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Computational thinking and creative thinking are valuable tools both within and outside of computer science (CS). The goal of the project discussed here is to increase students’ achievement in CS courses through a series of computational creativity exercises (CCEs). In this paper, the framework of CCEs is described, and the results of two separate studies on their impact on student achievement are presented. Students in introductory CS courses completed CCEs as part of those courses. Students in Study 1 came from a variety of programs, and students in Study 2 were engineering majors. A profiling approach was used to test whether the impact of the CCEs could be accounted for by differences in students’ motivated and self-regulated engagement. Overall, CCEs had positive impacts on students’ grades and knowledge test scores, and although there were differences in achievement across the profiles, the impact of the CCEs was generally consistent across profiles. The CCEs appear to be a promising way to increase student achievement in introductory CS courses. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.

Background National and international child health surveys have indicated an increase in childhood obesity in China. The increase has been attributed to a rising standard of living, increasing availability of unhealthy foods, and a lack of knowledge about healthy diet. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of selected socio-demographic characteristics on the BMI, nutrition knowledge, and eating behavior of elementary school children. Methods Multistage stratified cluster sampling was used. Information on demographics, nutrition knowledge, and eating behavior was gathered by means of questionnaires. The schools’ doctors provided the height and weight data. The study was set in one economically advantaged and one economically disadvantaged province in China. The participants were Grade 3 students, ages 8–10 years (N = 3922). Results A cluster analysis identified four socio-demographic variables distinguished by parental education and family living arrangement. A one-way ANOVA compared differences among the clusters in BMI, child nutrition knowledge, and child eating behavior. Students in the cluster with lowest parent education level had the lowest nutrition knowledge scores and eating behavior scores. There was no significant benefit from college education versus high school education of parents in the other three clusters. BMI was not affected by parent education level. Conclusion The nutrition status of elementary school age children will benefit most by increasing the general level of education for those adults who are presently least educated.

This study investigated introductory computer science (CS1) students’ implicit beliefs of intelligence. Referencing Dweck and Leggett’s (1988) framework for implicit beliefs of intelligence, we examined how (1) students’ implicit beliefs changed over the course of a semester, (2) these changes differed as a function of course enrollment and students’ motivated self-regulated engagement profile, and (3) implicit beliefs predicted student learning based on standardized course grades and performance on a computational thinking knowledge test. For all students, there were significant increases in entity beliefs and significant decreases in incremental beliefs across the semester. However, examination of effect sizes suggests that significant findings for change across time were driven by changes in specific subpopulations of students. Moreover, results showed that students endorsed incremental belief more strongly than entity belief at both the beginning and end of the semester. Furthermore, the magnitude of changes differed based on students’ motivated self-regulated engagement profiles. Additionally, students’ achievement outcomes were weakly predicted by their implicit beliefs of intelligence. Finally, results showed that the relationship between changes in implicit intelligence beliefs and student achievement varied across different CS1 courses. Theoretical implications for implicit intelligence beliefs and recommendations for STEM educators are discussed.

After extensive molecular (Staggemeier et al. 2015; Santos et al. 2017; Wilson et al. 2016) and revisionary (e.g. Lima et al. 2018; Lourenço et al. 2018) work to maintain a manageable and monophyletic genus, Myrcia De Candolle (1827: 406) currently includes the previously recognized genera Calyptranthes Swartz (1788: 79), Gomidesia O.Berg (1855: 5) and Marlierea Cambessèdes (1832–1833: 373) (see Lucas et al. 2018). The majority of Calyptranthes species are now considered part of Myrcia sect. Calyptranthes (Sw.) A.R.Lourenço & E.Lucas (in Lucas et al. 2018: 3). As a result, Lourenço et al. (2018) recently transferred the continental species of Calyptranthes to Myrcia. Among these new names, two were subsequently found to be illegitimate and are herein corrected. The remaining species of Calyptranthes, mostly from the islands of the Caribbean, were transferred by Campbell et al. (2019).

