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Different carbohydrate sources in animal diets can affect feeding behavior. The absence of a diet standard, thus, has the potential to introduce a confounding factor into experiments. The main objective of this study, therefore, was to determine if the choice of either sucrose or fructose as the pure carbohydrate in a carbohydrate diet ration would affect feeding behavior in rats. It was found that during the light and dark phases: 1) fructose-fed rats selected significantly less energy from carbohydrate than sucrose fed rats, 2) fructose-fed rats selected more protein and lipid energy than sucrose fed rats, and 3) the total caloric intakes of the two groups were not significantly different. Differing postingestive effects of sucrose and fructose with subsequent compensatory intake may explain these results. Two different carbohydrate sources resulted in different macronutrient selection patterns, thus demonstrating the importance of the nature of dietary carbohydrate in the regulation of feeding behavior in rats.

Nine iso-caloric (4.35 kcal g −1 , GE) test diets, containing three levels of crude protein (40, 35, 30%) with three levels (30, 35, 40%) of different carbohydrate sources (glucose, sucrose, dextrin) were fed to fingerling Labeo rohita (2.03 ± 0.07 g) in a 8 week growth trial conducted in 701 (water volume, 55 1) flow-through (1–1.5 1 min −1 ) indoor circular troughs. The results indicate that, when dextrin was used as a source of dietary carbohydrate, an increase in the level of carbohydrate inclusion from 30 to 40%, with a concomitant decrease in dietary protein levels from 40 to 30%, weight gain (%), FCR, and SGR(%) remained unaffected ( P > 0.05), while PER significantly ( P P P > 0.05) different among fish fed the test diets. Increases in the level of dietary sucrose and dextrin produced significantly higher protein and energy retention values, while the values for protein and energy retention were significantly lowered in fish fed the glucose containing diets. The results indicate that, dietary dextrin was better utilized by L. rohita and had a greater protein-sparing effect than sucrose and/or glucose.

Dental caries is a multifactorial disease and is the major health concern across the world. The etiology of dental caries includes a combination of fermentable dietary carbohydrate, cariogenic microorganisms, host factor, and time. Caries is preventable until cavitation or breakdown of organic template with the help of different remineralizing agents. This is the noninvasive treatment of incipient carious lesions. The objective of this paper is to review different remineralizing agents that can be used in incipient non cavitated carious lesions to prevent cavitation.

Treatment of galactosemia requires a galactose-restricted diet. Although meats are not traditionally thought of as a dietary carbohydrate source, small amounts may be present in free form and/or bound to proteins or lipids. The purpose of this study was to determine the free and bound galactose contents of baby food meats. Galactose was assayed using high-performance liquid chromatography. The free galactose content of baby food meats ranged from 0 to 0.031 mg/100 g. No statistically significant differences in free galactose content were found among the meats. Bound galactose was found in all analyzed baby food meats, ranging from 0.065 to 0.148 mg/100 g. The mean galactose content of BeechNut chicken (St. Louis, MO) was significantly less than that found in Gerber (Fremont, MI) and Heinz (Pittsburgh, PA) brands of chicken, beef, and turkey, and Gerber lamb and veal. Based on current recommendations, all examined baby food meats would be acceptable for infants with galactosemia. J Am Diet Assoc. 2003;103:373-375.

The authors conducted a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials to evaluate the association of dietary protein intake with blood pressure. To identify articles published before April 2011, the authors searched electronic databases, conducted a manual bibliography review, and consulted experts in the field. Forty trials (including 3,277 participants in total) met the eligibility criteria and were included. Using a standardized form, 2 investigators independently abstracted data on study design, participant characteristics, and treatment outcomes. Net change estimates were pooled across trials using random-effects models. Compared with carbohydrate, dietary protein intake was associated with significant changes in mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure of -1.76 mm Hg (95% confidence interval (CI): -2.33, -1.20) and -1.15 mm Hg (95% CI: -1.59, -0.71), respectively (both P 's < 0.001). Both vegetable protein and animal protein were associated with significant blood pressure changes of -2.27 mm Hg (95% CI: -3.36, -1.18) and -2.54 mm Hg (95% CI: -3.55, -1.53), respectively, for systolic blood pressure (both P 's < 0.001) and -1.26 mm Hg (95% CI: -2.26, -0.26) and -0.95 mm Hg (95% CI: -1.72, -0.19), respectively, for diastolic blood pressure (both P 's = 0.014). Blood pressure reduction was not significantly different when vegetable protein was compared directly with animal protein. These findings indicate that partially replacing dietary carbohydrate with protein may be important for the prevention and treatment of hypertension.

