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Objective: To find the anti inflammatory active compounds from methanol extract of Garcinia cowa Methods: To evaluate the inhibitory activity of isolated compounds on nitric oxide (NO) production, culture media was assayed using Griess reaction. An equal volume of Griess reagent (1% sulphanilamide and 0.1% N-(L-naphthyl)-ethylene diamine dihydrochloride, dissolved in 2.5% H3PO4) was mixed with culture supernatant and color development was measured at 550 nm using a micro plate reader. The amount of nitrite in the culture supernatant was calculated from a standard curve (0-100 µM) of sodium nitrite freshly prepared in deionized water. Percentage of the NO inhibition was calculated by using nitrate level of IFN-γ/LPS-induced group as the control. Results: Isolated compounds, tetraprenyltoluquinone, rubraxanthone and α-mangostin from stem bark of Garcinia cowa Roxb were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory activity. Only α-mangostin exhibited strong anti-inflammatory activity with 83.42% inhibition of NO and without inducing severe cytotoxicity at 50 µM. Rubraxanthone showed weak inhibition of NO with 23.86% inhibition of NO while maintained 77.32% of cell viability. TPTQalso showed the strong inhibition of NO with 80.98% inhibition but unfortunately this compound also induced severe cytotoxicity with 39.62% viability. Conclusion: α-Mangostin exhibited strong anti-inflammatory activity without inducing severe cytotoxicity at 50 µM. Rubraxanthone showed weak inhibition of NO while Tetraprenyltoluquinone also showed the strong inhibition of NO however this compound also induced severe cytotoxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Toxicology aims to comprehend and envisage the adverse outcomes of chemicals and xenobiotics on the biological system. Predicting toxicity on the biological system is a complex and immense process. In-vivo , in-vitro , pre-, clinical and –omics level experimental approaches have been utilized to describe the toxicological impact of these chemicals and this has generated a vast wealth of data. Hence, there now exist a need for a system that can interrelate and provide accurate and robust extrapolation of these data across various systems. Therefore, it is essential to re-shift our notion from empirical, animal-based testing to a mechanistic understanding. Systems biology is one such system that can extrapolate and interrelate these vast biological system data. Systems biology is a computational and mathematical modelling approach developed to understand interrelationships between networks of biological systems. The use of systems biology to answer toxicology-related questions is termed as systems toxicology. In this review we will look at the standard and classical toxicology experimentations and how we can use mechanistic data (systems biology) to answer toxicology-related questions using systems toxicology and what are the future opportunities in systems toxicology. The advancement of systems toxicology heralds new dawn of technologies that will aid in our quest to better comprehend and envisage the adverse outcomes of chemicals and xenobiotics on the biological system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pre-treatment with palm oil-derived δ-tocotrienol (δ-T3) decreases the inflammatory response of microglia to a subsequent stimulus. BV2 microglia uptake δ-T3 in a rapid and exponential manner, and subsequently show decreased iNOS expression that is associated with reduced NO production. In primary microglia, δ-T3 significantly reduces IL-1β transcription and production. PGE2 production is also greatly reduced and δ-T3 has selective inhibition for COX-2 transcription, but not COX-1. • Microglia uptake of delta-tocotrienol (δ-T3) begins as early as 5 min after exposure. • A 21% uptake of δ-T3 confers anti-inflammatory effecst on microglia. • δ-T3 reduces microglial production of IL-1β, but not TNF-α or IL-6. • COX-2 and 5-LOX expression decrease following exposure to (δ-T3). Tocopherols long dominated studies on vitamin E, although interest has shifted to tocotrienols. It was previously shown that δ-tocotrienol derived from palm oil reduced nitric oxide released by BV2 microglia as early as 18 h after lipopolysaccharide stimulation. The current study measured δ-tocotrienol uptake by BV2 over a 24 h incubation period and its anti-inflammatory effects on primary microglia. Uptake of 17.5 μg/mL δ-tocotrienol by BV2 microglia began as early as 5 min and rose steeply to 21 ± 3% of the amount administered at 24 h. The amount of δ-tocotrienol retained in the lipopolysaccharide-stimulated microglia at 24 h was 14 ± 2%, with no substantial difference seen in unstimulated microglia. The same δ-tocotrienol