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401. Partitioning Heritability of Regulatory and Cell-Type-Specific Variants across 11 Common Diseases

Author

Gusev, Alexander, primary, Lee, S. Hong, additional, Trynka, Gosia, additional, Finucane, Hilary, additional, Vilhjálmsson, Bjarni J., additional, Xu, Han, additional, Zang, Chongzhi, additional, Ripke, Stephan, additional, Bulik-Sullivan, Brendan, additional, Stahl, Eli, additional, Kähler, Anna K., additional, Hultman, Christina M., additional, Purcell, Shaun M., additional, McCarroll, Steven A., additional, Daly, Mark, additional, Pasaniuc, Bogdan, additional, Sullivan, Patrick F., additional, Neale, Benjamin M., additional, Wray, Naomi R., additional, Raychaudhuri, Soumya, additional, Price, Alkes L., additional, Neale, Benjamin M., additional, Corvin, Aiden, additional, Walters, James T.R., additional, Farh, Kai-How, additional, Holmans, Peter A., additional, Lee, Phil, additional, Collier, David A., additional, Huang, Hailiang, additional, Pers, Tune H., additional, Agartz, Ingrid, additional, Agerbo, Esben, additional, Albus, Margot, additional, Alexander, Madeline, additional, Amin, Farooq, additional, Bacanu, Silviu A., additional, Begemann, Martin, additional, Belliveau, Richard A., additional, Bene, Judit, additional, Bergen, Sarah E., additional, Bevilacqua, Elizabeth, additional, Bigdeli, Tim B., additional, Black, Donald W., additional, Børglum, Anders D., additional, Bruggeman, Richard, additional, Buccola, Nancy G., additional, Buckner, Randy L., additional, Byerley, William, additional, Cahn, Wiepke, additional, Cai, Guiqing, additional, Campion, Dominique, additional, Cantor, Rita M., additional, Carr, Vaughan J., additional, Carrera, Noa, additional, Catts, Stanley V., additional, Chambert, Kimberly D., additional, Chan, Raymond C.K., additional, Chen, Ronald Y.L., additional, Chen, Eric Y.H., additional, Cheng, Wei, additional, Cheung, Eric F.C., additional, Chong, Siow Ann, additional, Cloninger, C. Robert, additional, Cohen, David, additional, Cohen, Nadine, additional, Cormican, Paul, additional, Craddock, Nick, additional, Crowley, James J., additional, Curtis, David, additional, Davidson, Michael, additional, Davis, Kenneth L., additional, Degenhardt, Franziska, additional, Del Favero, Jurgen, additional, DeLisi, Lynn E., additional, Demontis, Ditte, additional, Dikeos, Dimitris, additional, Dinan, Timothy, additional, Djurovic, Srdjan, additional, Donohoe, Gary, additional, Drapeau, Elodie, additional, Duan, Jubao, additional, Dudbridge, Frank, additional, Durmishi, Naser, additional, Eichhammer, Peter, additional, Eriksson, Johan, additional, Escott-Price, Valentina, additional, Essioux, Laurent, additional, Fanous, Ayman H., additional, Farrell, Martilias S., additional, Frank, Josef, additional, Franke, Lude, additional, Freedman, Robert, additional, Freimer, Nelson B., additional, Friedl, Marion, additional, Friedman, Joseph I., additional, Fromer, Menachem, additional, Genovese, Giulio, additional, Georgieva, Lyudmila, additional, Gershon, Elliot S., additional, Giegling, Ina, additional, Giusti-Rodrguez, Paola, additional, Godard, Stephanie, additional, Goldstein, Jacqueline I., additional, Golimbet, Vera, additional, Gopal, Srihari, additional, Gratten, Jacob, additional, Grove, Jakob, additional, de Haan, Lieuwe, additional, Hammer, Christian, additional, Hamshere, Marian