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Nanofibers based on cellulose are highly desired due to their remarkable biocompatibility and attractive physical and biochemical characteristics. The current research describes a simple electrospinning process and the nano-materials therefrom, utilizing the classical cellulosecuprammonium solution without the more exotic chemical solvent combinations. Furthermore, without the use of organic solvents, a binary polymer system with the addition of polyethylene oxide (PEO) is introduced to improve the robustness of the electrospinning and the properties of the final material. The impacts of the cellulose source, cellulose mass fraction and PEO formulation on spinnability, fiber morphology and mechanical properties are investigated. Nanofibers with diameters ranging from 130 nm to 382 nm are successfully fabricated. The presence of copper in the fabricated material is confirmed by using the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. The cuprammonium process significantly changes the original crystalline structure of cellulose I into cellulose III within the nanofiber morphology. The nanofibrous membranes also demonstrate notable antibacterial characteristics for Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Coatings & Protection / Tuceng yu Fanghu is the property of Coating & Protection Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Cellulose of tree rings is often assumed to be predominantly formed by direct assimilation of CO2 by photosynthesis and consequently can be used to reconstruct past atmospheric 14C concentrations at annual resolution. Yet little is known about the extent and the age of stored carbon from previous years used in addition to the direct assimilation in tree rings. Here, we studied 14C in earlywood and latewood cellulose of four different species (oak, pine, larch and spruce), which are commonly used for radiocarbon calibration and dating. These trees were still growing during the radiocarbon bomb peak period (1958–1972). We compared cellulose 14C measured in tree-ring subdivisions with the atmospheric 14C corresponding to the time of ring formation. We observed that cellulose 14C carried up to about 50% of the atmospheric 14C signal from the previous 1–2 years only in the earlywood of oak, whereas in conifers it was up to 20% in the earlywood and in the case of spruce also in the latewood. The bias in using the full ring of trees growing in a temperate oceanic climate to estimate atmospheric 14C concentration might be minimal considering that earlywood has a low mass contribution and that the variability in atmospheric 14C over a few years is usually less than 3‰. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Laboratoire de Mesure du Carbone 14 (LMC14) has operated a radiocarbon dating laboratory for almost twenty years with ARTEMIS, the Accelerator Mass Spectrometer (AMS) based on a NEC 9SDH-2 Pelletron tandem accelerator. A first status report describing the chemical pretreatment methods was published in 2017 (Dumoulin et al. 2017). This article summarizes updates of the routine procedures and presents new protocols. The quality checks in place at the LMC14 and results obtained for the GIRI international inter-comparison are reported. New protocols developed by the laboratory over the last five years are described with the preparation of iron, lead white, cellulose, calcium oxalate, and mortar. This report also provides a summary of practical information for sample preparation and can help the laboratory users who provide samples and publish results to better understand all the work behind a 14C dating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chemistry & Industry of Forest Products is the property of Chemistry & Industry of Forest Products Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Bagasse (Saccharum officinarum L.) is a waste generated from the extraction process of sugarcane in the sugar processing industry that is not optimally utilized. However, the high cellulose content of bagasse can be applied in various. This research aims to identify the properties of sugarcane bagasse-derived cellulose. Delignification and bleaching are chemical processes used to perform extraction. Physical characterization parameters and standards used to view bagasse cellulose include cellulose, lignin, hemicellulose, color, and Fourier Transform-Infrared (FTIR) spectrum. Cellulose extraction was carried out using a hotplate stirrer and microwave. The results indicated the amounts of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin in sugarcane bagasse cellulose using the microwave method were 85.95%, 3.64%, and 0.26%, respectively, while the amounts using the hotplate stirrer method were 83.25%, 5.01%, and 0.26%. FTIR of sugarcane bagasse cellulose of hotplate stirrer method showed absorption bands at 3335.58 cm-1 for O-H, 2893.99 cm-1 for C-H, 1022.54 cm-1 for C-O, and microwave method showed bands at 3326.43 cm-1 for O-H, 2896.87 cm-1 for C-H, 1024.49 cm-1for C-O. a typical peak of cellulose. The results showed that cellulose isolated from bagasse powder is similar to the standard cellulose. The yields of bagasse cellulose from the hotplate stirrer and microwave methods were 20.07% and 19.60% white powder, respectively. The findings of this study indicate that cellulose from sugarcane bagasse could be an excellent material for producing bioplastics, hence the need for its development as a bioplastics raw material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Wool Textile Journal is the property of National Wool Textile Science & Technology Information Center and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Materiae Compositae Sinica is the property of Acta Materiea Compositae Sinica Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Materiae Compositae Sinica is the property of Acta Materiea Compositae Sinica Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Functional fabrics that are economical and environmentally friendly are desired for many applications. Here in, individual inclusion of different additives, such as softeners, polyurethane, polyethylene glycol (PEG‐600) and benzophenone in suitable pigment printing formulation were applied to various cellulose containing fabrics, using flat screen and microwave curing methods. The imparted multifunctional and performance finishes to cellulosic fabrics namely ultraviolet (UV) protection, antibacterial, anti‐crease, and softening were evaluated. The developed functional properties and the depth of the pigment prints produced are governed by the nature of the substrate, concentration/location/distribution in addition to fixation of the added active compounds and pigment colourants. The surface alteration, morphological modifications, and immobilisation of the certain active components onto the printed substrates have been confirmed by scanning electron microscopy and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy analysis for selected samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crape myrtle (Lagerstroemia indica and its relatives) is an important summer-flowering plant in numerous countries worldwide. However, there are few reports on salt-tolerant (ST) crape myrtle germplasm resources and their morphological and molecular biological foundations for adaptation to salinized soil, one of the main abiotic stresses in plants. This study identified the salt tolerance