Ruminants contribute to global warming by releasing methane (CH4) gas by enteric fermentation. This has increased interest among animal scientists to develop and improve equations predicting CH4 production. The objectives of the current study were to collect a data set from respiration studies and to evaluate the effects of dietary and animal factors on CH4 production from diets that can safely be fed to dairy cows, using a mixed model regression analysis. Therefore, diets containing more than 75% concentrate on a dry matter (DM) basis were excluded from the analysis. The final data set included a total of 298 treatment means from 52 published papers with 207 cattle and 91 sheep diets. Dry matter intake per kilogram of body weight (DMIBW), organic matter digestibility estimated at the maintenance level of feeding (OMDm), and dietary concentrations of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), nonfiber carbohydrates (NFC), and ether extract (EE) were the variables of the best-fit equation predicting CH4 energy (CH4-E) as a proportion of gross energy intake (GE): CH4-E/GE (kJ/MJ)=-0.6 (±12.76) - 0.70 (±0.072) × DMIBW (g/kg) + 0.076 (±0.0118) × OMDm (g/kg) - 0.13 (±0.020) × EE (g/kg of DM) + 0.046 (±0.0097) × NDF (g/kg of DM) + 0.044 (±0.0094) × NFC (g/kg of DM), resulting in the lowest root mean square error adjusted for random study effect (adj. RMSE=3.26 kJ/MJ). Total CH4 production (L/d) in the cattle data set was closely related to DM intake. However, further inclusion of other variables improved the model: CH4 (L/d)=-64.0 (±35.0) + 26.0 (±1.02) × DM intake (kg/d) - 0.61 (±0.132) × DMI(2)(centered) + 0.25 (±0.051) × OMDm (g/kg) - 66.4 (±8.22) × EE intake (kg of DM/d) - 45.0 (±23.50) × NFC/(NDF + NFC), with adj. RMSE of 21.1 L/d. Cross-validation of the CH4-E/GE equation [observed CH4-E/GE=0.96 (±0.103) × predicted CH4-E/GE + 2.3 (±7.05); R(2)=0.85, adj. RMSE=3.38 kJ/MJ] indicated that differences in CH4 production between the diets could be predicted accurately. We conclude that feed intake is the main determinant of total CH4 production and that CH4-E/GE is negatively related to feeding level and dietary fat concentration and positively to diet digestibility, whereas dietary carbohydrate composition has only minor effects.

Background Reduction of dietary carbohydrates and corresponding insulin doses stabilizes and lowers mean blood glucose in individuals with type 1 diabetes within days. The long-term adherence for persons who have learned this technique is unknown. To assess adherence over 4 years in such a group the present audit was done retrospectively by record analysis for individuals who have attended an educational course. Adherence was assessed from HbA1c changes and individuals’ own reports. Findings Altogether 48 persons with diabetes duration of 24 ± 12 years and HbA1c > = 6.1% (Mono-S; DCCT = 7.1%) attended the course. Mean HbA1c for all attendees was at start, at 3 months and 4 years 7.6% ± 1.0%, 6.3 ± 0.7%, 6.9 ± 1.0% respectively. The number of non-adherent persons was 25 (52%). HbA1c in this group was at start, at 3 months and 4 years: 7.5 ±1.1%, 6.5 ± 0.8%, 7.4 ± 0.9%. In the group of 23 (48%) adherent persons mean HbA1c was at start, at 3 months and 4 years 7.7 ± 1.0%, 6.4 ± 0.9%, 6.4 ± 0.8%. Conclusion Attending an educational course on dietary carbohydrate reduction and corresponding insulin reduction in type 1 diabetes gave lasting improvement. About half of the individuals adhered to the program after 4 years. The method may be useful in informed and motivated persons with type 1 diabetes. The number needed to treat to have lasting effect in 1 was 2.

An obese-type human microbiota with an increased Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio has been described that may link the gut microbiome with obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS) development. Dietary fat and carbohydrate are modifiable risk factors that may impact on MetS by altering the human microbiome composition. We determined the effect of the amount and type of dietary fat and carbohydrate on faecal bacteria and short chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations in people 'at risk' of MetS.A total of 88 subjects at increased MetS risk were fed a high saturated fat diet (HS) for 4 weeks (baseline), then randomised onto one of the five experimental diets for 24 weeks: HS; high monounsaturated fat (MUFA)/high glycemic index (GI) (HM/HGI); high MUFA/low GI (HM/LGI); high carbohydrate (CHO)/high GI (HC/HGI); and high CHO/low GI (HC/LGI). Dietary intakes, MetS biomarkers, faecal bacteriology and SCFA concentrations were monitored.High MUFA diets did not affect individual bacterial population numbers but reduced total bacteria and plasma total and LDL-cholesterol. The low fat, HC diets increased faecal Bifidobacterium (P=0.005, for HC/HGI; P=0.052, for HC/LGI) and reduced fasting glucose and cholesterol compared to baseline. HC/HGI also increased faecal Bacteroides (P=0.038), whereas HC/LGI and HS increased Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (P=0.022 for HC/HGI and P=0.018, for HS). Importantly, changes in faecal Bacteroides numbers correlated inversely with body weight (r=-0.64). A total bacteria reduction was observed for high fat diets HM/HGI and HM/LGI (P=0.023 and P=0.005, respectively) and HS increased faecal SCFA concentrations (P0.01).This study provides new evidence from a large-scale dietary intervention study that HC diets, irrespective of GI, can modulate human faecal saccharolytic bacteria, including bacteroides and bifidobacteria. Conversely, high fat diets reduced bacterial numbers, and in the HS diet, increased excretion of SCFA, which may suggest a compensatory mechanism to eliminate excess dietary energy.

