2,382 results on '"ARCTIC char"'
Search Results
402. Food resource partitioning between stream-dwelling Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus (L.), Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. and alpine bullhead Cottus poecilopus Heckel, 1836: an example of water column segregation.
- Author
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Sánchez-Hernández, Javier, Gabler, Heidi-Marie, and Amundsen, Per-Arne
- Subjects
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RESOURCE partitioning (Ecology) , *ARCTIC char , *ATLANTIC salmon , *VERTICAL distribution (Aquatic biology) , *FORAGE fishes , *SYMPATRIC speciation - Abstract
We assessed the food resource partitioning of three fish species (Arctic charr, Atlantic salmon and alpine bullhead) living in sympatry in a subarctic river. Fish were sampled monthly during the ice-free season (May-October), and dietary overlap among the species was calculated according to Schoener's index. In October, the diet overlap among all three species was high (>70%). In contrast, large to modest food resource partitioning occurred among Arctic charr and the other two species from May to September (27-59% overlap), whereas there was a distinct diet overlap between Atlantic salmon and alpine bullhead in May, August and September (>64%), but not in July (53%). Surface prey (terrestrial and emerged aquatic insects), probably caught at the surface, were important for Arctic charr in August and September (24.9 and 46.6%, respectively), whereas the other fish species mainly fed on Apatania stigmatella, Mystrophora intermedia and Ephemerella aurivilli. Alpine bullhead seemed to feed close to the bottom, Atlantic salmon used both the bottom and water of various depths, whereas Arctic charr showed the greatest capacity to forage at the water surface. This vertical segregation may be important for fish assemblages in subarctic rivers, allowing food resource partitioning and coexistence of sympatric species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
403. Evaluation of growth performance and intestinal barrier function in Arctic Charr ( Salvelinus alpinus) fed yeast ( Saccharomyces cerevisiae), fungi ( Rhizopus oryzae) and blue mussel ( Mytilus edulis).
- Author
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Vidakovic, A., Langeland, M., Sundh, H., Sundell, K., Olstorpe, M., Vielma, J., Kiessling, A., and Lundh, T.
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ARCTIC char , *FISH growth , *YEAST as feed , *FISH feeds , *RHIZOPUS oryzae , *PHYSIOLOGY - Abstract
Arctic charr ( Salvelinus alpinus) were fed for 99 days on experimental diets with 40% of fish meal replaced, on a crude protein basis, with intact yeast ( Saccharomyces cerevisiae) ( ISC), extracted yeast ( ESC), Rhizopus oryzae fungus ( RHO) or de-shelled blue mussels ( Mytilus edulis) ( MYE). The fish were evaluated for growth performance, nutrient digestibility and fish intestinal function. Growth performance, retention of crude protein and sum of amino acids were not affected in fish fed diets ISC or MYE compared with those fed the reference ( REF) diet. However, fish fed diet ISC displayed decreased digestibility of crude protein and indispensable amino acids and decreased intestinal barrier function compared with fish fed the REF diet. Fish fed diet ESC exhibited decreased growth performance and protein retention, but had comparable digestibility to fish fed the REF diet. Fish fed diets MYE and RHO showed similar performance in terms of growth, nutrient digestibility and intestinal barrier function. Overall, the results indicated that blue mussel and intact S. cerevisiae yeast are promising protein sources for Arctic charr. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2016
- Full Text
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404. Preventing sexual maturation in Arctic charr by 24 h light overwinter and suppressing somatic growth.
- Author
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Liu, Q. and Duston, J.