characteristics of 19 crape myrtle varieties and created four salt-tolerant germplasms through hybridization. Morphological anatomy and transcriptome analyses clarified that the xylem of the ST variety possessed a high number of vessels with a small lumen. Transcriptome research has indicated that under salt stress conditions, Ca2+, abscisic acid (ABA), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) pathways are involved in salt stress responses. One of the candidate genes LiTIP1;1 (encoding a tonoplast intrinsic protein) was overexpressed in Arabidopsis and the resultant overexpression (OE) lines performed better under CK and 100 mmol∙L−1 NaCl salt stress, but not under 200 mmol∙L−1 NaCl salt stress. Corresponding to physiological traits, genes encoding tubulin and fasciclin-like arabinogalactan proteins (FLAs), which are related to the plasma membrane localization of the cellulose synthase complex, are maintained at higher levels and are induced more by salt. In summary, this research has revealed the morphological, physiological, and molecular bases of ST crape myrtle to a certain extent and has provided a theoretical basis for further screening and breeding of salt-tolerant crape myrtle varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sulfonated poly (ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) has received substantial attention for its potential to improve the electrochemical behavior and thermomechanical capabilities of direct methanol fuel cells. This study examines how the integration by solution casting of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and 2,3-dialdehyde cellulose (DAC) onto highly sulfonated PEEK (with a sulfonation degree of 80%) affects its physicochemical properties and morphological structures. The mechanical attributes and proton conductivity of the polymer matrix are impacted by MCC and DAC inclusion into SPEEK membrane. The maximum proton conductivity was seen in the SPEEK/MCC membranes at 70 °C (up to 0.1 S cm−1). The proton conductivity in methanol vapor was increased by SPEEK/DAC membranes at high temperatures as opposed to pristine SPEEK and SPEEK/MCC membranes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, the cellulose aerogel (CellA) material was synthesized from bulk cellulose derived from corn stalks with poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) as the binding agent. In detail, the influence of precursor mass ratio on the physicochemical properties and adsorption capacity of CellA was thoroughly investigated, which illustrated the cellulose:PVA ratio of 15:1 as the suitable fabrication of cellulose aerogel, with favorable density, porosity, and characteristic behaviors. The surface modification for the prepared CellA was also carried out using stearic acid and polydimethylsiloxane, followed by a carbonization treatment. The obtained results revealed that the 500 °C-carbonization of the stearic acid-coated sample exhibited superior adsorption capacity of cooking oil (32.98 g/g) as well as a high hydrophobicity with a wetting angle of 131.7°. Besides, the sample also provided a relatively low thermal conductivity at 0.067–0.069 W/m K within a surveyed temperature range of 40–50 °C. Conclusively, the environmentally-inspired CellA material highlights an effective utilization of corn stalks—an abundant biomass source via a facile preparation effort as an alternative candidate for the adsorption of non-polar organic compounds and thermal insulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insects possess cellulolytic system capable of producing variegate enzymes with multifarious specificities to break down complex lignocellulosic products. Astonishingly, endoglucanases, exoglucanases and β-glycosidases act sequentially in a synergistic system to facilitate the breakdown of cellulose to utilisable energy source glucose. In silico docking studies of endo-β-1,4-glucanase from 19 different insects belonging to six different orders identified that it possesses high affinity for all the six substrates, including CMC, cellulose, cellotriose, cellotetraose, cellopentose and cellohexaose. Additionally, β-glucosidase from nearly all the reported insect sources also showed considerable affinity towards cellobiose. Van der Waals, conventional hydrogen bonds and carbon-hydrogen bonds stabilise the interaction between the enzyme and different substrates. Molecular dynamics simulations also held up the stability of various complexes. Efficient breakdown of lignocelluloses-based substrates becoming a major focus of industrial and academic communities worldwide, this study can perhaps complement the propensity of insect cellulases for prospected applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review examines the potential of cellulose-based materials in controlled-release fertilizers (CRFs), with a particular focus on their structural characteristics, synthesis, modification, and agricultural applications. While previous reviews have explored aspects such as cellulose composites, stimulus-responsive hydrogels, and agrochemical formulations, our review is distinctive in that it provides a comprehensive and detailed study of cellulose characteristics and modification methods. This review places particular emphasis on the importance of surface functionalization in enhancing the properties of cellulose for use in controlled-release fertilizers (CRFs). Furthermore, our review examines recent developments in the utilization of cellulose-based CRFs and cellulose hydrogels for the alleviation of drought stress, elucidating their agronomic benefits, including phytotoxicity considerations, enhanced plant production, and impacts on soil properties. Additionally, we assess the biodegradability of these biomaterials, thereby advancing sustainable agricultural practices. Our objective is to provide a comprehensive understanding and novel insights for researchers and practitioners seeking to enhance crop productivity and environmental sustainability in agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The TEMPO-mediated oxidation is one of the most popular methods to prepare cellulose nanofibers due to its easy operation, high oxidation efficiency and resulting high aspect ratio nanofibers with uniform size. Among TEMPO-mediated oxidation methods, the TEMPO/NaBr/NaClO (TBN) oxidation system is the most commonly used and has the highest oxidation efficiency. However, cellulose suffers from the degradation by NaClO in TBN oxidation, which can be directly reflected in the reduction of degree of polymerization of cellulose. In this paper, we explored the effect of the content of NaClO on oxidation and figured out an optimization method where NaClO was added periodically for TBN oxidation system (semi-batch process) that could efficiently oxidize hardwood bleached kraft pulp (HBKP) cellulose while reducing the degradation. This phenomenon is most obvious when the addition amount of NaClO is 10 mmol/g and the reaction time is 7.5 h, the carboxyl content of the TEMPO oxidized cellulose obtained by adding NaClO in different methods has no significant change (both are around 1.5 mmol/g), but the degree of polymerization of TEMPO oxidized cellulose obtained by adding NaClO periodically is 2.3 times that of TEMPO oxidized cellulose obtained by adding NaClO in one batch. This optimization method provides a feasible way for the adjustable preparation of nanofibers with high carboxyl content