L., additional, Hansen, Mark, additional, Hansen, Thomas, additional, Haroutunian, Vahram, additional, Hartmann, Annette M., additional, Henskens, Frans A., additional, Herms, Stefan, additional, Hirschhorn, Joel N., additional, Hoffmann, Per, additional, Hofman, Andrea, additional, Hollegaard, Mads V., additional, Hougaard, David M., additional, Ikeda, Masashi, additional, Joa, Inge, additional, Julià, Antonio, additional, Kahn, René S., additional, Kalaydjieva, Luba, additional, Karachanak-Yankova, Sena, additional, Karjalainen, Juha, additional, Kavanagh, David, additional, Keller, Matthew C., additional, Kelly, Brian J., additional, Kennedy, James L., additional, Khrunin, Andrey, additional, Kim, Yunjung, additional, Klovins, Janis, additional, Knowles, James A., additional, Konte, Bettina, additional, Kucinskas, Vaidutis, additional, Kucinskiene, Zita Ausrele, additional, Kuzelova-Ptackova, Hana, additional, Kähler, Anna K., additional, Laurent, Claudine, additional, Keong, Jimmy Lee Chee, additional, Legge, Sophie E., additional, Lerer, Bernard, additional, Li, Miaoxin, additional, Li, Tao, additional, Liang, Kung-Yee, additional, Lieberman, Jeffrey, additional, Limborska, Svetlana, additional, Loughland, Carmel M., additional, Lubinski, Jan, additional, Lnnqvist, Jouko, additional, Macek, Milan, additional, Magnusson, Patrik K.E., additional, Maher, Brion S., additional, Maier, Wolfgang, additional, Mallet, Jacques, additional, Marsal, Sara, additional, Mattheisen, Manuel, additional, Mattingsdal, Morten, additional, McCarley, Robert W., additional, McDonald, Colm, additional, McIntosh, Andrew M., additional, Meier, Sandra, additional, Meijer, Carin J., additional, Melegh, Bela, additional, Melle, Ingrid, additional, Mesholam-Gately, Raquelle I., additional, Metspalu, Andres, additional, Michie, Patricia T., additional, Milani, Lili, additional, Milanova, Vihra, additional, Mokrab, Younes, additional, Morris, Derek W., additional, Mors, Ole, additional, Mortensen, Preben B., additional, Murphy, Kieran C., additional, Murray, Robin M., additional, Myin-Germeys, Inez, additional, Mller-Myhsok, Bertram, additional, Nelis, Mari, additional, Nenadic, Igor, additional, Nertney, Deborah A., additional, Nestadt, Gerald, additional, Nicodemus, Kristin K., additional, Nikitina-Zake, Liene, additional, Nisenbaum, Laura, additional, Nordin, Annelie, additional, O’Callaghan, Eadbhard, additional, O’Dushlaine, Colm, additional, O’Neill, F. Anthony, additional, Oh, Sang-Yun, additional, Olincy, Ann, additional, Olsen, Line, additional, Van Os, Jim, additional, Pantelis, Christos, additional, Papadimitriou, George N., additional, Papiol, Sergi, additional, Parkhomenko, Elena, additional, Pato, Michele T., additional, Paunio, Tiina, additional, Pejovic-Milovancevic, Milica, additional, Perkins, Diana O., additional, Pietilinen, Olli, additional, Pimm, Jonathan, additional, Pocklington, Andrew J., additional, Powell, John, additional, Price, Alkes, additional, Pulver, Ann E., additional, Purcell, Shaun M., additional, Quested, Digby, additional, Rasmussen, Henrik B., additional, Reichenberg, Abraham, additional, Reimers, Mark A., additional, Richards, Alexander L., additional, Roffman, Joshua L., additional, Roussos, Panos, additional, Ruderfer, Douglas M., additional, Salomaa, Veikko, additional, Sanders, Alan