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ARCTIC char , *SOMATIC cells , *FISH physiology , *FISH sense organs , *PHOTOPERIODISM , *FISH food , *EFFECT of heat on fishes , *FISHES - Abstract
To address the problem of high maturity at 2 years of age among Salvelinus alpinus (Labrador strain), PIT-tagged yearlings (ca. 110 g) were reared for 18 weeks overwinter (Nov. 16 to Apr. 1) under six treatments (90 fish per treatment) that combined three factors: photoperiod (natural day length, LDN or 24 h light, LL), temperature (10 or 5 °C), and food (fed daily or no food). On April 1 all fish were returned to LDN, 10 °C and fed daily for a further six months. In November, the maturity rate was very high among fish reared the previous winter under LDN and fed daily at both 10 °C (♀ 94%, ♂ 43%) and 5 °C (♀ 87%, ♂ 45%). Replacing LDN with LL overwinter, at 10 °C halved the maturity rate (♀ 49%, ♂ 19%), and at 5 °C eliminated maturity among females, and male maturity was 6%. Food deprivation for 18 weeks posed no health problems, and combined with LL also was highly effective at preventing maturation, both at 10 °C (♀ 0%, ♂ 2%) and 5 °C (♀ 0%, ♂ 7%). Compensatory growth following the suppression of growth overwinter indicates this approach to reducing maturity can be a commercially viable means to produce 1 kg immature product around 2 years old. A new two-step gating mechanism is proposed to explain the photoperiod prevention of maturation, one independent of somatic growth, the other dependent. Statement of relevance This study shows that the combination of LL, reduced temperature and food deprivation can significantly reduce the incidence of maturation and improve the productivity among diploid Arctic charr. This combination approach can potentially be applied to other farmed salmonids and non-salmonids to improve the efficacy of controlling sexual maturation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
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405. Distinguishing Arctic charr with different stress coping styles by visual screening of spottiness - reliability and consistency over time.
- Author
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Brännäs, E., Backström, T., Nilsson, J., Carlberg, H., Stien, L. H., and Magnhagen, C.
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ARCTIC char , *CAROTENOIDS , *SKIN , *BREEDING , *BIOLOGICAL research - Abstract
The salmonid fish Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus shows pronounced individual variation in skin colouration and density of carotenoid-based spots. It has earlier been shown that spot density is a heritable trait, and may be used as an indicator of stress coping style in Arctic charr. Individuals with few spots tend to be more aggressive and less responsive to stress (proactive) than those with many spots (reactive). Here, we evaluate the potential of grading individuals into proactive and reactive individuals by the density of light-coloured spots. This non-invasive method would be useful for selective breeding and to reduce within-treatment variation in biological research. Our aim was to investigate stability of spot density over time and to compare methods to estimate spottiness on Arctic charr, using photographs as well as live fish. The consistency of spot density was significant over a period of 8 months, but with stronger correlations between September and December than between May and September. Also, repeatability of spot number was higher between the two last months than when including May. The spots were more stable on the left than the right side, thus, it is more reliable to estimate spottiness on the left side. There was a significant relationship between the ratio of spotted area (rsa) from automated image analysis and number of spots from visual counts. Both methods fitted well into a visual grading into three categories (few, medium and many spots). In another test, a large number of live fish were visually categorized according to spot density. The previous validation process, in combination with a significant family effect showed that large numbers of fish can be effectively graded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
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406. Seasonal changes in immune parameters of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and brook trout × Arctic charr hybrids (Salvelinus fontinalis × Salvelinus alpinus alpinus).
- Author
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Papežíková, Ivana, Mareš, Jan, Vojtek, Libor, Hyršl, Pavel, Marková, Zdeňka, Šimková, Andrea, Bartoňková, Jana, Navrátil, Stanislav, and Palíková, Miroslava
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NATURAL immunity , *RAINBOW trout , *BROOK trout , *ARCTIC char , *IMMUNE response in fishes , *LEUKOCYTE count - Abstract
Despite the high number of studies concerning seasonality of immune response in fish, information for some fish species is still scarce. Here, we assess seasonal changes in leukocyte counts and several immune parameters in three groups of farmed salmonids, i.e. brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) , brook trout x Arctic charr hybrids (Salvelinus fontinalis x Salvelinus alpinus alpinus) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) reared under the same conditions and fed with the same feed. Fish were sampled in five periods of the year (late April, early July, late August, early November and early February) and leukocyte counts, respiratory burst of blood phagocytes, lysozyme concentration in skin mucus and total complement activity were measured. Generalized linear models using fish body length as a continuous predictor and sampling period and fish species as categorical predictors, were significant for each of the parameters analysed. The highest seasonal variations in measured parameters were found in rainbow trout and lowest in hybrids. Our results confirm that measures of innate and adaptive immunity are strongly affected by season in all three groups of salmonids. The results will contribute to the improved assessment of immunocompetence in farmed fishes, essential for future sustainable development in aquaculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
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407. Short-term stress: effects on cortisol levels and carotenoid spots in Arctic char ( Salvelinus alpinus).