by maintaining relative high degree of polymerization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To turn food waste streams into valuable items, hydrophobic cellulose nanomaterial has been obtained from ground citrus waste by a one-step process performed in an aqueous solution at room temperature using mild concentrations of hypochlorite and periodate as primary oxidants and TEMPO as a reaction catalyst. Morphological characterization shows a cross-section and length of the nanofibers of the order of 3–5 nm and 1–2 µm, respectively, and some disordered regions with a propensity to chain entanglement. Chemical characterization confirms that the oxidized material has a cellulosic nature and that the native cellulose has been functionalized with the introduction of carboxylic groups. The mild reaction conditions preserve an organic fraction that is not mobilized during extensive aqueous washings and is composed mainly of saturated fatty acids. This fatty fraction is responsible for a slight hydrophobicity of nanocellulose which thus combines the propensity for network formation with water repellency and is suitable for the production of composites. As a representative case study, all-natural plastic films made of two polysaccharides, i.e. nanocellulose and starch, have been produced and characterized, proving that the citrus waste-recovered nanocellulose substantially improves the mechanical and water barrier properties of starch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical, enzymatic and mechanical pretreatments are needed to disrupt cellulose fibre structure and mechanically process them to produce cellulose nanofibres (CNF). The combination of sequence of chemical and enzymatic pretreatment for CNF production had been poorly investigated, especially complementing them with cellulose functionalisation, such as phosphorylation. In this study CNF were obtained by a three-stage pre-treatment carried out on bleached eucalyptus kraft pulp (BEKP) as follows: a) cold caustic extraction with 15% NaOH (CCE15), b) enzymatic treatment with 50 U Trichoderma reesei endoglucanase (EG) and c) functionalisation by chemical phosphorylation (P) with urea and di-ammonium hydrogen phosphate. Pulps obtained from the different combinations were characterised for properties such as crystallinity, viscosity, S18 solubility, fibre morphology, FTIR, SEM and SEM–EDX to determine differences between samples and treatments. CNF of selected samples were prepared by homogenisation and characterisations were performed on drop cast films prepared from them. The main results showed that the opacity of the films varied between 14%–67%, the water vapour permeability varied between 163–322 g/m2.day, the burst index was in the range of 2.0–3.3 kPa.m2/g, the tensile strength was between 6–120 MPa and the films made from phosphorylated CNF were air-impermeable. In conclusion, the combination of chemical-enzymatic pretreatments did not lead to a facilitation in CNF production compared to just performing phosphorylation or enzymatic treatment. Though, different CNF material properties can be obtained varying the pretreatments combination stages, which can be beneficial to implement if the goal is to produce CNF materials with special properties depending on the purpose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lignin is a natural polymer that could absorb ultraviolet (UV) light, making it a potential material for anti-UV applications. The dark color and the low emulsion stability, however, greatly hinder the extended application of lignin in various areas such as sunscreens. To address this concern, the colorless lignin-containing cellulose nanofibrils (LCNFs) with different lignin content was prepared through a sequential process of 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO)-mediated oxidation, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) decolorization, and high-pressure homogenization. The obtained LCNFs were characterized in terms of chemical composition, whiteness, morphology, and lignin content. The results indicated that the preparation process not only largely preserved lignin, but also maintained the structure of cellulose. Moreover, the UV blocking property of the prepared white LCNFs was determined by blending into a cream. The rates of UV blocking and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging were measured to be 94.7% and 23.1%, respectively, which were comparable to that of the commercial sunscreen products. The results demonstrated that LCNFs with high whiteness could be efficiently prepared and have great potential to be applied in the anti-UV industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sulfa drugs are mostly used as antimicrobial regents for treatment of several infections. Sulfa drugs can easily be accumulated in the human cells and can be leached out to cause water pollution. Nowadays, the removal of sulfa drugs from polluted wastewater is of research interest. According to our knowledge, application of bead-based biopolymers and metal organic framework (MOF) in the removal of sulfa drugs has not been investigated. The novelty in the current approach is to exploit a composite of chitosan and MOF for removal of sulfa drugs. The approach synthesizes a composite bead that is based on Fe-benzenetricarboxylic acid (Fe-BTC) a superiorly applicable MOF, and the biopolymers chitosan (Chs) and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) for removal of sulfa drugs. The present study interests in the efficient removal of two kinds of sulfa drugs (sulphanilamide and sulfamethazine) by using the currently prepared bead. Chitosan (Chs) and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) were used as sources for the bead. The materials interacted together to obtain Fe-BTC@Chs/MCC bead. Fe-BTC was well-distributed over the networked structure of Chs/MCC and filled the pore structure. Adsorption of sulfa drugs onto the synthesized beads was well-fitted to the pseudo-second order and isothermally to Langmuir. The affinity of Fe-BTC@Chs/MCC bead toward sulfamethazine was notably higher than that of sulphanilamide. Adsorption capacity of sulfa drugs onto Fe-BTC@Chs/MCC bead was decreased by only 16.4–15.5% after five reuse cycles which declare the substantial stability during the regeneration process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inherent limitations in barrier and mechanical properties of untreated paper-based materials restrict their potential for broader application. This study proposes a method for fabricating composite paper by applying an ultra-thin layer of regenerated cellulose film onto paper substrates using a Mayer bar coating technique. The incorporation of regenerated cellulose film markedly enhances the barrier properties, hydrophobicity, and mechanical properties of the resulting composites. Compared to the unmodified control paper, the composite paper exhibits a significant decrease in air, water vapor, and oxygen permeability by 99.3%, 82.4%, and 99.3%, respectively. Improved water resistance and hydrophobicity are indicated by increased water contact angle, reduced Cobb value, and prolonged water droplet retention time. Furthermore, the composite paper demonstrates enhanced dry tensile index, wet tensile index, bursting index, and internal bond strength by 8.9, 4.5, 5.1, and 0.35 times, respectively, compared to the control paper. This study provides a simple and