Glucose and lipid metabolism in pancreatic islet organs is poorly characterized. In the present study, using as a model the carnivorous rainbow trout, a glucose-intolerant fish, we assessed mRNA expression levels of several genes involved in glucose and lipid metabolism (including ATP-citrate lyase; carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 isoforms, CPT; the mitochondrial isoform of the phosphoenolpyrutave carboxykinase, mPEPCK and pyruvate kinase, PK) and glucosensing (glucose transporter type 2, Glut2; glucokinase, GK and the potassium channel, K(ATP)) in Brockmann bodies. We evaluated the response of these parameters to changes in feeding status (food deprived vs. fed fish) as well as to changes in the amount of carbohydrate (dextrin) in the diet. A general inhibition of the glycolytic (including the glucosensing marker GK) and β-oxidation pathways was found when comparing fed versus food-deprived fish. When comparing fish feeding on either low- or high-carbohydrate diets, we found that some genes related to lipid metabolism were more controlled by the feeding status than by the carbohydrate content (fatty acid synthase, CPTs). Findings are discussed in the context of pancreatic regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism in fish, and show that while trout pancreatic metabolism can partially adapt to a high-carbohydrate diet, some of the molecular actors studied seem to be poorly regulated (K(ATP)) and may contribute to the glucose intolerance observed in this species when fed high-carbohydrate diets.

An optimal post-exercise nutrition regimen is fundamental for ensuring recovery. Therefore, research has aimed to examine post-exercise nutritional strategies for enhanced training stimuli. Chocolate

This study aimed at evaluating the performance of bullfrog tadpoles fed three levels of protein. Tadpoles were divided into 12 white boxes of polyethylene (62.5 x 40 x 16 cm) with a 40L capacity, which received 30L of water, receiving 30 animals, with average weight and length of 0.027 ± 0.009g and 4.91 ± 0.45mm, respectively, resulting in a density of 1 tadpole per liter. As for feeding, commercial diets were used with three levels of crude protein (CP), 22%, 24% and 28%, with a 0.5 mm diameter, administered at a rate of 10% of tadpoles weight distributed once a day at noon. The experimental design was completely randomized with four replications. The best percentage of survival, 94.87%, was found in the 22% CP group. The other groups, with 24% and 28% protein, showed 81.17% and 86.50% of survival rate, respectively. These results showed that the rations were not sufficient to provide a complete performance to the animals. Similarities regarding crude protein were observed until the 15th day among all the groups studied. However, there are some special physiological necessities, especially in relation to the protein intake, that were not well fulfilled despite the animals´good performance showed in this period. KEYWORDS: frog culture; performance; protein; tadpoles.

Nutrition recommendations for type 2 diabetes (T2DM) are partly guided by the postprandial responses elicited by diets varying in carbohydrate (CHO). We aimed to explore whether long-term changes in postprandial responses on low-glycemic-index (GI) or low-CHO diets were due to acute or chronic effects in T2DM.Subjects with diet-alone-treated T2DM were randomly assigned to high-CHO/high-GI (H), high-CHO/low-GI (L), or low-CHO/high-monounsaturated-fat (M) diets for 12-months. At week-0 (Baseline) postprandial responses after H-meals (55% CHO, GI = 61) were measured from 0800 h to 1600 h. After 12 mo subjects were randomly assigned to H-meals or study diet meals (L, 57% CHO, GI = 50; M, 44% CHO, GI = 61). This yielded 5 groups: H diet with H-meals (HH, n = 34); L diet with H- (LH, n = 17) or L-meals (LL, n = 16); and M diet with H- (MH, n = 18) or M meals (MM, n = 19). Postprandial glucose fluctuations were lower in LL than all other groups (p0.001). Changes in postprandial-triglycerides differed among groups (p0.001). After 12 mo in HH and MM both fasting- and postprandial-triglycerides were similar to Baseline while in MH postprandial-triglycerides were significantly higher than at Baseline (p = 0.028). In LH, triglycerides were consistently (0.18-0.34 mmol/L) higher than Baseline throughout the day, while in LL the difference from Baseline varied across the day from 0.04 to 0.36 mmol/L (p0.001).Low-GI and low-CHO diets have both acute and chronic effects on postprandial glucose and triglycerides in T2DM subjects. Thus, the composition of the acute test-meal and the habitual diet should be considered when interpreting the nutritional implications of different postprandial responses.