An annotated conspectus of 124 species is presented for Myrcia DC. sect. Aulomyrcia (O. Berg) Griseb. This list is published for use as a basis for future revisionary work and presents the species of this evolutionary group together for the first time. Publication and type information, habitat and distribution, preliminary conservation assessments, and diagnostic notes are provided for each species. In transferring species of Calyptranthes Sw. and Marlierea Cambess. to Myrcia, 28 new combinations are made: Myrcia areolata (McVaugh) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea areolata McVaugh], Myrcia biptera (Amshoff) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea biptera Amshoff], Myrcia caesariata (McVaugh) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea caesariata McVaugh], Myrcia cana (McVaugh) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea cana McVaugh], Myrcia caudata (McVaugh) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea caudata McVaugh], Myrcia convexivenia (B. Holst) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea convexivenia B. Holst], Myrcia ensiformis (McVaugh) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea ensiformis McVaugh], Myrcia excoriata (Mart.) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea excoriata Mart.], Myrcia guildingiana (Griseb.) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Psidium guildingianum Griseb.], Myrcia insignis (McVaugh) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea insignis McVaugh], Myrcia karuaiensis (Steyerm.) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Aulomyrcia karuaiensis Steyerm.], Myrcia ligustrina (McVaugh) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea ligustrina McVaugh], Myrcia lituatinervia (O. Berg) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Myrciaria lituatinervia O. Berg], Myrcia maguirei (McVaugh) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea maguirei McVaugh], Myrcia mcvaughii (B. Holst) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea mcvaughii B. Holst], Myrcia multiglomerata (Amshoff) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea multiglomerata Amshoff], Myrcia neuwiedeana (O. Berg) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Rubachia neuwiedeana O. Berg], Myrcia obversa (D. Legrand) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea obversa D. Legrand], Myrcia pudica (McVaugh) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea pudica McVaugh], Myrcia rugosior (McVaugh) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea rugosior McVaugh], Myrcia scytophylla (Diels) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea scytophylla Diels], Myrcia skortzoviana (Mattos) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea skortzoviana Mattos], Myrcia suborbicularis (McVaugh) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea suborbicularis McVaugh], Myrcia subulata (McVaugh) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea subulata McVaugh], Myrcia sucrei (G. M. Barroso & Peixoto) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea sucrei G. M. Barroso & Peixoto], Myrcia umbraticola (Kunth) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea umbraticola (Kunth) O. Berg], Myrcia uniflora (McVaugh) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea uniflora McVaugh], and Myrcia ventuarensis (B. Holst) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea ventuarensis B. Holst]. The following 21 replacement names are created: Myrcia argentigemma E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson, M. aulomyrcioides E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson, M. chonodisca E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson, M. holstii E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson, M. neobuxifolia E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson, M. neocuprea E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson, M. neodimorpha E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson, Myrcia neoestrellensis E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson, M. neoglabra E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson, M. neoimperfecta E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson, M. neomacrophylla E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson, M. neomontana E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson, M. neoobscura E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson, M. neoregeliana E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson, M. neoriedeliana E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson, M. neoschomburgkiana E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson, M. neosuaveolens E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson, M. neotomentosa E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson, M. neotovarensis E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson, M. neovelutina E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson, and M. neoverticillaris E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson. Sixty-four lectotypes are newly designated for the following names: Aulomyrcia blanchetiana O. Berg [≡ Myrcia blanchetiana (O. Berg) Mattos]