effective strategy for fabricating composite paper with outstanding barrier and mechanical properties, showcasing significant potential for functional packaging applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dialcohol cellulose can be prepared by periodate-mediated oxidation of cellulose followed by reduction with borohydride. The two-step reaction creates a modified cellulose polymer which is ring-opened between the C2 and C3 carbons in the glucose unit. This material has attracted both scientific and commercial interest, due to its potential role in the transition towards a fossil-fuel-free society. In order to become a reliable component in the materials of tomorrow, chemical properties such as degree of modification must be accurately quantified. In this work we describe how solid-state NMR spectroscopy, enhanced by dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP), can be used for this purpose. Our results illustrate that it is possible to obtain high sensitivity enhancements in dialcohol cellulose with the DNP enhanced solid-state NMR technique. Enhancements above a factor of fifty, on a 400 MHz/263 GHz DNP system in the presence of 12 mM AMUPol radical were achieved. This allows us to quantify the degree of modification in dialcohol cellulose samples in time spans as short as 20 min using DNP enhanced multiple-contact cross polarization experiments. We also exemplify how DNP enhanced, 13C-13C dipolar recoupling experiments can be used for the same purpose and for studying chemical shift correlations in dialcohol cellulose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The morphology of cellulose nanomaterials plays a crucial role in determining their properties and expanding their application possibilities. Among these bionanomaterials, cellulose nanospheres (CNSs) have emerged as a novel form, distinguished by unique spherical morphology and properties that depend on their size, crystallinity, and surface chemistry. These properties make CNSs suitable for various applications, ranging from additives in nanocomposites to biomedical uses. Despite its promising potential, CNSs are underreported in the literature, highlighting the need for a comprehensive evaluation of production, mechanism, and performance perspectives. This review provides an in-depth examination of the primary methods used for CNS production, including acidic, enzymatic, mechanical, and oxidative processes. We analyze the complex relationship between these production methods, the resulting spherical characteristics, and the yields obtained during isolation. Additionally, we examine the various proposed mechanisms for CNS formation and advance these mechanisms, which are essential for optimizing and tailoring production processes to achieve specific structure outcomes. Finally, we discuss recent advancements in CNS applications across different sectors and address future research directions and challenges for this innovative bionanomaterial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Associated water plays a significant role in the morphology of cellulose and the molecular interactions between polymer chains. It also affects the material properties and influences the interpretation of analysis results. In the present study the interaction of cellulose and water in well-defined cellulose samples, hydrogel beads prepared by regeneration of microcrystalline cellulose from organic electrolyte solution, are investigated by solid state 13C CP/MAS NMR. Drying of the hydrogel beads under ambient conditions gave condensed cellulose xerogel beads, which could be partly reswollen in water. The analysis of beads of different moisture content and under repeated drying and swelling afforded a better understanding of the hierarchical organization and crystallinity of cellulose II, which is broadly divisible into crystalline and surface residues in CP/MAS, and the nature of cellulose hornification. The changes in the 13C CP/MAS spectra of water- and D2O-swollen beads also provide new information on the role of immobilized bound water in intermolecular polarization transfer from water to cellulose during the cross-polarization pulse sequence, and evidence of the cellulose II reducing-end-group, which is more prominently observable in CP/MAS under dry conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes the basics of chemical thermodynamics and its application to the study of plant biomass and its main components, cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin, etc. The energy potential of various biomass types, as well as biomass-based solid, liquid, and gaseous biofuels, is determined. A method of additive contributions of combustion enthalpies of main components is proposed to calculate the combustion enthalpy of biomass samples. It is also established that the potential of thermal energy of the initial biomass is higher than the energy potential of secondary biofuels released from this biomass. The thermodynamic functions of plant biopolymers are calculated. Moreover, the thermodynamic stability of various crystalline allomorphs of cellulose and amorphous cellulose is studied. The melting enthalpies of crystallites with different types of crystalline structures are estimated. A thermochemical method for determining the degree of crystallinity of cellulose is proposed. The most important biomass components are cellulose and other polysaccharides. The thermodynamics of the enzymatic hydrolysis of polysaccharides and their conversion into glucose are described. In addition, the thermodynamic analysis of the conversion process of glucose into bioethanol is performed. Considerable attention is also paid to the thermochemistry of cellulose alkalization, etherification, and esterification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Pulp & Paper is the property of China Pulp & Paper Magazines Publisher and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Pulp & Paper is the property of China Pulp & Paper Magazines Publisher and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Paddy residues burning is a common practice in the sub-continent to manage paddy waste, which results in deterioration of air quality in the surrounding areas and causes smog issue. In situ decomposition could be a viable option to manage this problem. About thirteen (13) cellulose degrading bacterial strains were selected and further screened based on various enzymatic activities. Finally, two strains (GW7 and HA 121) wi th highest enzymatic potential were selected for optimization of factors to enhance cellulase production. The selected bacterial strain GW7 was found positive for urease, protease, catalase, phosphates and cellulase activity. While HA121 strain was positive for urease, protease, phosphatase and cellulase enzymes. The strains GW7 and HA121 exhibited maximum cellulose activity of 23 U mL-1 and 19 U mL-1, respectively, at optimized conditions. The optimal conditions for GW7 were temperature 35°C, pH 8, 1.5% glucose and 0.5% urea concentration. However, for HA121 the highest cellulase activity was attained when 1% glucose and 0.5% urea as co-inducers were used at a temperature of 35 °C and pH 8 where cellulase enzyme production was found to be 19 U mL-1. The optimization of cellulolytic bacterial cultures for enhanced cellulase production has established its potential utilization for field application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alkali metals (AMs) play an important role in biomass pyrolysis, and it is important to explore their catalytic effects so to better utilize biomass pyrolysis. This study analyzed the catalytic influence of K and Na with different anions (Cl−, SO42−, and CO32−) on biomass pyrolysis, and explored the influence on the pyrolytic mechanism. AM chlorides (NaCl and KCl), sulfates (Na2SO4 and K2SO4) and carbonates (Na2CO3 and K2CO3) were mixed with cellulose and bamboo feedstocks at a mass ratio of 20 wt %, in order to maximize their potential on in situ upgrading of the pyrolysis products. AM chlorides had little effect on the pyrolysis products, whereas sulfates slightly promoted the yields of char and gas, and had a positive effect on the composition of the gaseous and liquid products. Carbonates noticeably increased the yields of the char and gases, and improved the C content of the char. Besides, AM salt catalysis is an effective method for co-production of bio-oil and porous char. