistical data analyses is confided to the Department of Plant Breeding, Genetics and Biometrics. A relatively small number and the closeness of the sites, raised suspicions about the narrowness of necessary environmental variability. Aware of these weaknesses and many other irregularities, this paper is attempt to present cereal (spring oats,winter wheat, spring barley and winter barley) trial yield results of five years and compare them with some European countries. Unbalancedness of data set required REML as a method of estimating variance components. Comparing the results of the analyses for different species, we noticed certain pattern of variability breakdown. The highest portion of variability always stands for site x year interaction and site, but all other variance components have similar relative values as well, except variety and year components. Despite the different distribution pattern, the variety x environment components generally have similar values. Comparison with the results from other countries' trials showed likeness. Inspite of our complex situation range of environments is still wide enough to include all extremes, despite their relatively small number.

Generalized AMMI (GAMMI) model has been widely used to model the Genotype × Environment Interaction (GEI) with categorical (or in general, non-normal) response variables. It was developed by introduce the concept of Generalized Linear Model (GLM) into Additive Main Effect & Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) model. GAMMI model will provide two major results (i) the stability analysis of some genotypes across environments and (ii) determine some others that have site specific for particular environment through Biplot of Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) of the interaction terms. This research will focus on major studies on counting data that is to round up the previous work of first author's on the Row Column Interaction Models (RCIMs) for the GEI by VGAM package of an R implementation with an addition on the deviance analysis. A simple illustrative comparison of both approaches (RCIM vs. GAMMI) was conducted on Poisson counting data of 4 rows × 5 columns. The defiance analysis was provided by log-likelihood of the model and ones of the residual. Deviance analysis will provide a way to determine the complexity of interaction component in the model, named by “rank” of model. The Biplot of both approaches seem not quite different. Finally, we did show that RCIMs be relied upon to fit well the GAMMI model and then applied it in an illustrative example to a real dataset. In addition, a simple scheme of simulation, adding some outlier on Poisson count data, will show an easy way handling the over dispersion problems, but firstly, we will talk about some statistical framework of Reduce Rank Regression (RR-VGLMs), the RCIMs, and then the approach of RCIMs for GAMMI models.

Debido al cambio climático, cada vez más es una realidad el uso de las rutas polares para el tránsito de buques. El deshielo está abriendo nuevas posibilidades en el Ártico y los buques han empezado a navegar por estas rutas como alternativa a la Ruta Marítima del Sur, que pasa por el Canal de Suez. El tiempo y el combustible que se ahorran los buques son los principales motivos. Este trabajo analiza las rutas árticas en los siguientes aspectos: ventajas e inconvenientes, legislación que actualmente las regula (Código Polar) y su viabilidad actual y futura. Todo esto con el fin de ver el impacto medioambiental del transporte marítimo sobre estas rutas y determinar si están preparadas para soportar un gran número de tránsitos marítimos. El conocimiento de la realidad de estas rutas y los peligros que conlleva su uso marino para el tránsito de buques, nos permitirá determinar las acciones a realizar para disponer de unas vías de navegación seguras para la tripulación, pasajeros y el medio ambiente. Es decir, si tienen la suficiente infraestructura para una navegación segura, puertos de aprovisionamiento y/o de refugio, instalaciones de recepción de aguas residuales, equipos de rescate con respuestas de tiempo pequeñas, así como una ley para prevenir la contaminación.

The aim of this study was to access the overall effects of genotype, environment and genotype x environment interaction (GEI), as well as the importance of individual agro-technological traits in the broomcorn [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] panicle yield formation. The performances of 11 broomcorn cultivars grown in eight different seasons are discussed in this paper. The restricted maximum likelihood (REML) variance component estimates model revealed that panicle yield was for the most part dependent on GEI (47.5%), which allowed identification of best genotypes for specific environments. The partial least squares regression (PLSR) model revealed that the most important climatic variables for optimal yield are precipitation in vegetation period and maximum air temperature in vegetation, followed by difference between maximum and minimum temperature in vegetation, growing degree days and sum of precipitation. Generally, lower temperature and higher precipitation parameters had beneficial effect on yield. Considering the individual agro-technological traits, the most important for panicle yield were weight of threshed and unthreshed panicle, as well as grain weight per panicle. As directly related to yield; length of the panicle, fibre length and number of fibres per panicle were also important. The best yield (Sava, 11.75 t ha(-1) ) and stability (Jumak, Prima) performances were recorded for locally adapted cultivars. The knowledge obtained in this study is valuable for the identification and understanding of key environmental and agro-technological factors that contribute to the yield of broomcorn panicle.