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1. 1. Four isoenergetic diets containing different levels of carbohydrate (up to a maximum of 40% in dry matter) and protein (inversely related with carbohydrate, with a minimum of 25% in dry matter) were tested in replicate groups of European eels ( Anguilla anguilla ), with an initial weight of 30–40 g. 2. 2. The diet containing the highest carbohydrate level (therefore, the lowest in protein) provided the best performance and exhibited the most favourable utilization of the dietary protein. 3. 3. It is suggested that dietary carbohydrate could play a more important role as an energy yielding nutrient in the commercial diets for eels compared with the diets of other cultured fish species.

International dietary comparisons present a number of methodologic difficulties. We developed two semiquantitative food frequency questionnaires for use in Mexico City and San Antonio, Texas. The Mexico City questionnaire contained 85 food items and the San Antonio questionnaire contained 108. Thirty-six items were common to both questionnaires. The questionnaires were administered to 128 Mexican Americans, 35 to 64 years old, residing in a low-income barrio neighborhood of San Antonio and to 644 similarly aged Mexicans residing in a low-income "colonia" of Mexico City. Major differences in fat and carbohydrate intake as a percent of total kilocalories were observed between the two study groups, with Mexico City residents consuming approximately 18 to 21% of calories from fat and 68 to 72% from carbohydrate compared to 29 to 33% from fat and 48 to 52% from carbohydrate for Mexican Americans from San Antonio. Both of these differences were highly statistically significant (P0.001). A number of arguments support the validity of these findings. First, the distribution of high- and low-fat foods was similar on both questionnaires. Also, of the top-ten foods (as contributors to total kilocalorie intake) in San Antonio, seven were high in fat (30% of kilocalories), whereas this was true of only three of the top-ten foods in Mexico City.

The effects of moderate- or high-carbohydrate diets on muscle glycogen and performance in runners and cyclists over 7 consecutive days of training were determined. Muscle biopsies were performed on 4 separate days before exercise for 1 h at 75% peak oxygen consumption (VO2) followed by five, 1-min sprints. After the training session on day 7, subjects ran or cycled to exhaustion at 80% peak VO2. Muscle glycogen for cyclists and runners was maintained with the high-carbohydrate diet but was reduced 30-36% (P < 0.05) with the moderate-carbohydrate diet. All subjects completed all training sessions, and there were no differences in times to exhaustion on day 7. For cyclists and runners, consuming a moderate-carbohydrate diet over 7 d of intense training reduces muscle glycogen but has no apparent deleterious effect on training capability or high-intensity exercise performance. A high-carbohydrate diet maintains muscle glycogen, but this has no apparent benefit on training capability or high-intensity exercise performance.

When the content of dietary carbohydrate is elevated above the level typically consumed (>55% of energy), blood concentrations of triglycerides rise. This phenomenon, known as carbohydrate-induced hypertriglyceridemia, is paradoxical because the increase in dietary carbohydrate usually comes at the expense of dietary fat. Thus, when the content of the carbohydrate in the diet is increased, fat in the diet is reduced, but the content of fat (triglycerides) in the blood rises. The present article will review studies of carbohydrate-induced hypertriglyceridemia, highlighting data obtained in fasted subjects habituated to high carbohydrate diets, data obtained from subjects in the fed state, and metabolic studies investigating fatty acid and triglyceride synthesis in subjects consuming diets of different carbohydrate content. The available data have been recently expanded by new methodologies, such as the use of stable isotopes, to investigate the metabolism of sugars in humans in vivo. Given the significant increase in body weight observed in the American population over the past decade and the changing availability of carbohydrate in the food supply, future studies of carbohydrate-induced hypertriglyceridemia promise to provide important information of how the macronutrient composition of the diet can influence health.