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research focuses on exploring the use of cellulose obtained from Thespesia populnea leaves as a strengthening component, in polymer composites. It delves into the characteristics and qualities of this cellulose material. The authors utilized an alkaline treatment method to break down the cellulose-hemicellulose-lignin complex found in Thespesia populnea leaves leading to the extraction of cellulose fibers. Various characterization techniques were applied to the extracted cellulose, such as UV–Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and thermogravimetric analysis. The researchers examined how light interacts with cellulose noting an absorption band within the 250–300 nm wavelength range. XRD analysis revealed a crystallinity index of 73.7% for the cellulose material. FTIR analysis helped identify its groups while FESEM provided insights into the morphology of the cellulose fibers showing an average size of 6.37 μm. The cellulose from Thespesia populnea leaves is thermally stable up to a temperature of 248 °C evidenced by thermogravimetric analysis. The main goal was to assess Thespesia leaf celluloses' suitability as a reinforcing material for polymer composites by understanding its properties and behavior for applications. The study suggests that this leaf-derived cellulose could be a reinforcement agent in polymer composites due to its characteristics. If this cellulose material is effectively integrated into composites, it could improve characteristics, decrease weight, and support the advancement of materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to its promising features, cellulose, the most plentiful renewable material in nature, is used in a variety of industrial processes. In this work, we used peanut shells (Arachis hypogaea L.) for the purpose of producing microcrystalline cellulose (MCCs) and nanocrystalline cellulose (CNCs), respectively. The following process was used to separate cellulose from peanut shells: dewaxing, delignification/bleaching, and acid hydrolysis. The structural features of the isolated microcrystalline cellulose (MCCs) and cellulose nanocrystalline (CNCs) samples were tested by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to morphologically analyze of the samples (peanut shells, microcrystalline cellulose, and nanocrystalline cellulose). The prepared CNCs' elemental composition was revealed by energy dispersive X-rays (EDX), and their crystallinity was shown by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The yield of peanut shells cellulose was (31.81%). FTIR analysis for the bleached peanut shells cellulose revealed the efficacious removal of the non-cellulosic materials and amorphous components from the polymer matrix. The obtained peanut shells' XRD results showed native cellulose's typical peaks (type I), along with a crystallinity index (CrI = 72.53%). Also, acid hydrolysis phase was used to adapt microcrystalline cellulose (MCCs) into cellulose nanocrystalline (CNCs) with higher crystallinity (CrI = 77.96%). According to each of these assays, the chemical treatment was successful in eliminating the non-cellulosic substances and obtaining a cellulose nanofiber.The antibacterial activity carried out against three bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia Coli, and Salmonella typhimurium) that cellulose nanofibers showed moderate antibacterial activity against a strain Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhimurium.The current study demonstrates the viability of employing peanut shells as a cost-effective source for acquiring CNCs that are intended for use in the food and pharmaceutical industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of many pesticides in agricultural crop protection has been banned due to their harmful effects on health and the environment, leaving farmers with limited crop protection options. A natural nontoxic alternative is thymol (TY), the main component in thyme essential oil (EO), which is known to have pesticidal and anti‐mold properties. TY can be incorporated into plastic films, widely used in agricultural applications. However, its volatility and susceptibility to heat limits its use in polymeric systems. By encapsulating TY using natural biopolymer such as cellulose, TY can be protected during high‐temperature plastic processing, thus enabling to achieve an active plastic packaging. In this study, cellulose‐encapsulated TY was melt‐compounded with low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) and 100 μm‐thick films were fabricated and compared with similar compounds containing free TY. Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy confirmed the presence of TY‐loaded particles and demonstrated that they had no significant effects on the LDPE matrix morphology. LDPE films containing encapsulated TY offered higher anti‐mold protection functionality to postharvest alfalfa plants, in comparison to films containing free TY. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy supported by thermo gravimetric analysis further confirmed successful incorporation of TY‐loaded particles in the LDPE films. Taken together, the application range of EOs and their synthetic compounds such as TY, can be broadened by encapsulation with cellulose. Incorporation of cellulose‐encapsulated TY in plastic composites can serve as a useful natural alternative to toxic pesticides in agricultural applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellulose-based materials are now commonly used, including in the field of acoustic comfort. Often presented as a less environmentally impactful alternative to traditional acoustic absorbents (such as melamine, glass wool, etc.), these cellulose-based materials are more frequently derived from recycling, undergoing, in most cases, a technical process that allows these cellulose fibers to be obtained, thus inheriting the acoustic properties of the latter, with limited or even non-existent control. This paper proposes a manufacturing process that allows for the production of cellulose foam with precise control over its porosity, pore size, and interconnections. In addition to exhibiting good sound absorption properties, this process also enables the fabrication of gradient-porous structures and other hybrid materials, which can result in remarkable sound absorption properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a solid foundation for understanding the