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This article uses firm × national market export and import data for all Swedish private sector firms for 1997–2014 to examine the firm-level contribution of trade and foreign ownership to the correlation between Swedish value added growth and partner country gross domestic product (GDP) growth. Export and import links increase the firm-level correlation but net out for firms that both export to and import from the same market, evidence that this type of ‘natural hedging’ can help reduce a firm's exposure to foreign economic shocks. We proceed to aggregate the firm-level results to the whole economy and find that severing firm-level ties with a foreign market is predicted to lower the correlation between Swedish value added growth and foreign GDP growth from 0.72 to 0.64 on average. Gabaix's ‘granularity’ of trade is central to this result: if all firms are given equal weight overall correlations are essentially unaffected by severing firm level ties. Natural hedging is quantitatively important at the firm level and also plays a role in limiting overall comovements.

The paper analyzes the dynamics and structure of trade interaction between Chinese regions and Russia using official Chinese data and assesses the border effects for export and import flows. The analysis shows that Chinese imports from Russia exhibit a much more uneven distribution across Chinese regions than exports. The results of the gravity model estimation indicate that the size of the border effect for exports of Chinese regions to Russia was larger compared to trade barriers with other countries. At the same time, the hurdles impeding the access of Russian production to Chinese regional markets expressed in the ad-valorem tariff equivalent were higher than for other countries. The estimates reveal that Russian exports to Chinese regions have been experiencing higher barriers in recent years than Chinese regional exports to Russia. The findings suggest that leveling barriers would reinforce the access of Chinese coastal regions to the Russian market, making exports to Russia even less evenly distributed across Chinese regions. A substantial reduction of barriers is likely to increase Russian imports in China thanks to the growing flows of Russian goods to virtually all Chinese regions. Accordingly, Russian exporters need to diversify their supply across Chinese regions so as to bypass the middlemen and tap new regional markets in China

The evaluation of the Russian oil and gas companies’ competitiveness in the foreign market under the tough market conditions is of particular importance as it is crucial to retain company’s current position and market share. The article makes qualitative and quantitative evaluation of Russian companies in the global gas market. To analyze the competitiveness of the gas industry company in the foreign market, the authors used a dynamic method of evaluating competitiveness coupled with a SWOT analysis. The dynamic evaluation method offers an opportunity to identify the basic factors that influenced the level of competitiveness of the entity under study and, accordingly, determine the main reserves for increasing its competitiveness. Based on the study conducted, recommendations were made on the increase in competitiveness in the current situation of unstable demand and volatile energy prices. By analyzing the PJSC Gazprom level of competitiveness, as well as its external and internal environment, indicators were identified the regulation of which will lead to the progressive development of the organization and increase in its competitiveness. The practical relevance of the study lies in the possibility to use both the research outcome and the proposed methods in a development strategy for the gas industry company.Keywords: advantages, competitiveness management, SWOT-analysis, oil and gas companies.JEL Classifications: L10, F23, N70DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.10275

Today’s internationalization challenges are no longer limited to dealing with cultural differences in bilateral interactions between a company’s headquarters and its subsidiary. Instead, companies need to simultaneously manage a portfolio of subsidiaries that can be culturally close or distant to each other. Existing literature has so far been slow at conceptualizing and measuring this phenomenon. Drawing on portfolio logic and an ambidexterity lens, we introduce the concept of international cultural ambidexterity (ICA) as a company’s dynamic capability to manage a portfolio of both culturally distant (exploration) and culturally proximate (exploitation) foreign markets. Developing ICA allows companies to benefit from cultural diversity and cultural distance and to better manage tensions arising from internationalization. We highlight differences between cultural distance, cultural diversity and ICA. Subsequently, we introduce a novel way of measuring ICA that extends studies on culture and ambidexterity in foreign market entry research.