R., additional, Schall, Ulrich, additional, Schubert, Christian R., additional, Schulze, Thomas G., additional, Schwab, Sibylle G., additional, Scolnick, Edward M., additional, Scott, Rodney J., additional, Seidman, Larry J., additional, Shi, Jianxin, additional, Sigurdsson, Engilbert, additional, Silagadze, Teimuraz, additional, Silverman, Jeremy M., additional, Sim, Kang, additional, Slominsky, Petr, additional, Smoller, Jordan W., additional, So, Hon-Cheong, additional, Spencer, Chris C.A., additional, Stahl, Eli A., additional, Stefansson, Hreinn, additional, Steinberg, Stacy, additional, Stogmann, Elisabeth, additional, Straub, Richard E., additional, Strengman, Eric, additional, Strohmaier, Jana, additional, Stroup, T. Scott, additional, Subramaniam, Mythily, additional, Suvisaari, Jaana, additional, Svrakic, Dragan M., additional, Szatkiewicz, Jin P., additional, Sderman, Erik, additional, Thirumalai, Srinivas, additional, Toncheva, Draga, additional, Tooney, Paul A., additional, Tosato, Sarah, additional, Veijola, Juha, additional, Waddington, John, additional, Walsh, Dermot, additional, Wang, Dai, additional, Wang, Qiang, additional, Webb, Bradley T., additional, Weiser, Mark, additional, Wildenauer, Dieter B., additional, Williams, Nigel M., additional, Williams, Stephanie, additional, Witt, Stephanie H., additional, Wolen, Aaron R., additional, Wong, Emily H.M., additional, Wormley, Brandon K., additional, Wu, Jing Qin, additional, Xi, Hualin Simon, additional, Zai, Clement C., additional, Zheng, Xuebin, additional, Zimprich, Fritz, additional, Wray, Naomi R., additional, Stefansson, Kari, additional, Visscher, Peter M., additional, Adolfsson, Rolf, additional, Andreassen, Ole A., additional, Blackwood, Douglas H.R., additional, Bramon, Elvira, additional, Buxbaum, Joseph D., additional, Brglum, Anders D., additional, Cichon, Sven, additional, Darvasi, Ariel, additional, Domenici, Enrico, additional, Ehrenreich, Hannelore, additional, Esko, Tõnu, additional, Gejman, Pablo V., additional, Gill, Michael, additional, Gurling, Hugh, additional, Hultman, Christina M., additional, Iwata, Nakao, additional, Jablensky, Assen V., additional, Jönsson, Erik G., additional, Kendler, Kenneth S., additional, Kirov, George, additional, Knight, Jo, additional, Lencz, Todd, additional, Levinson, Douglas F., additional, Li, Qingqin S., additional, Liu, Jianjun, additional, Malhotra, Anil K., additional, McCarroll, Steven A., additional, McQuillin, Andrew, additional, Moran, Jennifer L., additional, Mowry, Bryan J., additional, Nthen, Markus M., additional, Ophoff, Roel A., additional, Owen, Michael J., additional, Palotie, Aarno, additional, Pato, Carlos N., additional, Petryshen, Tracey L., additional, Posthuma, Danielle, additional, Rietschel, Marcella, additional, Riley, Brien P., additional, Rujescu, Dan, additional, Sham, Pak C., additional, Sklar, Pamela, additional, St. Clair, David, additional, Weinberger, Daniel R., additional, Wendland, Jens R., additional, Werge, Thomas, additional, Daly, Mark J., additional, Sullivan, Patrick F., additional, O’Donovan, Michael C., additional, Chambert, Kimberly, additional, Moran, Jennifer L., additional, Akterin, Susanne, additional, Bergen, Sarah, additional, Magnusson, Patrik K.E., additional, Ruderfer, Douglas, additional, Scolnick, Edward, additional, Purcell, Shaun, additional, and McCarroll, Steve, additional