synthesis, properties, and applications of cellulose-based gels. It effectively showcases the potential of these gels in diverse applications, particularly in biomedicine, and highlights key synthesis methods and properties. However, to push the field forward, future research should address the gaps in understanding the environmental impact, mechanical stability, and scalability of cellulose-based gels, while also considering how to overcome barriers to their industrial use. This will ultimately allow for the realization of cellulose-based gels in large-scale, sustainable applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human activities across domestic, commercial, and industrial sectors have significantly contributed to the accumulation of pollutants, including heavy metals, inorganic and organic compounds, and dyes, in aquatic environments. To improve water quality, it is crucial to develop a sustainable treatment method for the removal of these contaminants. Modifying cellulose by adding functional groups to its structure enhances its inherent properties which improves its ability to sorb heavy metals. This study focuses on current research into the effectiveness of cellulose as a sorbent for the eradication of heavy metals from effluents. The literature review indicates that modified cellulose-based sorbents are more promising than unmodified cellulose for the heavy metal elimination process. However, to optimize the wastewater treatment process further, it is necessary to explore effective methods such as tempo-oxidation, grafting, esterification, and electrospinning for producing more effective cellulose-based adsorbents and assessing their scalability in industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cellulase enzyme has significant potential for applications in textile chemical processing, offering an environmentally friendly alternative to traditional chemical methods. In conventional enzymatic treatments, the enzymes act as biocatalysts and are typically discarded as effluent after completing their function. However, the single-use nature, high production costs, and limited biological activity of cellulase enzymes hinder their widespread commercial use in the textile industry. This study focuses on the immobilization of a commercial cellulase enzyme onto two distinct reversible soluble–insoluble polymers Chitosan and Eudragit S-100 for the recovery and reusability. Chitosan and Eudragit were chosen as support materials due to their pH-dependent soluble–insoluble properties. These properties allow them to act as homogeneous catalysts in their soluble phase during application (since textile materials are heterogeneous) and enable easy recovery in their insoluble phase for subsequent reuse. The immobilization process was optimized to achieve maximum enzyme activity with ideal enzyme loading percentages. After immobilization on chitosan, the cellulase retained 92% of its initial activity with a loading efficiency of 73.7%, while on Eudragit, it maintained 86.5% activity with a loading efficiency of 75.6%. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was employed to confirm the successful attachment of the cellulase enzyme to the polymers. The immobilized cellulase demonstrated equivalent fading effects compared to the native cellulase in terms of color depth (K/S value) and color metrics (L*, a*, b*), while also reducing physical damage and back-staining—common issues in the traditional denim fading process. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and back-staining analyses of the denim samples provided further evidence of these benefits. Moreover, the immobilized cellulase maintained approximately 50% of its activity even after recovery from five denim washing cycles, showcasing the potential for reuse across multiple applications, particularly in textile processing. Thus, cellulase immobilized on chitosan and Eudragit S-100 represents a promising solution for the sustainable use of enzymes in the textile industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work focuses on the recovery of cellulose from mixed fabrics containing polyester and cotton through the use of different chemical and hydrothermal treatment methods. Through the application of various analytical techniques, such as thermogravimetry (TG) and infrared spectroscopy (IR), we seek to determine the effectiveness of the methods used. The results indicate that different treatments with NaOH and distilled water at high temperatures and pressures are particularly effective for the extraction of the cellulose fraction. Furthermore, these methods were compared with previous studies to evaluate their feasibility and sustainability. The findings underline the importance of selecting appropriate experimental conditions to maximize the purity of the cellulose obtained and minimize fiber degradation, thus promoting more efficient and sustainable textile recycling processes. These results have significant implications for industrial applications by enabling the development of scalable recycling methods and contribute to reducing the environmental impact of textile waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scaffolds resembling the extracellular matrix (ECM) provide structural support for cells in the engineering of tissue constructs. Various material sources and fabrication techniques have been employed in scaffold production. Cellulose-based matrices are of interest due to their abundant supply, hydrophilicity, mechanical strength, and biological inertness. Terrestrial and marine plants offer diverse morphologies that can replicate the ECM of various tissues and be isolated through decellularization protocols. In this study, three marine macroalgae species—namely Durvillaea poha, Ulva lactuca, and Ecklonia radiata—were selected for their morphological variation. Low-intensity, chemical treatments were developed for each species to maintain native cellulose structures within the matrices while facilitating the clearance of DNA and pigment. Scaffolds generated from each seaweed species were non-toxic for human dermal fibroblasts but only the fibrous inner layer of those derived from E. radiata supported cell attachment and maturation over the seven days of culture. These findings demonstrate the potential of E. radiata-derived cellulose scaffolds for skin tissue engineering and highlight the influence of macroalgae ECM structures on decellularization efficiency, cellulose matrix properties, and scaffold utility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experiments, as well as numerical simulations, were conducted to study discharge behavior of Microcrystalline Cellulose (MCC) in a flat-bottom silo. The three different types of openings, viz. concentric orifice, off-center orifice and two orifices were used. In the case of a concentric orifice, the mass flow rate is higher than the off-center orifice and two orifices. When the diameter of the orifice remains constant, an inverse relationship is observed between particle size and recorded flow rates, indicating that larger particles result in lower flow rates. The percentage decrease in mass flow rate (MFR) in off-center and double orifices has been compared with concentric orifices. We observed 8.5 % decrease in MFR for MCC 350 using a double orifice where as a 11 % decrease for MCC 700 (MCC 700 particle size is twice that of MCC 350) and 24 % decrease for MCC 1000 (MCC 1000 particle size