The multidisciplinary Zeitgeist of American social science has witnessed numerous efforts to integrate psychological and sociological conceptions of human life-span development. The conceptual sweep of these efforts is often impressive, but seldom do these incorporate a commitment to verify existing hypotheses regarding various aspects of constancy and change in the empirical record. Taking the investigation of human stability as theoretically and empirically problematic, this article proposes a framework for integrating what is known about patterns of stability over the life span. This framework focuses explicitly on the introduction of the concept of molar stability, the persistence of a behavior or behavioral orientation as expressed in age-homogenous rates of change over specified periods of time, as a means of organizing empirical information on human constancy and change. The approach taken to the estimation of molar stability solves three problems that have plagued past researches on the 136question of lifespan trajectories of stability. First, using a latent variable model, the approach insists on the unconfounding of measurement errors and true change. Second, this model can be used to assess differences in stability between occasions of measurement in longitudinal studies of the same individuals, or within age groups of reinterview studies of shorter duration in order to ascertain life-span trajectories of stability. The model is extremely useful in conjuction with a synthetic-cohort approach, as stability estimates can be generated across several groups of cohorts varying in age, with an eye toward estimating different trajectories of human stability within panels that have considerable heterogeneity in age. Third, this approach allows us a method by which one can not only compare estimates of stability across cohorts differing in age, but also compare molar stability estimates across concepts, or content domains of personality, as well as across different studies using different remeasurement designs. Using this approach, six different prototypic models of human stability are introduced — the persistence, lifelong openness, increasing persistence, impressionable years, midlife stability, and decreasing persistence models — and their descriptive applicability to several relevant domains is considered. Longitudinal assessments of intelligence and personality traits reveal relatively high levels of stability from early adulthood to old age, whereas extant evidence on the stability of identities, self-image, and attitudes appear to follow either the impressionable years or mid-life stability models, in which constancies in behavioral orientations are substantially lowest in young adulthood, but reach a peak in midlife, and from there either persist or decline in stability through the mature years.

Aims Evidence has emerged that internal mammary chain (IMC) radiotherapy reduces breast cancer mortality, leading to changes in treatment guidelines. This study investigated current IMC radiotherapy criteria and the percentages of patients irradiated for breast cancer in England who fulfilled them. Materials and methods A systematic search was undertaken for national guidelines published in English during 2013–2018 presenting criteria for ‘consideration of’ or ‘recommendation for’ IMC radiotherapy. Patient and tumour variables were collected for patients who received breast cancer radiotherapy in England during 2012–2016. The percentages of patients fulfilling criteria stipulated in each set of guidelines were calculated. Results In total, 111 729 women were recorded as receiving adjuvant breast cancer radiotherapy in England during 2012–2016 and full data were available on 48 095 of them. Percentages of patients fulfilling IMC radiotherapy criteria in various national guidelines were: UK Royal College of Radiologists 13% (6035/48 095), UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence 18% (8816/48 095), Germany 32% (15 646/48 095), Ireland 56% (26 846/48 095) and USA 59% (28 373/48 095). Differences between countries occurred because in Ireland and the USA, treatment may be considered in some node-negative patients, whereas in the UK, treatment is considered if at least four axillary nodes are involved or for high-risk patients with one to three positive nodes. In Germany, treatment may be considered for all node-positive patients. Conclusions There is substantial variability between countries in criteria for consideration of IMC radiotherapy, despite guidelines being based on the same evidence. This will probably lead to large variations in practice and resource needs worldwide., Highlights • Criteria for consideration of IMC RT vary substantially between countries. • IMC RT may be considered for ∼13–18% in the UK (high-risk N+ disease). • A third of patients for breast cancer radiotherapy have node-positive disease. • IMC RT may be considered for up to 60% in the US (includes high-risk N0 disease).