Published
2014
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406. Genetic relationship between five psychiatric disorders estimated from genome-wide SNPs.

Author

Absher, Devin, Absher, Devin, Agartz, Ingrid, Akil, Huda, Amin, Farooq, Andreassen, Ole, Anjorin, Adebayo, Anney, Richard, Anttila, Verneri, Arking, Dan, Asherson, Philip, Azevedo, Maria, Backlund, Lena, Badner, Judith, Bailey, Anthony, Banaschewski, Tobias, Barchas, Jack, Barnes, Michael, Barrett, Thomas, Bass, Nicholas, Battaglia, Agatino, Bauer, Michael, Bayés, Mònica, Bellivier, Frank, Bergen, Sarah, Berrettini, Wade, Betancur, Catalina, Bettecken, Thomas, Biederman, Joseph, Binder, Elisabeth, Black, Donald, Blackwood, Douglas, Boehnke, Michael, Boomsma, Dorret, Breen, Gerome, Breuer, René, Bruggeman, Richard, Cormican, Paul, Buccola, Nancy, Buitelaar, Jan, Bunney, William, Buxbaum, Joseph, Byerley, William, Byrne, Enda, Caesar, Sian, Cahn, Wiepke, Cantor, Rita, Casas, Miguel, Chakravarti, Aravinda, Chambert, Kimberly, Choudhury, Khalid, Cichon, Sven, Cloninger, C, Collier, David, Cook, Edwin, Coon, Hilary, Cormand, Bru, Corvin, Aiden, Coryell, William, Craig, David, Craig, Ian, Crosbie, Jennifer, Cuccaro, Michael, Curtis, David, Czamara, Darina, Datta, Susmita, Dawson, Geraldine, Day, Richard, De Geus, Eco, Degenhardt, Franziska, Djurovic, Srdjan, Donohoe, Gary, Doyle, Alysa, Duan, Jubao, Dudbridge, Frank, Duketis, Eftichia, Ebstein, Richard, Edenberg, Howard, Elia, Josephine, Ennis, Sean, Etain, Bruno, Fanous, Ayman, Farmer, Anne, Ferrier, I, Flickinger, Matthew, Fombonne, Eric, Foroud, Tatiana, Frank, Josef, Franke, Barbara, Fraser, Christine, Freedman, Robert, Giegling, Ina, Gill, Michael, Gordon, Scott, Gordon-Smith, Katherine, Green, Elaine, Greenwood, Tiffany, Grice, Dorothy, Gross, Magdalena, Grozeva, Detelina, Guan, Weihua, Absher, Devin, Absher, Devin, Agartz, Ingrid, Akil, Huda, Amin, Farooq, Andreassen, Ole, Anjorin, Adebayo, Anney, Richard, Anttila, Verneri, Arking, Dan, Asherson, Philip, Azevedo, Maria, Backlund, Lena, Badner, Judith, Bailey, Anthony, Banaschewski, Tobias, Barchas, Jack, Barnes, Michael, Barrett, Thomas, Bass, Nicholas, Battaglia, Agatino, Bauer, Michael, Bayés, Mònica, Bellivier, Frank, Bergen, Sarah, Berrettini, Wade, Betancur, Catalina, Bettecken, Thomas, Biederman, Joseph, Binder, Elisabeth, Black, Donald, Blackwood, Douglas, Boehnke, Michael, Boomsma, Dorret, Breen, Gerome, Breuer, René, Bruggeman, Richard, Cormican, Paul, Buccola, Nancy, Buitelaar, Jan, Bunney, William, Buxbaum, Joseph, Byerley, William, Byrne, Enda, Caesar, Sian, Cahn, Wiepke, Cantor, Rita, Casas, Miguel, Chakravarti, Aravinda, Chambert, Kimberly, Choudhury, Khalid, Cichon, Sven, Cloninger, C, Collier, David, Cook, Edwin, Coon, Hilary, Cormand, Bru, Corvin, Aiden, Coryell, William, Craig, David, Craig, Ian, Crosbie, Jennifer, Cuccaro, Michael, Curtis, David, Czamara, Darina, Datta, Susmita, Dawson, Geraldine, Day, Richard, De Geus, Eco, Degenhardt, Franziska, Djurovic, Srdjan, Donohoe, Gary, Doyle, Alysa, Duan, Jubao, Dudbridge, Frank, Duketis, Eftichia, Ebstein, Richard, Edenberg, Howard, Elia, Josephine, Ennis, Sean, Etain, Bruno, Fanous, Ayman, Farmer, Anne, Ferrier, I, Flickinger, Matthew, Fombonne, Eric, Foroud, Tatiana, Frank, Josef, Franke, Barbara, Fraser, Christine, Freedman, Robert, Giegling, Ina, Gill, Michael, Gordon, Scott, Gordon-Smith, Katherine, Green, Elaine, Greenwood, Tiffany, Grice, Dorothy, Gross, Magdalena, Grozeva, Detelina, and Guan, Weihua

Abstract

Most psychiatric disorders are moderately to highly heritable. The degree to which genetic variation is unique to individual disorders or shared across disorders is unclear. To examine shared genetic etiology, we use genome-wide genotype data from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC) for cases and controls in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We apply univariate and bivariate methods for the estimation of genetic variation within and covariation between disorders. SNPs explained 17-29% of the variance in liability. The genetic correlation calculated using common SNPs was high between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder (0.68 ± 0.04 s.e.), moderate between schizophrenia and major depressive disorder (0.43 ± 0.06 s.e.), bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder (0.47 ± 0.06 s.e.), and ADHD and major depressive disorder (0.32 ± 0.07 s.e.), low between schizophrenia and ASD (0.16 ± 0.06 s.e.) and non-significant for other pairs of disorders as well as between psychiatric disorders and the negative control of Crohns disease. This empirical evidence of shared genetic etiology for psychiatric disorders can inform nosology and encourages the investigation of common pathophysiologies for related disorders.