Extant research shows that stock returns of investable firms are highly sensitive to foreign market and global information shocks, suggesting that having foreign investors might insulate investable firms from shocks to local fundamentals. Examining 24 emerging markets, we find that both investable and non-investable firms are sensitive to local monetary policy shocks. This allays the concern that emerging-market opening reduces the efficacy of local monetary policy. We also find that in 11 countries (46% of our country-sample), investable firms are more sensitive to local shocks than non-investable firms. Differences in leverage, stock liquidity, size, domestic product-market exposure, or industry cyclicality do not drive this finding.

The purpose of this research is first to ascertain what the brand image of a globally recognized sport club is as perceived by the citizens of a foreign market, then to determine how brand image pr...

During the period spanning independence in 1822 to mid-century, Brazil’s south-east shifted from specializing in the export of cane sugar to coffee. This article explores the mechanism underlying this shift by exploiting a wealth of new monthly data on the Brazilian and international coffee and cane sugar markets during the period 1827– 40. It argues that the timing of the coffee boom was driven by a rapid increase in foreign market potential associated with the abolition of the tariff on coffee in the US. It estimates that American tariff reform served to increase coffee exports and African slave imports by around one-fifth. American firms, wi th in direct li nks to th e slave trade, rapidly became major players in the export market in Rio de Janeiro, while non-American firms, t raditionally s pecialized in c ontinental European destinations, turned their sights on the American market.

The period of temporary economic isolation caused by the Covid-19 pandemic has affected the economies of all countries in the world. After quarantine and the gradual restoration of the activity of all economic sectors, competition in the world market will intensify. Countries will promote strategies for economic growth, improving economic security, increasing exports, and protecting domestic producers. Given the fact that resources are limited and exhaustible, it is necessary to correctly identify priority sectors when developing strategies. For this purpose, the competitiveness index can be used, since competitiveness is one of the main characteristics that allows anyone to determine its position on the market, and increasing competitiveness ensures victory in the competition. The novelty and purpose of the study is to develop two new integral indices, and to improve one symmetric index of comparative advantage developed earlier. Some of empirical and theoretical methods were used in this research: abstraction, the method of ascending from the abstract to the concrete, comparison, measurement, analysis and synthesis, economic and mathematical modelling. To identify priority sectors, the author used the developed indices to assess the competitiveness of goods, not only on the foreign market, but also on the domestic market. This study can serve economists as a tool for assessing the competitiveness of goods, identifying the strengths and weaknesses of the goods offered, in the context of developing measures to increase competitiveness, which will increase the profitability of entrepreneurship.

One of the most important tasks of innovative development of a country and its regions is building an innovative vector of development essential for reaching a competitive level and economic growth. The authors have explored tasks and issues and tasks connected with quantitative explanation of still unresolved dependence of export-oriented countries’ economic growth on export volumes and prices in the foreign market. They used a three- way model of innovative development to study the productivity of resources in different areas of development.As a result of their research the authors introduced a different approach to the notion of innovative development. It allows researchers to view it as a system and integrity in three co-related directions: technique and technology, currency and finance, and society and politics. Thus, they have the opportunity to estimate how much each sector of national (regional) economy individually and all of them together contribute to the economic growth. This approach provides the opportunity to examine the basic holistically co-related directions which allow measuring the level of innovative development, estimating the economy’s innovativeness, determining and viewing differently the innovative paradigm. The authors used mathematical model to study and introduce productivities of major types of resources. They point out that effective functioning of economy (including financial) makes it possible to develop industries gradually and to smooth out economic development of the regions, to avoid structural shifts and disproportions in economy which finally results in the possibility of productive implementation of programs of the country’s innovative development.The authors have systematically studied the correlation between the productivity of resources and the achievement of systematic multiplier effect (there is no wide research found on this problem, the authors dealt with individual indicators of multiplier effect)