Purpose: Incidental cardiac exposure during radiation therapy may cause heart disease. Dose-response relationships for cardiac structures (segments) may show which ones are most sensitive to radiation. Radiation-related cardiac injury can take years to develop; thus, studies need to involve women treated using 2-dimensional planning, with segment doses estimated using a typical computed tomography (CT) scan. We assessed whether such segment doses are accurate enough to use in dose-response relationships using the radiation therapy charts of women with known segment injury. We estimated interregimen and interpatient segment dose variability and segment dose correlations. Methods and Materials: The radiation therapy charts of 470 women with cardiac segment injury after breast cancer radiation therapy were examined, and 41 regimens were identified. Regimens were reconstructed on a typical CT scan. Doses were estimated for 5 left ventricle (LV) and 10 coronary artery segments. Correlations between cardiac segments were estimated. Interpatient dose variation was assessed in 10 randomly selected CT scans for left regimens and in 5 for right regimens. Results: For the typical CT scan, interregimen segment dose variation was substantial (range, LV segments Conclusions:The scope for developing quantitative cardiac segment dose-response relationships in patients who had 2-dimensional planning is limited because different segment doses are often highly correlated, and segment-specific dose uncertainties are not independent of each other. However, segment-specific doses may be reliably used to rank segments according to higher-versus-lower doses.

Purpose: Previous reports suggest that radiation therapy for breast cancer (BC) can cause ischemic heart disease, with the radiation-related risk increasing linearly with mean whole heart dose (MWHD). This study aimed to validate these findings in younger BC patients and to investigate additional risk factors for radiation-related myocardial infarction (MI). Methods and Materials: A nested case-control study was conducted within a cohort of BC survivors treated during 1970 to 2009. Cases were 183 patients with MI as their first heart disease after BC. One control per case was selected and matched on age and BC diagnosis date. Information on treatment and cardiovascular risk factors was abstracted from medical and radiation charts. Cardiac doses were estimated for each woman by reconstructing her regimen using modern 3-dimensional computed tomography planning on a typical patient computed tomography scan. Results: Median age at BC of cases and controls was 50.2 years (interquartile range, 45.7-54.7). Median time to MI was 13.6 years (interquartile range, 9.9-18.1). Median MWHD was 8.9 Gy (range, 0.3-35.2 Gy). MI rate increased linearly with increasing MWHD (excess rate ratio [ERR] per Gy, 6.4%; 95% confidence interval, 1.3%16.0%). Patients receiving >= 20 Gy MWHD had a 3.4-fold (95% confidence interval, 1.5-7.6) higher MI rate than unirradiated patients. ERRs were higher for younger women, with borderline significance (ERR= 50years, 2.5%/ Gy; P-interaction = .054). Whole heart dose-volume parameters did not modify the dose-response relationship significantly. Conclusions: MI rate after radiation for BC increases linearly with MWHD. Reductions in MWHD are expected to contribute to better cardiovascular health of BC survivors. (C) 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Breast cancer radiotherapy can cause heart disease and lung cancer, with the risks increasing with the incidental radiation dose to the heart or lungs. To derive appropriate strategies for limiting the risks to future patients, detailed estimates of the radiation doses involved are required. Radiation-induced heart disease An atlas for cardiac substructure (segment) contouring on radiotherapy planning scans was developed. The atlas was used to estimate segment doses for 470 women irradiated in Denmark or Sweden during 1958-2001 who had developed ischaemic heart disease with known segment location of cardiac injury, thus enabling an assessment as to which segments are sensitive to radiation. Cardiac radiation doses were estimated for 771 women irradiated in the Netherlands during 1970 to 2009. The doses form the basis of three case-control studies characterising the relationship between cardiac dose and the risks of subsequent ischaemic heart disease, valvular heart disease and heart failure in young women (median age 50 years). Radiation-induced lung cancer Lung doses were estimated for ~40,000 women irradiated for breast cancer in 75 randomised trials. The doses were used to estimate the dose-response relationship for incident lung cancer. A systematic review of modern breast cancer regimens published worldwide during 2010-2015 was also performed. The modern typical doses found in these studies were combined with the estimated dose-response relationship to estimate absolute risks of lung cancer for women irradiated today. Irradiation of the internal mammary chain It has been recently shown that internal mammary chain irradiation improves survival but irradiating this region can expose the heart and lungs to several Gy radiation dose. To inform resource allocation, the percentage of women in one cancer centre who met current international criteria for IMC radiotherapy was investigated. Information on cardiovascular risk factors was also collected. Finally, a phase II clinical trial proposal was developed aiming to investigate if proton beam therapy reduces acute cardiac injury compared to modern X-ray treatment.