is 2.8 times that of MCC 350). With an increase in particle size, the percentage decrease in MFR in double orifice increases, while in the case of off-center orifices, it decreases. Segregation is taking place due to percolation in binary mixtures through all discharge orifices. The extent of segregation in the case of the double orifice is more compared to concentric and off-center orifices. We observed the excess fine flow using double orifice for sample A and B up to 40 % discharge of mass and for sample C and D up to 50 % discharge of mass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drylands in Brazil have been exploring sisal (Agave sisalana) as an essential source of income. However, the solid residues generated because of this activity still need suitable destinations; therefore, research has been carried out to transform them into added-value products. Therefore, the present study evaluated the potential of sisal or agave solid residue as a precursor feedstock for second-generation ethanol production. Acid and acid–alkaline pretreatments were carried out on sisal residues to enrich the biomass with cellulose and maximize enzymatic digestibility. Second-generation ethanol production was carried out using Semi-simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSSF). Regardless of catalyst dosage and incubation time, oxalic acid pretreatments generated samples with a similar chemical composition to those pretreated with sulfuric acid. However, samples pretreated with oxalic acid showed lower enzymatic digestibility. Samples pretreated with oxalic acid and sodium hydroxide obtained 14.28 g/L of glucose and cellulose conversion of 79.1% (at 5% solids), while 21.49 g/L glucose and 91.2% of cellulose conversion were obtained in the hydrolysis of pretreated samples with sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide combined pretreatments. The pretreatment sequence efficiently reduced cellulase dosage from 20 to 10 FPU/g without compromising sugar release. SSSF achieved maximum production of 40 g/L ethanol and 43% ethanol conversion using 30% solids and gradually adding biomass and cellulases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lithium metal anode is the best candidate for high energy density batteries because of its high specific capacity and low negative potential. Rechargeable lithium metal batteries (RLMB) have not yet been commercialized. The key factors that limit the practical use of RLMB are the formation and growth of lithium dendrites during the lithium deposition process and the reaction of the lithium anode with the organic solvent of the electrolyte, quantified by the Columbic efficiency (CE). To suppress the lithium dendrite formation and to improve CE, many approaches such as the formation of a protective layer on the lithium electrode and the use of additives to the electrolyte have been proposed. In this study, the effect of a thin cellulose film to improve CE of lithium deposition and stripping on the lithium electrode was examined. The cycle performance of a Li/Li symmetrical cell with a cellulose and polyethylene composite separator was examined for a carbonate electrolyte and an ether electrolyte. The improvements of CE were observed for both electrolytes with the cellulose film separator. The improvement could be explained by the good wettability of the cellulose film separator with the electrolyte. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary objective of this research is to evaluate the feasibility of two of the most prevalent agricultural residues in Ecuador, banana peels and pineapple peels, as a carbon source in the culture medium of Komagataeibacter hansenii for the production of bacterial cellulose (BC) and BC-based paper. This analysis includes an assessment of the productivity parameters of the obtained BC and the quality parameters of the BC-based paper, employing multivariate statistical methodologies. The experimental design consisted of fifteen treatments: T1 served as the control using the standard HS medium, while treatments T2–T8 used banana peel extracts (BPE), and treatments T9–T15 used pineapple peel extracts (PPE) at concentrations from 10% to 40% (v/v). Extracts were prepared with tailored pretreatments for each type of peel to optimize bioactive compound recovery. Standardized fermentation and purification conditions were applied, and once the cellulose was obtained, additives and coating agents were incorporated to produce paper samples from each treatment. The results indicated that higher BPE concentrations (T5, T6, T7, and T8) correlated significantly with increased Weight and Yield of BC, as well as improved grammage and water content in the BC-based paper. This highlights that efficient paper production is influenced by the quality of the bacterial cellulose used, with BPE-based media yielding optimal results due to their nutrient composition, which promotes bacterial growth and metabolic activity. This approach suggests a pathway for advancing sustainable and economical paper production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Litter decomposition is a highly complex physical and biochemical process that plays a crucial role in promoting energy transformation in forest ecosystems. This study examines the impact of different concentrations of nitrogen and compound fertilizers on the quality of litter in a plantation of Populus euramericana 'N3016' × Populus ussuriensis. The major components and elemental contents of litter from different decomposition layers (the undecomposed layer and semidecomposed layer) were analyzed across various months. Overall, the application of nitrogen fertilizer or compound fertilizer did not significantly alter the cellulose, lignin, or potassium (K) contents of the litter in the different decomposition layers. Nitrogen fertilizer increased the average content of undecomposed layer (U-layer) nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) by 0.220% and 0.009%, respectively. Compound fertilizer increased the average content of U-layer nitrogen (N) by 0.055%. These findings suggest that while fertilization can increase the initial N and P contents in litter to some extent, it has a minimal overall impact on litter quality. Future research should be focused on the effects of climatic conditions, soil properties, soil fauna, and microbial activity on litter decomposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With global warming, understanding the effect of elevated temperature on the decomposition of Chinese fir needle litter has significant implications for nutrient cycling, yield, and management of economically important Chinese fir plantations. We conducted simulated warming decomposition experiments in incubators at 25 °C, 30 °C, and 35 °C on Chinese fir needle litter from middle-aged, mature, and overmature stands. Changes in litter mass and concentrations of some metallic elements and recalcitrant components were measured in litter sampled at different decomposition time-steps up to 264 days (d). Warming to 35 °C significantly increased the mass loss rate of needle litter from overmature stands throughout the experiment (except at 72 d). The effect of warming on litter mass loss rate for middle-aged and mature stands was lower and is attributed to higher litter quality in these stands. Compared to 25 °C, warming to 30 °C and 35 °C increased the needle litter decomposition rate across all developmental