Published
2013

409. Genome-wide association study of clinical dimensions of schizophrenia:polygenic effect on disorganized symptoms

Author

Fanous, Ayman H, Zhou, Baiyu, Aggen, Steven H, Bergen, Sarah E, Amdur, Richard L, Duan, Jubao, Sanders, Alan R, Shi, Jianxin, Mowry, Bryan J, Olincy, Ann, Amin, Farooq, Cloninger, C Robert, Silverman, Jeremy M, Buccola, Nancy G, Byerley, William F, Black, Donald W, Freedman, Robert, Dudbridge, Frank, Holmans, Peter A, Ripke, Stephan, Gejman, Pablo V, Kendler, Kenneth S, Levinson, Douglas F, Hansen, Thomas Folkmann, Werge, Thomas Mears, Olsen, Line, Rasmussen, Henrik Berg, Fanous, Ayman H, Zhou, Baiyu, Aggen, Steven H, Bergen, Sarah E, Amdur, Richard L, Duan, Jubao, Sanders, Alan R, Shi, Jianxin, Mowry, Bryan J, Olincy, Ann, Amin, Farooq, Cloninger, C Robert, Silverman, Jeremy M, Buccola, Nancy G, Byerley, William F, Black, Donald W, Freedman, Robert, Dudbridge, Frank, Holmans, Peter A, Ripke, Stephan, Gejman, Pablo V, Kendler, Kenneth S, Levinson, Douglas F, Hansen, Thomas Folkmann, Werge, Thomas Mears, Olsen, Line, and Rasmussen, Henrik Berg

Abstract

Multiple sources of evidence suggest that genetic factors influence variation in clinical features of schizophrenia. The authors present the first genome-wide association study (GWAS) of dimensional symptom scores among individuals with schizophrenia.

Published
2012

411. Chronic widespread pain and psychiatric disorders in veterans of the first Gulf War.

Author

Kuzma, John, Black, Donald, Kuzma, John M, and Black, Donald W

Subjects
MENTAL illness treatment, PAIN management, CHRONIC diseases, MENTAL illness, OCCUPATIONAL diseases, PAIN, PSYCHOLOGY of veterans, WAR, DISEASE complications, THERAPEUTICS
Abstract

More than 10% of the 700,000 American troops who served during the first Gulf War (GW) are receiving treatment for a constellation of diffuse and frequently poorly defined medical and psychiatric symptoms that have been designated the GW syndrome by both clinicians and the popular media. The current clinical consensus is that the symptoms reported in GW veterans are the sequela of combat and other stressful events that have been identified in the veterans of other wars and armed conflicts. Chronic diffuse pain is one constellation of symptoms commonly reported in GW veterans. Research has confirmed a close bimodal relationship between chronic pain and psychiatric symptoms. Investigators are now exploring the efficacy of treatment approaches that address the close relationship between chronic pain and mental illness in this challenging patient population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2006
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419. Do people with borderline personality disorder complicated by antisocial personality disorder benefit from the STEPPS treatment program?

Author

Black, Donald W., Simsek‐Duran, Fatma, Blum, Nancee, McCormick, Brett, and Allen, Jeff

Subjects
ACADEMIC medical centers, ANTISOCIAL personality disorders, BORDERLINE personality disorder, CRIMINALS, MENTAL health services, MEDICAL care of prisoners, PROBLEM solving, COMORBIDITY, RANDOMIZED controlled trials
Abstract

Systems Training for Emotional Predictability and Problem Solving (STEPPS) is a group treatment for persons with borderline personality disorder (BPD). We describe results from two data sets on outcome in persons who participated in STEPPS with BPD alone or BPD plus antisocial personality disorder (ASPD). In Study 1, we examined the effect of comorbid ASPD on outcome in 65 persons with BPD who participated in a randomized controlled trial at an academic medical centre. In Study 2, we examined the effect of comorbid ASPD on outcome in 64 offenders with BPD who participated in STEPPS in correctional settings. All subjects were assessed for the presence of BPD and ASPD. In Study 1, subjects with ASPD experienced greater improvement in BPD symptoms, impulsiveness and global symptoms. In Study 2, offenders with ASPD experienced greater improvement in positive and negative behaviours and positive affectivity. We conclude that persons with BPD plus ASPD benefit from STEPPS in community and correctional settings. The findings suggest that persons with BPD plus ASPD show greater improvement in some domains than persons with BPD only. People with ASPD should not be automatically excluded from participation in the program. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2016
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430. Copy Number Variants in Schizophrenia: Confirmation of Five Previous Findings and New Evidence for 3q29 Microdeletions and VIPR2 Duplications