- Author
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Backström, Tobias, Johansson, Kajsa, Brännäs, Eva, Nilsson, Jan, and Magnhagen, Carin
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CAROTENOIDS , *ANIMAL coloration , *HYDROCORTISONE , *BIOLOGICAL pigments , *BIOCHEMISTRY - Abstract
Earlier studies have shown that the carotenoid pigmentation in Arctic char ( Salvelinus alpinus (L., 1758)) is connected to stress responsiveness. These studies also suggested that the pigmentation is dynamic and can change quickly. Therefore, we wanted to investigate the effect of a short-term stressor on the number of carotenoid spots before and after certain time intervals after the stressor. Individuals were exposed to a net-restraint stressor for 1 min and then assigned a recovery time of either 0, 1, 2, 8, or 24 h. Photographs were taken before the stressor and after the recovery time to count carotenoid spots and to look at the relative changes over time. Behaviour during the stressor and cortisol levels after the assigned recovery time were evaluated. We found that the change in spottiness, measured as the ratio of spots after and before the stressor, changed with recovery time on the right side but not on the left side. Furthermore, left-side spots were correlated with struggling activity. Thus, carotenoid pigmentation seems to be lateralized, with more static spots on the left side connected to stress responsiveness, whereas spots on the right side seem to be more dynamic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
408. Making Connections.
- Author
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Poveromo, George
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ATLANTIC cod ,STRIPED bass ,ELECTROLYTIC corrosion ,ARCTIC char ,SALTWATER encroachment - Abstract
Departments: TACTICS + TACKLE Swimming plugs catch a wide variety of inshore and offshore game. "No doubt, you'll get more strikes using a mono or fluorocarbon leader instead of wire for wahoo and other off- shore fish", says Harry Vernon III of Miami's Capt. Harry's Fishing Supply. Strongest Bond The most durable leader over a wide range of trolling speeds, 270-pound cable resists kinking and bite-offs, and excels at quicker wahoo-speed trolling. [Extracted from the article]
- Published
- 2020
409. GETTING HOOKED.
- Author
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HARTMAN, DARRELL
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FISHING ,ARCTIC char ,OUTDOOR recreation ,BROWN trout ,FLY fishing ,GUEST rooms ,HOOKED rugs - Abstract
It's December - prime fly-fishing season in northernmost Chilean Patagonia - and I've been casting streamer flies to the river's spirited wild trout for about six hours. Fly-fishing, which relies on featherweight lures, is to "conventional tackle" - which is easier to learn and allows anglers to skewer worms and other live bait - what ballet is to wrestling. Rich in history, the Beaverkill and Willowemoc rivers are in many ways the birthplace of American fly-fishing, and a picturesque place to wade-fish for big brown trout or silvery wild brookies. INSET: HERE'S THE SCOOP. [Extracted from the article]
- Published
- 2020
410. Functional and regulatory aspects of teleost metallothionein
- Author
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Olsson, P.-E., Gerpe, M., Kling, P., and Klaassen, Curtis D., editor
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- 1999
- Full Text
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411. How A Cooking Show In Canada's Far North Celebrates Inuit Cuisine.