ObjectiveAs part of a national initiative to reduce child obesity, a comprehensive school-based nutrition education intervention to change eating behaviours among grade 4 primary-school students was developed, implemented and evaluated.DesignThe intervention was developed by school staff, with technical assistance from outside health education specialists. The programme included school facility upgrades, school teacher/staff training, curriculum changes and activities for parents. Student scores on nine key eating behaviours were assessed prior to and after the programme. The quality of programme implementation in the schools was monitored by technical assistance teams.SettingShandong Province (high household income) and Qinghai Province (low household income), China. Three programme schools and three control schools in each province.ParticipantsStudents in grade 4 (age 8–9 years).ResultsThere were significant positive changes in self-reported eating behaviour scores from pre- to post-assessment in programme schools. At post-test students in programme schools had significantly higher scores than students in control schools after controlling for other variables. The programme was more effective in the high-income province. Observations by the technical assistance teams suggested the programme was implemented more completely in Shandong. The teams noted the challenges for implementing and evaluating programmes like these.ConclusionsThis intervention increased healthy eating behaviours among 4th graders in both provinces and had more effect in the more affluent province. Results suggest that a scaled-up initiative using existing school and public health resources could change eating practices in a large population over time. The intervention also provided lessons for implementing and evaluating similar nutrition programmes.

The Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC) was established by the Conference of Parties in 2002 to decrease the loss of plant diversity, reduce poverty and contribute to sustainable development. To achieve this overarching goal, the GSPC has established a series of targets, one of which is to ensure that plant diversity is well understood, so that it can be effectively conserved and used in a sustainable manner. Brazil hosts more than 46,000 species of plants, algae and fungi, representing one of the most biodiverse countries on Earth, and playing a key role in the GSPC. To meet the GSPC goals of Target 1 and facilitate access to plant diversity, Brazil committed to preparing the List of Species of the Brazilian Flora (2008-2015) and the Brazilian Flora 2020 (2016-present). Managing all the information associated with such great biodiversity has proven to be an extremely challenging task. Here, we synthesize the history of these projects, focusing on the multidisciplinary and collaborative approach adopted to develop and manage the inclusion of all the knowledge generated though digital information systems. We further describe the methods used, challenges faced, and strategies adopted, as well as summarize advances to date and prospects for completing the Brazilian flora in 2020.

Myrcia is one of the largest exclusively Neotropical angiosperm genera, including ca. 800 species divided into nine sections. Myrcia sect. Aguava is one of most complex sections of Myrcia due to high morphological variation and wide distribution range of some species, including M. guianensis, with distribution throughout South America and a complex taxonomic history. We used complete plastid DNA sequences data generated using next-generation sequencing of 45 terminals, mostly from Myrcia sect. Aguava. These data were combined with five target DNA regions (ITS, psbA-trnH, trnL-trnF, trnQ-rps16, ndhF) of additional terminals to increase taxonomic coverage. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted using a maximum likelihood approach, and divergence times and ancestral range distributions were estimated. Myrcia sect. Aguava is monophyletic and exclusively comprises species with trilocular ovaries but has no relationship with other groups within Myrcia that possess trilocular ovaries. Three main lineages that correspond to geographical distribution are recognized within Myrcia sect. Aguava. Multiple accessions reveal a non-monophyletic Myrcia guianensis and stress the biogeographical structure inside the group. Myrcia sect. Aguava had a probable mid-Miocene origin in the Cerrado, but lineages that persisted there diversified only more recently, when the present-day vegetation started to stabilize. Posterior migrations to Atlantic Forest, Amazon and Caribbean occurred at the end of Miocene, evidencing transitions from open and dry to forested and more humid areas that are less frequent in the Neotropics. Overall, it is observed that related lineages remained in ecologically similar environments. Future perspectives on Myrcia and Myrteae in the phylogenomic era are also discussed.