PurposeTo help firms with their international operations, governments often create policies and support mechanisms, but its influence on the firm's exit decision has so far been ignored. Hence, the purpose of this study is to examine the impact of home-country governmental support on the firm's exit decision.Design/methodology/approachThe authors test their conceptual model using multiple informants as well as secondary data from China. The sample consists of 360 valid questionnaires from 180 firms. Binary logistics regression is used to test the conceptual framework.FindingsBy demonstrating that resource-based and institutional constructs are highly dependent, the authors show how home-country governmental support interacts with the foreign affiliate's past performance to explain the decision to remain or exit a foreign market. The results indicate that while governmental financial support reduces the likelihood of exiting a poorly performing business in the foreign market, governmental non-financial support surprisingly has an opposite effect.Originality/valueWhile there has been an increasing number of firms exiting foreign markets, this area of research is still limited. The study also contributes to the literature by focusing on home-country governmental financial and non-financial support to explain the firm's exit decision – an issue that has been ignored and is expected to be particularly relevant for firms from emerging economies.

This paper analyses the effect of home corporate taxes on a firm’s decision to expand the scale of its activity through exports using a rich dataset on Italian firms. Starting out from the observation that firms’ export activity vary greatly among them and tend to be systematically related to firm’s characteristics, we relate differences in firms’ export choices to firm level incidence of corporate taxes. Our results suggest that (i) corporate taxes matter at both the extensive and the intensive margin and (ii) higher corporate taxes may increase the probability of new firms’ entry in the foreign market while they decrease the export intensity of incumbent exporters.

PurposeEstablishment of wholly owned subsidiaries in a foreign market is central to international marketing because sole ownership and high commitment facilitate firm's marketing in the local market. Drawing on knowledge-based theory, this study extends the current understanding of firm's sequential establishments of wholly owned subsidiaries in a host country.Design/methodology/approachSwedish firms' establishments of wholly owned subsidiaries in Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States were analyzed using a longitudinal approach.FindingsA firm's broad international experience is associated with an acquisition in any phase, while mode experience and value-adding experience are associated with postinitial acquisitions. There is no association between mode experience and greenfield investments.Research limitations/implicationsKnowledge-based theory explains a firm's choice of establishment mode when establishing in the same host country. Effects of marketing experiences are due to the establishment mode and different experiences explain choices for initial and postinitial establishments.Practical implicationsIn choosing between a wholly owned subsidiary in terms of an acquisition or a greenfield investment, for a foreign establishment the firm is advised to consider the impact of marketing experiences and establishment phase.Originality/valueResearch is needed on how experiences affect choices between foreign establishment modes where the firm is the sole owner. This study is the first to focus on the choice between wholly owned subsidiaries in terms of acquisitions and greenfield investments, and the impact of experience and phase of establishment in a particular host country.

The choice of an entry mode is one of the most critical decisions for firms expanding abroad. There are a variety of foreign market entry modes such as exporting, licensing, and foreign direct investment. While many firms use only one single mode, others frequently employ multiple different combined modes for a foreign entry in a package. Mode combination can be an effective way to achieve better performance in foreign operations because of the different modes in a combination package complement each other. The topic of mode combination, however, has not yet been extensively studied theoretically and empirically. In this paper, we examine factors affecting firms’ choice between a single-mode and a combined mode by establishing hypotheses and testing them using questionnaire survey data on Korean manufacturing firms’ recent entry into Uzbekistan.

Survival in a foreign market is not always the same as in the home market. This study examines interaction effects between cultural distance, country risk, entry mode, firm age, investment location...

International audience; The objective of this article is to examine the relevant dimensions of distance for foreign market entry mode choice. Based on a sample of 203 interfirm linkages formed by French multinationals with partners across the world, we analyze the impact of four dimensions of distance on the choice between cooperative alliances and mergers-acquisitions. The findings indicate that administrative and economic distance have a significant influence on market entry mode choice, whereas the impact of cultural and geographic distance is not significant. They further highlight the important role of the host country's government effectiveness for market entry mode decisions.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present an overview of the intersection of research into international marketing (IM) and the internet, seeking areas where knowledge is developing, and where further research is required. Design/methodology/approach The study utilizes an integrative review of the extant literature. Findings The study identifies the role of the internet as a tool for competitive advantage and internationalization. In considering these aspects of the internet within IM, the necessity for establishing a foreign market presence is also examined. Further, it is asserted that the internet’s influence on internationalization is largely through exporting of products and digital services. Originality/value The paper offers a new perspective on the issues emerging in the literature in terms of IM and the internet, and identifies new avenues for future research.