- Author
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Ottenhof, Luke
- Subjects
COOKING ,HUNTING techniques ,ARCTIC char - Abstract
Like the territory itself, food in Nunavut is equally beautiful and bountiful. It's one of the most interesting and sustainable cuisines on the planet, and that's why Malaya Qaunirq Chapman is thrilled to host NunavummiMamarijavut, a cooking show highlighting local Inuit foods and traditions. [Extracted from the article]
- Published
- 2019
412. The Arctic as a food producing region: Consumer perceptions and market segments
- Author
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Jill E. Hobbs, Yang Yang, and David C. Natcher
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Economics and Econometrics ,Global and Planetary Change ,Ecology ,biology ,05 social sciences ,Discrete choice experiment ,biology.organism_classification ,Indigenous ,The arctic ,Geography ,Market segmentation ,Arctic char ,0502 economics and business ,Ethnology ,Animal Science and Zoology ,050202 agricultural economics & policy ,050207 economics ,Agronomy and Crop Science - Abstract
The Canadian Arctic is a unique food producing region. Much of the food produced in the Canadian Arctic has a strong tie with Indigenous cultures and communities, is produced or harvested in a pristine environment, and features species not commonly consumed in other parts of Canada. Building upon previous work and using data from a survey of Canadian consumers featuring a discrete choice experiment positioned around a seafood purchasing decision (Arctic Char), we use a latent class model to examine heterogeneity in consumer responses to Arctic food. We identify three groups (classes) of consumers who differ in the relative importance placed on geographic origin, Indigenous origin, wild harvested (vs. farmed), and certification for sustainability and authenticity. A class membership model explores the sociodemographic and psychographic characteristics differentiating consumers across these three groups, including food neophobia and consumers’ prior perceptions of the Arctic as a food producing region with respect to quality expectations, environmental and social impacts, Indigenous cultural origins, health, moral and price concerns. Our analysis sheds light onto Indigenous cultural origin as a novel type of credence attribute. We discuss implications for the Arctic food sector and for regional certification initiatives. L′Arctique canadien est une region de production alimentaire unique. La plupart des aliments produits dans l′Arctique canadien ont un lien etroit avec les cultures et les communautes autochtones, sont produits ou recoltes dans un environnement vierge et contiennent des especes qui ne sont pas couramment consommees dans d′autres regions du Canada. En nous appuyant sur des travaux anterieurs et en utilisant les donnees d′une enquete aupres des consommateurs canadiens comportant une experience de choix discret positionnee autour d′une decision d′achat de fruits de mer (omble chevalier), nous utilisons un modele de classe latente pour examiner l′heterogeneite des reponses des consommateurs aux aliments de l′Arctique. Nous identifions trois groupes (classes) de consommateurs qui different par l′importance relative accordee a l′origine geographique, l′origine autochtone, l′aspect sauvage (par rapport a l'elevage) et la certification pour la durabilite et l′authenticite. Un modele d′appartenance a une classe explore les caracteristiques sociodemographiques et psychographiques qui differencient les consommateurs de ces trois groupes, y compris la neophobie alimentaire et les perceptions anterieures des consommateurs de l′Arctique en tant que region de production alimentaire en ce qui concerne les attentes de qualite, les impacts environnementaux et sociaux, les origines culturelles autochtones, problemes de sante, de moralite et de prix. Notre analyse met en lumiere l′origine culturelle autochtone en tant que nouveau type d′attribut de credibilite. Nous discutons des implications pour le secteur alimentaire de l′Arctique et pour les initiatives de certification regionales.