Author

Levinson, Douglas F., primary, Duan, Jubao, additional, Oh, Sang, additional, Wang, Kai, additional, Sanders, Alan R., additional, Shi, Jianxin, additional, Zhang, Nancy, additional, Mowry, Bryan J., additional, Olincy, Ann, additional, Amin, Farooq, additional, Cloninger, C. Robert, additional, Silverman, Jeremy M., additional, Buccola, Nancy G., additional, Byerley, William F., additional, Black, Donald W., additional, Kendler, Kenneth S., additional, Freedman, Robert, additional, Dudbridge, Frank, additional, Pe'er, Itsik, additional, Hakonarson, Hakon, additional, Bergen, Sarah E., additional, Fanous, Ayman H., additional, Holmans, Peter A., additional, and Gejman, Pablo V., additional

Published
2011
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440. Common variants on chromosome 6p22.1 are associated with schizophrenia

Author

Shi, Jianxin, primary, Levinson, Douglas F., additional, Duan, Jubao, additional, Sanders, Alan R., additional, Zheng, Yonglan, additional, Pe’er, Itsik, additional, Dudbridge, Frank, additional, Holmans, Peter A., additional, Whittemore, Alice S., additional, Mowry, Bryan J., additional, Olincy, Ann, additional, Amin, Farooq, additional, Cloninger, C. Robert, additional, Silverman, Jeremy M., additional, Buccola, Nancy G., additional, Byerley, William F., additional, Black, Donald W., additional, Crowe, Raymond R., additional, Oksenberg, Jorge R., additional, Mirel, Daniel B., additional, Kendler, Kenneth S., additional, Freedman, Robert, additional, and Gejman, Pablo V., additional

Published
2009
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442. The neuropsychology of borderline personality disorder: A preliminary study on the predictive variance of neuropsychological tests vs. personality trait dimensions

Author

Black, Donald W., primary, Forbush, Kelsie T., additional, Langer, Amie, additional, Shaw, Martha, additional, Graeber, Margarita A., additional, Moser, David J., additional, Bayless, John, additional, Watson, David, additional, Hovick, Lauren, additional, Meyer, Vanessa J., additional, and Blum, Nancee, additional

Published
2009
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445. Simple schizophrenia: past, present, and future

Author

Black, Donald W. and Boffeli, Todd J.

Subjects
Personality disorders -- Identification and classification, Schizoaffective disorders -- History, Schizophrenia -- Diagnosis, Health, Psychology and mental health
Abstract

In the recently published revision of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, third edition - a reference book for the classification and diagnosis of psychiatric disorders - the term 'simple schizophrenia' has been omitted as a diagnostic category and it has been replaced by the term 'schizotypal personality'. Although usage of the earlier term has generally been discontinued in the United States, it remains in ICD-9 (International Classification of Diseases, ninth edition), a text which is used internationally. The authors believe the deletion is premature and simple schizophrenia should be reinstated as a diagnostic category in the forthcoming DSM-IV, as the nature of this disorder is not adequately described elsewhere. This condition was originally documented in the late nineteenth century by psychiatrists who classified it as a simple primary dementia syndrome. Subsequent investigators, Otto Diem and Eugen Bleuler, further described the condition and Kraepelin characterized simple schizophrenia, which he initially termed 'dementia praecox', as a specific disease. The scope and definition of this disorder have frequently changed over that last several decades. As a result the term 'schizophrenia' has become quite broad and the term 'simple schizophrenia' has been thought to be somewhat vague. However, further research is recommended before this classification be eliminated. The authors have enclosed an appendix entitled 'Proposed Criteria for Simple Schizophrenia (Simple Deteriorated State)' to assist in clarifying and defining simple schizophrenia. Included in the appendix are the description and duration of symptoms, criteria for the elimination of other possibilities such as organic causes, and the consideration of patient's history.

Published
1989

446. Apple DOS revealed

Author

Black, Donald J.

Subjects
Macros -- Evaluation, Compiling (Electronic computers) -- Equipment and supplies, Computers, Apple DOS (computer program) -- Evaluation
Published
1982

447. Beyond 64K for the Apple

Author

Black, Donald J.

Subjects
computer storage devices -- Innovations, Computers
Published
1982

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