stages by 17.3% and 48.3%, respectively. Potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) were mostly released during needle litter decomposition in all Chinese fir developmental stages. Lignin, condensed tannins, total phenols, and cellulose were enriched in needle litter, while the release of hemicellulose from near the start of the decomposition experiment was attributed to its lower molecular weight compared with other carbohydrates in litter. Compared with 25 °C, warming to 35 °C increased the release rates from litter of K, Ca, and Mg by 14.7%, 24.6%, and 21.5%, and the release rates of lignin, total phenols, cellulose, and hemicellulose by 7.5%, 8.8%, 10.4%, and 13.7%. Needle litter iron (Fe), aluminum (Al), and sodium (Na) in different development stages and manganese (Mn) in the overmature stands were mostly enriched during the experiment. Warming significantly promoted the enrichment of Fe, Al (except for mature stands), and Na, and reduced the enrichment of Mn. In summary, the sensitivity of needle litter to temperature in overmature stands is higher than that in middle-aged and mature stands, suggesting that forest managers can extend the rotation length of Chinese fir plantations to increase the yield of large-diameter timber, litter decomposition, and ecosystem nutrient return. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ruminiclostridium papyrosolvens is an anaerobic, mesophilic, and cellulolytic clostridia, promising consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) candidate for producing renewable green chemicals from cellulose, but its genetic transformation has been severely impeded by extracellular biofilm. Here, we analyzed the effects of five different inhibitors with gradient concentrations on R. papyrosolvens growth and biofilm formation. Gallic acid was proved to be a potent inhibitor of biofilm synthesis of R. papyrosolvens. Furthermore, the transformation efficiency of R. papyrosolvens was significantly increased when the cells were treated by the gallic acid, and the mutant strain was successfully obtained by the improved transformation method. Thus, inhibition of biofilm formation of R. papyrosolvens by using gallic acid will contribute to its genetic transformation and efficient metabolic engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The scientific community has become interested in cellulose extraction from agro-industrial wastes because they contain large quantities of cellulose and are being researched globally due to their application. Cellulose extracted from these wastes offers varying characteristics and structures depending on the specific source. In this study, microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) was extracted from different parts of the durian husk through acid hydrolysis with various concentrations of oxalic acid and cellulose-to-acid ratios. The durian husk underwent a pretreatment method involving bleaching and alkaline treatment. The characteristics of MCC, such as functional group, morphology, and crystallinity, were studied. The findings indicated that lignin was successfully removed through pretreatment. However, traces of hemicellulose were still detected in a few samples. The extracted MCCs demonstrated a diameter range from 6.237 to 25.38 μm and crystallinity within the range of 71.43–78.30%. Polycaprolactone (PCL)-based biocomposites with different MCC weights (0.2, 0.5, and 1.0 wt%) were fabricated, and the performance was evaluated through tensile testing and biodegradability tests. The addition of 1.0 wt% MCC enhanced the tensile strength by 22%. SEM analysis revealed the cross-section fracture surface of the biocomposite, indicating the contribution of the MCC during pull-out. Meanwhile, the biodegradability of the biocomposite increased with the addition of MCC, indicating that the MCC-based biocomposite was fully biodegradable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ten Argentinean Waitea circinata-like isolates (Corticiales, Basidiomycota) obtained from soil samples were identified to species level based on morphological features and molecular tools, and tested in order to explore their biological control abilities. Eight of them were identified as Waitea arvalis and two as W. circinata. Waitea arvalis isolates were tested as antagonists, and W. circinata isolates were used as pathogens. Most isolates performed well in in vitro antagonistic assays, inhibiting by 54–59% the growth of seven plant pathogens: Bipolaris sorokiniana, Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium oxysporum, Pythium irregulare, two different isolates of W. circinata and Sclerotium rolfsii. The most inhibited pathogen was P. irregulare (72.6%), followed by S. rolfsii (66.7%) and W. circinata (~ 65%). There was no evidence of mycoparasitism. Their capacity for chitinase, cellulase, protease and ligninase (laccase, Mn-peroxidase and lignin-peroxidase) secretion was evaluated. Most of the isolates tested positive for chitinase activity. All the evaluated W. arvalis isolates produced cellulase, protease and laccase activities, and some of them also rendered positive results for Mn-peroxidase and decolorized the dye Azure B. Isolates INTA-L003 and INTA-L005 displayed top results for cellulase activity (both in carboxymethylcellulose plate assay and in filter paper tube assay). These activities might be responsible for their better antagonistic behavior on Pythium sp. Thus, these isolates are promising as biocontrol agents and as sources of new enzymes for industrial applications. Moreover, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first citation of W. arvalis in Argentina. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ionic conductive hydrogels (ICHs) prepared from natural bioresources are promising candidates for constructing flexible electronics for both commercialization and environmental sustainability due to their intrinsic characteristics. However, simultaneous realization of high stiffness, toughness, conductivity, and multifunctionality while ensuring processing simplicity is extremely challenging. Here, a poly(ionic liquid) (PIL)‐macromolecule functionalization strategy within a NaOH/urea system is proposed to construct high‐performance and versatile polysaccharide‐based ICHs (e.g., cellulosic ICHs). In this strategy, the elaborately designed "soft" (PIL chains) and "hard" (cellulose backbone) structures as well as the dynamic covalent and noncovalent bonds of the cross‐linked networks endow the hydrogel with high mechanical strength (9.46 ± 0.23 MPa compressive modulus), exceptional stretchability (214.3%), and toughness (3.64 ± 0.12 MJ m−3). Ingeniously, due to the inherent conductivity, design flexibility, and functional compatibility of the PILs, the hydrogels exhibit high conductivity (6.54 ± 0.17 mS cm−1), self‐healing ability (94.5% ± 2.0% efficiency), antibacterial properties, freezing resistance, water retention, and recyclability. Interestingly, this strategy is extended to fabricate diverse hydrogels from various polysaccharides, including agar, alginate, hyaluronic acid, and guar gum. In addition, multimodal sensing (strain, temperature, and humidity) is realized based on the stimulus‐responsive characteristics of the hydrogels. This strategy opens new perspectives for the design of biomass‐based hydrogels and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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