regimen reduced nitric oxide levels by 82% at 24 h after lipopolysaccharide stimulation (p < 0.05). This was accompanied by decreased inducible nitric oxide synthase protein expression by 67 ± 5% compared to untreated controls (p < 0.05). In primary microglia, δ-tocotrienol downregulated IL-1β production, but TNF-α and IL-6 were not affected. δ-Tocotrienol also reduced prostaglandin E2 production by ~78%% and decreased transcription of COX-2 and 5-LOX, but not COX-1. This study showed the anti-inflammatory effects of δ-tocotrienol derived from palm oil and opens up interest for tocotrienol supplementation to reduce the effects of inflammatory conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early detection of any disease is always a life-saving methodology for human beings likewise the detection of p24 antigen is always better than the detection of HIV antibodies. In the current era, p24 antigen is added additionally in HIV antibodies detection assays and called HIV fourth-generation immunodiagnostic kit. The different HIV fourth-generation kit having different capacities to pick up the low concentration of analyte as well as represent the detection values in different units. A total of 30 assays were used in this study and it was found that the detection concentration assigned by the manufacturers in the case of imported kits was 0.48 IU/mL to 2 IU/mL. However, the detection range of the indigenous kits was 25 pg/mL to 1000 IU/mL. This study gives an idea/knowledge for the startups concerned with high hope and broad scope for make in India concept in the IVDs market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trigonopleura malayana L. (Euphorbiaceae) resin, locally known as Gambir Sarawak, has been used traditionally to alleviate pain associated with insect bites, muscle ache, toothache and minor injuries. The present study was carried out using various animal models to determine the antinociceptive and antiinflammatory activities of the T. malayana resin aqueous extract. Antinociceptive activity was measured using the abdominal constriction, hot plate and formalin tests, while antiinflammatory activity was measured using the carrageenan-induced paw edema test. The extract, obtained after 24 h of soaking the dried resin in distilled water, was prepared in doses of 0.3, 3 and 10 mg/kg and administered subcutaneously 30 min prior to the assays. The mechanism of action was also determined by prechallenging with naloxone (10 mg/kg), a nonselective opioid antagonist. The extract was found to exhibit significant (P < 0.05) and dose-dependent antinociceptive and antiinflammatory activities; naloxone failed to inhibit the former activity. In conclusion, the aqueous extract of T. malayana resin possesses nonopioid antinociceptive and antiinflammatory activities, thus supporting previous claims regarding its traditional use by the Malays to treat various ailments, particularly those related to pain., (Copyright 2008 Prous Science, S.A.U. or its licensors. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: To determine the involvement of nitric oxide/cyclic guanosine monophosphate (NO/cGMP) pathway in aqueous supernatant of haruan (Channa striatus) fillet (ASH) antinociception using the acetic acid-induced abdominal constriction test., Methods: The ASH was prepared by soaking fresh haruan fillet in chloroform:methanol (CM) (2/1 (v/v)) for 72 h followed by evaporation of the upper layer supernatant to remove any solvent residues. The supernatant was then subjected to a freeze-drying process (48 h) followed by doses preparation., Results: Subcutaneous (SC) administration of ASH alone (0.170, 0.426 and 1.704 mg/kg) exhibited a dose-dependent antinociception. On the other hand, 20 mg/kg (SC) of L-arginine and MB exhibited a significant nociception and antinociception, while D-arginine and L-NAME did not produce any effect at all. Pre-treatment with L-arginine was found to significantly reverse the three respective doses of ASH antinociception; pre-treatment with D-arginine did not produce any significant change in the ASH activity; pre-treatment with L-NAME only significantly increased the 0.170 and 0.426 mg/kg ASH antinociception; and pre-treatment with MB significantly enhanced the respective doses of ASH antinociception, respectively. Furthermore, co-treatment with L-NAME significantly enhanced the L-arginine reversal effect on 0.426 mg/kg ASH antinociception. In addition, MB significantly reversed the L-arginine nociception on 0.426 mg/kg ASH., Conclusions: These finding suggest ASH antinociception involves the nitric oxide (NO)/cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) pathway. The presence of NO was found to reverse ASH antinociceptive activity while blocking of cGMP system enhanced it.