- Published
- 2020
413. Longitudinal survey of Flavobacterium species in Icelandic salmonid fish farms
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Thorbjorg Einarsdottir, Daniel Connaghan, Gudbjorg Guttormsdottir, and Sigridur Hjartardottir
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0303 health sciences ,biology ,030306 microbiology ,Fish farming ,Zoology ,Flavobacterium psychrophilum ,Aquatic Science ,biology.organism_classification ,16S ribosomal RNA ,Flavobacterium ,Bacterial cold water disease ,Fish Diseases ,03 medical and health sciences ,Flavobacteriaceae Infections ,Arctic char ,Oncorhynchus mykiss ,RNA, Ribosomal, 16S ,Animals ,Multilocus sequence typing ,Longitudinal Studies ,Salmo ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,030304 developmental biology ,Salvelinus - Abstract
Flavobacterium species cause significant disease in salmonid farming worldwide, typically seen as mortality in sac fry and later as necrosis and ulceration in fingerlings and fry. In this study, we sampled Atlantic salmon Salmo salar and Arctic char Salvelinus alpinus from 5 Icelandic fish farms in 2014 and 2017, where flavobacteria were suspected to cause disease. The objective of the study was to identify and characterise the bacteria by sequencing the 16S rRNA gene and multilocus sequence type housekeeping genes. We found 5 distinct groups of flavobacteria: 3 that were homogeneous and appeared to persist in the fish farms between 2014 and 2017 and 2 that were heterogeneous and transient. Flavobacterium psychrophilum could be isolated from diseased Arctic char from all 5 fish farms in both 2014 and 2017. However, while the other 4 Flavobacterium sp. groups were isolated from Atlantic salmon, water and roe, F. psychrophilum could not be isolated from these samples. This indicates that flavobacteria other than F. psychrophilum may be the primary cause of fin and tail rot in Icelandic Atlantic salmon fry.
- Published
- 2020
414. Atlantic salmon in the Canadian Arctic: potential dispersal, establishment, and interaction with Arctic char
- Author
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Miranda Bilous and Karen Dunmall
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Sympatry ,biology ,Habitat ,Arctic ,Arctic char ,Ecology ,Subsistence agriculture ,Biological dispersal ,Aquatic Science ,Salmo ,biology.organism_classification ,Salvelinus - Abstract
As the Arctic rapidly warms, sub-Arctic species such as the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) are expected to shift their distributions into the Arctic, potentially facilitating interaction with native Arctic species. Here, the possible dispersal and establishment of Atlantic salmon are considered in Canadian Arctic fresh waters containing Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus), an important subsistence fish species. Available information about Atlantic salmon harvests in the Canadian Arctic was summarized to assess dispersal potential. Review and synthesis of published data were used to assess the suitability of the Canadian Arctic for Atlantic salmon colonization and the interaction potential of Atlantic salmon and Arctic char in Canadian Arctic fresh waters. Establishment of Atlantic salmon in Canadian Arctic thermal habitat was deemed possible, especially with rising freshwater temperatures. Overlap in habitat preferences and life cycles of Atlantic salmon and Arctic char, along with data on resource partitioning in sympatry, implied a possibility for interaction at multiple freshwater life stages. However, many data gaps were identified that inhibit further discussion and analysis. These considerations highlight the need for further study of these two culturally, ecologically, and economically important fish species, to address growing concerns and inform future management efforts.