Avaliou-se a resposta de novilhas leiteiras alimentadas com dieta à base de silagem de milho e com 1,3 kg/dia de concentrado em comparação a três dietas à base de cana-de-açúcar corrigida com 1% de ureia + sulfato de amônio (9:1) (ureia), com 1,3; 2,0 e 2,7 kg/dia de concentrado. Foram utilizadas 20 novilhas (12 da raça Holandesa e oito da raça Pardo-Suíça) em delineamento de blocos casualizados, com cinco blocos formados de acordo com o peso inicial e a raça dos animais. Os consumos de matéria seca, matéria orgânica e fibra detergente neutro não diferiram entre a dieta à base de silagem de milho e aquelas à base de cana-de-açúcar. Maior consumo de extrato etéreo foi observado quando fornecida a dieta à base de silagem de milho em comparação àquelas à base de cana-de-açúcar. Os consumos de carboidratos totais e carboidratos não-fibrosos diferiram entre a dieta com silagem de milho e as dietas à base de cana-de-açúcar (1,3 e 2,0 kg de concentrado). O consumo de nutrientes digestíveis totais observado com o fornecimento da dieta à base de silagem de milho foi menor que o obtido com a cana-de-açúcar (2,0 kg de concentrado). As dietas tiveram efeito significativo nos coeficientes de digestibilidade de proteína bruta, extrato etéreo, carboidratos totais e fibra em detergente neutro. Não houve diferença significativa no ganho de peso total nem no ganho médio diário entre a dieta à base de silagem de milho e aquela à base de cana-de-açúcar com 2,7 kg de concentrado em relação às dietas com cana-de-açúcar. O pH ruminal não diferiu nos tempos de coleta entre as dietas experimentais. A concentração de nitrogênio amoniacal mais baixa foi observada 3 horas após a alimentação nos animais alimentados com dieta à base de silagem de milho. A cana-de-açúcar corrigida e com maior participação de concentrado (relação volumoso:concentrado ± 45:55, na base seca da dieta) pode ser utilizada em substituição à silagem de milho em sistemas de produção de leite com idade ao parto próxima dos 24 meses. This study evaluated the response of dairy heifers fed corn based silage with 1.3 kg/day of concentrated in comparison with three sugar cane-based diets corrected with 1% of urea + ammonium sulphate (9:1) (urea), with 1.3; 2.0 and 2.7 kg/day of concentrate. A total of 20 heifers were used (12 Holstein breed and 8 Brown Swiss breed heifers) in a randomised block design, with 5 blocks formed on the basis of initial live weight and breed. The consumption of dry matter, organic matter and neutral detergent fiber did not differ between corn-silage based diet and sugar-cane based diet. Higher consumption of ether extract was found when diet based on corn silage was supplied in comparison to those based on sugar cane. Intakes of total carbohydrate and non-fibrous carbohydrates differed between corn silage diet and those based on sugarcane (1.3 and 2.0 kg concentrate). Total digestible nutrient intake observed with supply of the diet based on corn silage was lower than that obtained with sugar cane (2 kg concentrate). Diets had a significant effect on coefficients of digestibility of crude protein, ether extract, total carbohidrates and neutral detergent fiber. There was no significant difference on total weight gain neither on average daily gain between the corn-silage based diet and the sugar-cane diet with 2.7 kg of concentrate in relation to the sugar-cane diets. Ruminal pH did not differ at collection times among experimental diets. The lowest concentration of N-NH3 was observed in animals fed corn silage-based diet 3 hours after feeding compared to the sugar cane-based treatments. A milk production system with heifers calving at 24 months and fed a diet containing moderate to high concentrate levels (± 45:55, forage:concentrate), sugar cane forage added with 1% of a mixture of urea + ammonium sulfate (9:1, urea:ammonium sulphate) can be a substitute for corn silage.

International audience; As lipid deposition tissue in fish, the white adipose tissue (WAT) has important functions related to reproduction and the challenges of long-term fasting. In the study reported here, we infused fish fed a high-carbohydrate diet with two doses of insulin for 5 days in order to explore the effects of this hormone on lipogenesis and beta-oxidation-related enzymes. We demonstrated the presence of some of the main lipogenic enzymes at molecular, protein and activity levels (ATP-citrate lyase and fatty acid synthase). However, while ATP-citrate lyase was unexpectedly down-regulated, fatty acid synthase was up-regulated (at protein and activity levels) in an insulin dose-dependent manner. The main enzymes acting as NADPH donors for lipogenesis were also characterized at biochemical and molecular levels, although there was no evidence of their regulation by insulin. On the other hand, lipid oxidation potential was found in this tissue through the measurement of gene expression of enzymes involved in beta-oxidation, highlighting two carnitine palmitoyltransferase isoforms, both down-regulated by insulin infusion. We found that insulin acts as an important regulator of trout WAT lipid metabolism, inducing the final stage of lipogenesis at molecular, protein and enzyme activity levels and suppressing beta-oxidation at least at a molecular level. These results suggest that WAT in fish may have a role that is important not only as a lipid deposition tissue but also as a lipogenic organ (with possible involvement in glucose homeostasis) that could also be able to utilize the lipids stored as a local energy source.

The purpose of this study was to determine the adequacy of nutrient intakes of the elderly in Botswana and to further assess intake by age, gender, and locality and others. The study was a cross-sectional survey with a convenience sample in purposively selected urban, semi-urban and rural settings in Botswana. Data collection included self-reported assessments of health status and food intake. Analyses compared demographic strata and health status with the intake and adequacy of self-reported consumption. A total of 99 elderly aged 60 to 99 years completed a 24-hour food recall instrument and in addition, demographic, health status, and cooking responsibilities data were collected from each respondent. Results from the survey show that 14% of the elderly rated their health as good, 76% indicated they were in fair health and 10% in poor health. The mean number of servings of food groups and some individual foods common in the daily diet show that the Grains group was the only food group whose mean intake (7.7 servings /day) was within the US recommended 6-11 servings per day. Fruit consumption was very poor (0.1 servings/day) and differed significantly by locality (p Key words: Elderly, Botswana, diet, nutrient, health

Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of increased protein intake on short-term decrements in endurance performance during a block of high-intensity training. Methods: Trained male cyclists (V?O2max = 64.2 ± 6.5 mL·kg-1·min-1) completed two 3-wk trials both divided equally into normal (NOR), intensified (INT), and recovery (REC) training. In a counterbalanced crossover experimental design, cyclists received either a high-protein (PRO; 3 g protein·kg-1 body mass (BM)·d-1) or a normal diet (CON; 1.5 g protein·kg-1 BM·d-1) during INT and REC. Dietary carbohydrate content remained constant at 6 g·kg-1 BM·d-1. Energy balance was maintained during each training week. Endurance performance was assessed with a V?O2max test and a preloaded time trial. Alterations in blood metabolite responses to exercise were measured at rest, during, and after exercise. Cyclists completed the Daily Analysis of Life Demands for Athletes (DALDA) questionnaire each day. Results: Increased dietary protein intake led to a possible attenuation (4.3%; 90% confidence limits ×/÷5.4%) in the decrement in time trial performance after a block of high-intensity training compared with NOR (PRO = 2639 ± 350 s; CON = 2555 ± 313 s). Restoration of endurance performance during recovery training possibly benefited (2.0%; ×/÷4.9%) from additional protein intake. Frequency of symptoms of stress described as "worse than normal" reported after a block of high-intensity training was very likely (97%) attenuated (17; ±11 AUC of "a" scores part B, DALDA for INT + REC) by increasing the protein content of the diet. No discernable changes in blood metabolite concentrations were observed in PRO. Conclusions: Additional protein intake reduced symptoms of psychological stress and may result in a worthwhile amelioration of the performance decline experienced during a block of high-intensity training

Previously, using the breath hydrogen test, we investigated seasonal variations in the amount of unabsorbed dietary carbohydrate from the intestine after breakfast in female Japanese university students and young Polish subjects. In the study we found that there were significant seasonal variations in both countries with the smallest unabsorbed dietary carbohydrate in autumn and the biggest in winter. Considering the theory of human adaptation to living environments, we suggested a hypothesis that this seasonal variation in the efficiency of carbohydrate absorption in the intestine may reflect human adaptation and/or a response to seasonal change in the living environment. In order to prove this hypothesis, we carried out the same examination in Chiang Mai, Thailand, where there is different seasonal change in the living environment from that of Japan and of Poland. In this examination, we measured the amount of unabsorbed dietary carbohydrate (UDC) from the intestine after breakfast and the oro-cecal transit time (OCTT) of the breakfast in female Thai university students using the same method and experimental protocol as previously carried out with Japanese subjects. We conducted the examination in April (the hot season), in August-September (the rainy season), and in November-December (the dry season) of 2008, at the Medical School of Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai. The results are summarized as follows: (1) there were no significant seasonal variations in the amounts of unabsorbed dietary carbohydrate from breakfast in Thai subjects; (2) there were no significant seasonal variations in the oro-cecal transit times of breakfast or a soluble indigestible trisaccharide (lactosucrose) solution in Thai subjects; (3) there were no significant differences in the oro-cecal transit times of breakfast between the two countries in any season; (4) the UDC of Thai subjects was significantly less than that of the Japanese subjects in the three seasons. These results suggest that differences in seasonal change in a living environment have different effects on seasonal variations in the efficiency of carbohydrate absorption in the intestine after breakfast.

Objetivo Determinar la ingesta dietética de los estudiantes en edad adulta de pregrado de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá. Metodología Los datos se recolectaron entre el segundo semestre académico de 2001 y el primero de 2004. Para la determinación del tamaño de la muestra se empleó muestreo estratificado, realizando asignación proporcional por Facultades. La muestra estuvo conformada por 1 865 estudiantes, en su mayoría entre los 18 y 25 años de edad, de los cuales el 48,3 % eran mujeres y el 51,7 % hombres. Resultados Se resalta que más del 60 % tanto de hombres como de mujeres presentó subadecuación en el consumo de calorías. La mitad de los estudiantes presentó sobreadecuación de proteínas y una tercera parte presentó un consumo bajo de este nutriente. Seis de cada diez estudiantes presentó porcentajes bajos de adecuación en el consumo de grasa y siete de cada diez en el consumo de carbohidratos. El consumo de hierro y calcio fue inadecuado en más del 50 % de los estudiantes y el de vitamina A en aproximadamente el 80 %. Discusión Los resultados sugieren una alimentación insuficiente en cantidad y posiblemente en calidad de nutrientes, así como una dieta no equilibrada. Siendo este un problema multicausal, el estudio permite deducir algunas de las razones de la situación hallada, dentro de las que son evidentes los malos hábitos alimentarios y la omisión de tiempos de comida, así como factores económicos y sociales.