In this paper we will show the importance and importance of the right combination of marketing instruments (products, prices, promotions and distribution) that affect the business performance of export-oriented companies. At the same time, it is indisputable that a good combination of the above mentioned marketing instruments has a stimulating influence on the movement of the basic parameters of the business of export-oriented companies. Also, each of the marketing mix instruments individually contributes to the business excellence of the company. The right combination of these instruments certainly leads to the success of the organization, but the real problem is determining what combination it is. That is, every business is in the dilemma of how much importance it attaches to some of the instruments of the marketing mix. The situation is particularly complicated by the fact that the results of the combination, that is, its success can only be viewed ex post, which is likely then. Organizations need prior key information in order for marketing instruments to act ex ante with the intention of creating the right mix of marketing mix instruments to market in a foreign market.

Recently, competition has been rapidly increasing in the IT sphere, so a competently constructed system of communications with stakeholders becomes a very important advantage for companies. Depending on the size of the company, the type of business and the scale of activity for each group, it is necessary to choose an individual approach to interaction. The article is concerned with a comprehensive study of the problems of processes of developing corporate communications with stakeholders of IT-industry enterprises. The main groups for external and internal types of stakeholders for the companies in the IT sphere, features of interaction and developing corporate communications with them are examined. To implement positive strategic changes in staff management, it is important to take into account both the interests and contradictions of stakeholders. In practical activity, the interests of almost all groups of staff are most often in contradiction with the interests of management and owners. Hence the elaboration of problems of increasing interest and leveling contradictions becomes significant aspects of cooperation of all stakeholders, despite the different conditions and countries of business operation. It is necessary to interact with stakeholders based on the company’s strategy and competently build an understandable communication strategy with them. The publication involves determining the points of interaction and coincidence of the interests of all participants in the management and development processes. The proposed algorithm for determining and adopting effective strategic changes in communication management can be used in the foreign market. The efficiency of the organization depends on how well the interaction with stakeholders is built. Interaction with stakeholders helps the organization to increase social capital, minimize non-financial risks, and identify new opportunities for the company’s development.

With the rapid development of the world economy and the increasingly prominent trend of globalization, retail enterprises have gone abroad to the world. But their operation in the Chinese market is not optimistic. This paper mainly researches multinational retail chain development strategy in China, and analyzes their poor performance in Chinese market, then learns from foreign retail chain enterprise development experiences, puts forward some suggestions for Chinese retail enterprises to enter the foreign market, fully explores the competitive advantages of Chinese retail enterprises.

Метою дипломної роботи є розкриття теоретичних засад формування цінової політики і створення рекомендацій щодо удосконалення ціноутворення на підприємстві. Об'єктом дослідження є процес організації діяльності ДП Шахта «Бужанська» Предметом дослідження є механізм є удосконалення цінової політики підприємства. Методи дослідження. Теоретичною, методологічною, практичною основою дослідження стали фундаментальні положення економічної теорії, економіки підприємства, маркетингу, наукові праці вітчизняних і зарубіжних учених з питань ціноутворення. Концептуальні засади, викладені у працях вітчизняних та зарубіжних вчених з питань конкурентоспроможності й розвитку вугільної промисловості. Результати дослідження можуть бути використанні підприємством агропромислового комплексу для підвищення ефективності введення зовнішньоекономічної діяльності, зокрема ДП Шахта «Бужанська» для розробки стратегії виходу на нові ринки. Можливими напрямами продовження досліджень можуть бути альтернативні шляхи просування інших товарів підприємства на зовнішній ринок, розширення введення зовнішньоекономічної діяльності.