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- 2020
415. Seasonal habitat drives intestinal microbiome composition in anadromous Arctic char ( Salvelinus alpinus )
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Charles W. Greer, Katja Engel, Virginia K. Walker, Geraint Element, John M. Casselman, Peter J. Van Coeverden de Groot, and Josh D. Neufeld
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Canada ,Trout ,Zoology ,Fresh Water ,Microbiology ,03 medical and health sciences ,Arctic char ,RNA, Ribosomal, 16S ,Animals ,Ecosystem ,14. Life underwater ,Psychrophile ,Research Articles ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,030304 developmental biology ,Salvelinus ,0303 health sciences ,Fish migration ,Brackish water ,biology ,Arctic Regions ,Photobacterium ,030306 microbiology ,High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ,biology.organism_classification ,Gastrointestinal Microbiome ,Habitat ,Arctic ,Seasons ,Research Article - Abstract
Summary Intestinal microbial communities from 362 anadromous Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) from the high Arctic Kitikmeot region, Nunavut, Canada, were characterized using high‐throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The resulting bacterial communities were compared across four seasonal habitats that correspond to different stages of annual migration. Arctic char intestinal communities differed by sampling site, salinity and stages of freshwater residence. Although microbiota from fish sampled in brackish water were broadly consistent with taxa seen in other anadromous salmonids, they were enriched with putative psychrophiles, including the nonluminous gut symbiont Photobacterium iliopiscarium that was detected in >90% of intestinal samples from these waters. Microbiota from freshwater‐associated fish were less consistent with results reported for other salmonids, and highly variable, possibly reflecting winter fasting behaviour of these char. We identified microbiota links to age for those fish sampled during the autumn upriver migration, but little impact of the intestinal content and water microbiota on the intestinal community. The strongest driver of intestinal community composition was seasonal habitat, and this finding combined with identification of psychrophiles suggested that water temperature and migratory behaviour are key to understanding the relationship between Arctic char and their symbionts.
- Published
- 2020
416. Vertebral deformities in interspecific diploid and triploid salmonid hybrids
- Author
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Tom Johnny Hansen, Thomas W.K. Fraser, Per Gunnar Fjelldal, and Florian Sambraus
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,Zoology ,Fresh Water ,Aquatic Science ,010603 evolutionary biology ,01 natural sciences ,Brown trout ,Arctic char ,Animals ,Salmo ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Hybrid ,Salvelinus ,Bone Diseases, Developmental ,biology ,010604 marine biology & hydrobiology ,fungi ,Interspecific competition ,biology.organism_classification ,Diploidy ,Triploidy ,Sperm ,Spine ,Hybridization, Genetic ,Ploidy ,Salmonidae - Abstract
Vertebral deformities in salmonid interspecific hybrids, some of which were triploidised, were assessed across three separate year classes during the freshwater life stage. Initially, eggs from a farmed Atlantic salmon Salmo salar were crossed with the sperm from a S. salar, arctic char Salvelinus alpinus or brown trout Salmo trutta. For S. salar × S. trutta, half the eggs were triploidised. In a second- and third-year class, the eggs from a farmed S. salar were crossed with the sperm from either a S. salar or a S. trutta, and half of each group was triploidised. In the two initial-year classes, all hybrids were larger than the S. salar controls, and triploid S. salar × S. trutta were larger than diploid counterparts. In the third-year class, the S. salar × S. trutta were smaller than the S. salar, in contrast to the initial 2 year classes, although the triploid hybrids were still larger than the diploids. In the third-year class, a high degree of spontaneous triploidy was also observed in the putative diploid groups (between 16 and 39%). Vertebral deformities were consistently higher in pressure-shocked triploids than diploids, irrespective of hybridisation, but there was no consistent effect of hybridisation among experiments. Although this study was not able to explain the contrasting results for vertebral deformities between year classes, triploid S. salar × S. trutta can demonstrate impressive freshwater growth that could be of interest for future farming programmes.
- Published
- 2020
417. Environmental DNA detection of Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) in Irish lakes: Development and application of a species‐specific molecular assay
- Author
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Simona Boschetti, Conor Graham, Aaron Hickey, Luca Mirimin, Dylan Barrett, Fergus DeFaoite, and Shraveena Venkatesh
- Subjects
lcsh:GE1-350 ,Salvelinus alpinus ,Ecology ,nonlethal sampling ,Biology ,biology.organism_classification ,environmental DNA ,mesocosm ,language.human_language ,lcsh:Microbial ecology ,Mesocosm ,Irish ,Arctic char ,Genetics ,language ,lcsh:QR100-130 ,Environmental DNA ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Salmonidae ,lcsh:Environmental sciences ,Salvelinus - Abstract
Populations of Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) inhabiting Irish lakes are undergoing a rapid decline. In order to aid monitoring of this species in Irish lakes, a species‐specific qPCR assay was designed and subsequently tested for the detection of Arctic char's environmental DNA (eDNA) in an indoor mesocosm and in natural habitats (six lakes). Specifically, the mesocosm experiment revealed that sample volume can have significant effects on the application of eDNA approaches, whereby probability of detection depends from proximity to the source organism and volume of water filtered. When tested in the wild, positive amplification of Arctic char eDNA was observed in four of the six lakes sampled, proving that this approach can be successfully implemented in natural conditions. However, findings from the present study also showed that suboptimal sampling strategies can lead to false‐negative results (e.g., failure to detect the species when it is present). This study corroborates findings from other research on eDNA detection of fish species, showing that despite its current limitations, this approach can be a fast, noninvasive, and effective tool in aid to the conservation and management of freshwater fish species.