Udgivelsesdato: 2010-Feb-19 This study evaluated the effects of a micro cycle of overload training (1st-8th day) on metabolic and hormonal responses in male runners with or without carbohydrate supplementation and investigated the cumulative effects of this period on a session of intermittent high-intensity running and maximum-performance-test (9th day). The participants were 24 male runners divided into two groups, receiving 61% of their energy intake as CHO (carbohydrate-group) and 54% in the control-group (CON). The testosterone was higher for the CHO than the CON group after the overload training (694.0 +/- 54.6 vs. CON 610.8 +/- 47.9 pmol/l). On the ninth day participants performed 10 x 800 m at mean 3 km velocity. An all-out 1000 m running was performed before and after the 10 x 800 m. Before, during, and after this protocol, the runners received solution containing CHO or the CON equivalent. The performance on 800 m series did not differ in either group between the first and last series of 800 m, but for the all-out 1000 m test the performance decrement was lower for CHO group (5.3 +/- 1.0 vs. 10.6 +/- 1.3%). The cortisol concentrations were lower in the CHO group in relation to CON group (22.4 +/- 0.9 vs. 27.6 +/- 1.4 pmol/l) and the IGF1/IGFBP3 ratio increased 12.7% in the CHO group. During recovery, blood glucose concentrations remained higher in the CHO group in comparison with the CON group. It was concluded that CHO supplementation possibly attenuated the suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and resulted in less catabolic stress, and thus improved running performance.

Rice is an important carbohydrate-rich staple food. A wide range of varieties exist globally mainly as a result of the conditions in whichthis staple food is grown. The type of dietary carbohydrate consumed has important health effects, in part because of their differentimpacts on blood glucose and insulin levels

This experiment was conducted to investigate the availability of dietary gelatinized starch (α-) and raw starch (β-) as an energy source in diet for juvenile striped jack and yellowtail. Both fish were fed three kinds of diets containing either 10% α- or β-starch, and a mixture of both starch at 5% each. The gelatinized ratio (GR) of these diets was 100, 16.6, and 50.0%, respectively. The highest daily feed consumption was observed in fish fed the diet containing 10% β-starch in both experiments. This value was decreased when the content of α-starch in diet increased. The fish fed the diet containing 10% β-starch in both experiments showed the lowest percent gain, feed efficiency, and PER. Crude lipid contents in whole body of fish fed diets containing 10% β-starch alone were lowest among the treatments in both experiments. These results indicated that a supplement of β-starch alone as a dietary carbohydrate source is not effectively utilized for growth of striped jack and yellowtail. On the other hand, good performances were observed in fish fed the diet containing 10% α-starch and a mixture of both starch at 5% each. Thus, these results suggested that the GR of diet for both striped jack and yellowtail should be above 50% in order to achieve better growth performances, at least half of dietary carbohydrate must be α-starch at a supplemental level of 10%.

In two floor pen trials, day-old poults were fed a low-protein (18.6%) diet for the first 24 or 48 h compared with control poults fed a 28% protein diet. Beyond these initial treatments, all poults were treated identically and were fed the normal progression of starter, grower, and finisher diets to market weight. The treatments did not alter market age body weight or feed conversion. Early mortality and feed intake during the first 48 h were unaffected by the treatments. Feeding the low-protein diet for 24 h enhanced liver glycogen reserves compared with the control. In a battery cage trial, diets containing 50, 33, or 15% available carbohydrate (20, 28, or 35% crude protein, respectively) were fed for 24 h posthatch. The diets had no effect on blood glucose level, but liver glycogen concentration increased with increasing dietary carbohydrate. The results clearly indicate that carbohydrate metabolism is altered by posthatch dietary carbohydrate level. The results also suggest that the dietary protein requirement during the first 24 or 48 h posthatch may not be as high as it is currently thought to be.

No Abstract

To examine the immediate effect of three different types of popular exercise activities on food intake and preferences in normal weight and overweight children.Forty-four (22 overweight) age and gender matched, pre-pubertal children participated in four separate visits. All performed three typical, 45 min, aerobic, indoor resistance and swimming exercise sessions and a control visit (no exercise). A similar buffet lunch was served immediately after each visit to both groups. The total energy intake and relative consumption of carbohydrates, fat and protein were recorded.In the normal weight children, total energy intake was reduced following exercise. This difference reached statistical significance only following the resistance-type exercise (14.0 + or - 1.4 [58.6 + or - 5.9] versus 19.4 + or - 1.7 [81.2 + or - 7.1] kcal/kg [kJ/ kg], in resistance exercise and control, respectively; p0.008). The different types of exercise were associated with increased relative consumption of carbohydrate and decreased consumption of fat. In contrast, in the overweight children, total energy intake was increased following exercise. This increase reached statistical significance following the swimming exercise session (23.0 + or - 2.4 [96.3 + or - 10.0] versus 18.5 + or - 1.5 [77.4 + or - 6.3] kcal/kg [kJ/kg] in swimming and control, respectively; p0.02). All types of exercise lead to a significant increase in the relative consumption of proteins in the overweight children. Finally, the total energy intake was significantly greater in the overweight children following the control (i.e., no exercise), and all types of exercise sessions. After normalization of the total energy intake to body mass, this difference remained significant only following the swimming practice (23.0 + or - 2.4 [96.3 + or - 10.0] versus 15.9 + or - 1.6 [66.6 + or - 6.7] kcal/kg [kJ/kg] in overweight and normal weight, respectively; p0.04).Understanding the complicated relationship between exercise, appetite, and food choices may help us to optimize exercise interventions for this unique population, and to select the best exercise protocols to achieve a desired energy balance. Food intake and preferences in response to acute exercise are different in normal weight and obese children.