- Published
- 2020
418. A Prototype System for Real-Time Monitoring of Arctic Char in Indoor Aquaculture Operations: Possibilities & Challenges
- Author
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Robert D. McLeod, Bruce Hardy, Marcia R. Friesen, and Ramin Soltanzadeh
- Subjects
0303 health sciences ,General Computer Science ,biology ,Computer science ,business.industry ,Real-time computing ,General Engineering ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,Fish health ,biology.organism_classification ,03 medical and health sciences ,Aquaculture ,Quantitative analysis (finance) ,Arctic char ,040102 fisheries ,0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries ,%22">Fish ,General Materials Science ,14. Life underwater ,business ,030304 developmental biology - Abstract
In this exploratory study, we studied and qualitatively evaluated a prototype video data collection system to capture and analyze fish behavior in a small-scale indoor aquaculture operation. The research objective was to design and develop a hardware / software system that would have the potential to capture meaningful data from which to extract fish size, swim trajectory, and swim velocity, ultimately as information toward an assessment of fish health. The initial work presented in this paper discusses the development choices of the prototype system, including various combinations of lighting and camera positions both inside and outside of the aquaculture tanks, and several post-processing techniques to isolate fish in video, calibrate the distance from camera to fish through water, and infer fish trajectories and swim velocities. Preliminary results provided a qualitative assessment of such a system. Specific results on the system’s ability to detect fishes’ positions, trajectories, and velocities are presently limited to observational outcomes and descriptive statistics rather than large-scale quantitative analysis. The present work lays a foundation for a future commercially hardened system that would be required for the collection of larger datasets, which would in turn facilitate the future development of machine learning (ML) algorithms to begin to statistically correlate data to fish conditions and behaviors in near-real time.
- Published
- 2020
419. A Prototype System for Real-Time Monitoring of Arctic Char in Indoor Aquaculture Operations: Possibilities & Challenges
- Author
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Ramin Soltanzadeh, Bruce Hardy, Robert D. Mcleod, and Marcia R. Friesen
- Subjects
arctic char ,fish monitoring ,video monitoring ,Aquaculture ,lcsh:Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering ,lcsh:TK1-9971 ,image processing - Abstract
In this exploratory study, we studied and qualitatively evaluated a prototype video data collection system to capture and analyze fish behavior in a small-scale indoor aquaculture operation. The research objective was to design and develop a hardware / software system that would have the potential to capture meaningful data from which to extract fish size, swim trajectory, and swim velocity, ultimately as information toward an assessment of fish health. The initial work presented in this paper discusses the development choices of the prototype system, including various combinations of lighting and camera positions both inside and outside of the aquaculture tanks, and several post-processing techniques to isolate fish in video, calibrate the distance from camera to fish through water, and infer fish trajectories and swim velocities. Preliminary results provided a qualitative assessment of such a system. Specific results on the system's ability to detect fishes' positions, trajectories, and velocities are presently limited to observational outcomes and descriptive statistics rather than large-scale quantitative analysis. The present work lays a foundation for a future commercially hardened system that would be required for the collection of larger datasets, which would in turn facilitate the future development of machine learning (ML) algorithms to begin to statistically correlate data to fish conditions and behaviors in near-real time.