Loss of vision is the second greatest fear, next to death, among the elderly. Age-related cataract (ARC) and maculopathy (ARM) are two major causes of blindness worldwide. There are several important reasons to study relationships between risk for ARC/ARM and nutrition: (1) because it is likely that the same nutritional practices that are associated with prolonged eye function will also be associated with delayed age-related compromises to other organs and perhaps, aging in general; (2) surgical resources are insufficient to provide economic and safe surgeries for cataract and do not provide a widely practicable cure for ARM; (3) there will be considerable financial savings and improvements in quality of life if health is extended, particularly given the rapidly growing elderly segment of ourpopulation.

Com o objetivo de analisar a disponibilidade domiciliar de energia, a participação relativa dos macronutrientes no Valor Energético Total (VET) e a contribuição dos diferentes grupos de alimentos na energia disponível nos domicílios das regiões Norte e Sul do país, segundo o rendimento mensal familiar, foi proposto o presente estudo. Utilizou-se para a elaboração das análises os microdados da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares - 2002/2003 realizada pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Para as análises nutricionais, utilizou-se o software Virtual Nutri. O teste de regressão linear múltipla foi aplicado para analisar o efeito dos rendimentos sobre a disponibilidade de energia e nutrientes. Verificou-se uma relação inversa entre a participação dos carboidratos no VET e a renda. A contribuição dos lipídios para o VET apresentou tendência de crescimento, de acordo com o aumento da renda. Quanto à participação dos distintos grupos de alimentos no VET, destaca-se a reduzida contribuição energética das frutas, verduras e legumes para praticamente a totalidade dos grupamentos familiares. Foram identificadas indesejáveis contribuições (consideradas excessivas) dos doces, açúcares e refrigerantes para o VET disponível para as famílias de ambas as regiões estudadas. This study was proposed to analyze the domiciliary energy disposal, the relative participation of macronutrients in the Total Energy Value (VET) and the contribution of different food groups in the disposal energy in residences of the North and South regions of Brazil according to the monthly family income. It was used the micro data of the Family Budget Research - POF related to the period of 2002/2003 which was carried out by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics - IBGE. The nutritional analyses were made by using the Virtual Nutri software. The multiple linear regression test was used to capture the income effect over energy and nutrients disposal. There is a reciprocal and inverse relation between the carbohydrates participation in the VET and the family income. The participation of lipids to the VET presented a growth tendency, according to the income increase. Regarding the participation of various food groups in the VET, the energetic contribution of fruits, greens and vegetables was outstandingly reduced to the almost entire family groupings. It was identified the undesirable contribution of sweets, simpler carbohydrates and soft drinks, which was considered excessive to the disposable VET.

PURPOSE Measured cardiac [F]-2-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose (FDG) activity in human PET scans is variable despite efforts to standardize patient preparation. Heart uptake can obscure chest disease, and is of physiologic interest. Short-term carbohydrate (CHO) restriction can reduce FDG uptake, although unreliably, whereas long-term restriction of CHO has not been systematically studied. It would be valuable to understand FDG hearts' chronic dietary dependence. METHODS Fifteen Wistar rats (age 4 weeks) were randomized to three diet groups (n = 5) of low (0.1% of total energy), intermediate (52%), and high (78%) CHO content (LC, IC, and HC, respectively). After 4 weeks, blood for ketone bodies (KB), glucose, insulin, and glucagon was obtained, followed in 2 days by whole-body PET with 37 MBq FDG. Diet groups were switched every 4 weeks to control for the effects of dietary order. Heart maximal standardized uptake value was compared among animals. RESULTS Heart mean maximal standardized uptake value was dramatically reduced for LC (3.4+/-0.4; P

Endurance athletes, including but not limited to cyclists, runners, triathletes, mountain bikers, and cross-country skiers, have unique and often challenging daily nutritional needs. In fact, the intense and exhaustive endeavors that endurance athletes undertake daily are impossible unless the right foods are eaten in optimal amounts at the correct time. In addition, meeting fluid and fuel needs during exercise—for example, while running a marathon or competing in an Ironman triathlon or multiday adventure race—is another skill the endurance athlete must master.