- Published
- 2020
420. Influence of climate and biological variables on temporal trends of persistent organic pollutants in Arctic char and ringed seals from Greenland
- Author
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Frank Rigét, Igor Eulaers, Katrin Vorkamp, and Rune Dietz
- Subjects
genetic structures ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Seals, Earless ,Climate change ,010501 environmental sciences ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,behavioral disciplines and activities ,01 natural sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Arctic char ,Blubber ,Hexachlorobenzene ,Sea ice ,Animals ,Environmental Chemistry ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Pollutant ,geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,biology ,Arctic Regions ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,General Medicine ,biology.organism_classification ,Oceanography ,Arctic ,chemistry ,Environmental science ,Environmental Pollutants ,Seawater ,psychological phenomena and processes ,Environmental Monitoring - Abstract
Climate change may affect temporal trends of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in Arctic wildlife. We studied how biological and climate variables influence temporal trends of selected POP groups in landlocked Arctic char muscle and in ringed seal blubber from West and East Greenland. The variables included fish length or animal age, sex, a stable nitrogen isotope, sea ice extent, air or seawater temperature, salinity and the Arctic Oscillation Index (AOI). Model selection for multiple regression showed that the most important predictors varied among POP groups, species and region. Decreasing time trends were found for all POP groups with the exception of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) concentration which remained stable in Arctic char and ringed seals from West Greenland. When retained in the most parsimonious model, the AOI was positively associated with POP concentrations for East Greenland seals, but negatively for West Greenland seals. Seawater temperature and sea ice extent were positively associated with POP concentrations. The effects of explanatory variables on the annual rates of change in POP concentrations were relatively minor relative to the decline caused by reduction in POP emissions following national and international regulations introduced since the 1970s.
- Published
- 2020
421. Migratory and reproductive activity of radio-tagged Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus L.) in northern Labrador
- Author
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Beddow, Toni A., Deary, Caroline, McKinley, R. Scott, Dumont, H. J., editor, Lagardère, Jean-Paul, editor, Anras, Marie-Laure Bégout, editor, and Claireaux, Guy, editor
- Published
- 1998
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
422. Cytological alterations in fish hepatocytes following in vivo and in vitro sublethal exposure to xenobiotics — structural biomarkers of environmental contamination
- Author
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Braunbeck, Thomas, Braunbeck, Thomas, editor, Hinton, David E., editor, and Streit, Bruno, editor
- Published
- 1998
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
423. Origin of cadmium and lead in clear softwater lakes of high-altitude and high-latitude, and their bioavailability and toxicity to fish
- Author
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Köck, Günter, Hofer, Rudolf, Braunbeck, Thomas, editor, Hinton, David E., editor, and Streit, Bruno, editor
- Published
- 1998
- Full Text
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424. The cost of anadromy: marine and freshwater mortality rates in anadromous Arctic char and brown trout in the Arctic region of Norway
- Author
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Arne Jensen, Bengt Finstad, and Peder Fiske
- Subjects
Fishery ,Brown trout ,Fish migration ,biology ,Habitat ,Arctic char ,Matematikk og Naturvitenskap: 400::Zoologiske og botaniske fag: 480 [VDP] ,Aquatic Science ,biology.organism_classification ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,The arctic - Abstract
It is hypothesized that in diadromous fish, migrations may occur because of differences in the availability of food in marine and freshwater habitats. The benefits of migration to sea may be increased growth opportunities and reproductive output, while the costs may be increased mortality and increased energy use. Here we examine mortality rates of anadromous Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) and brown trout (Salmo trutta) in fresh water and at sea over a 25-year period to test these hypotheses. Daily mortality rates were 5–15 times higher at sea than in fresh water, with highest rates for first-time migrants, inferring a clear trade-off between increased mass gain and mortality risk during the sea migration. Descending smolts were caught in a trap at the outlet of the river, individually tagged, and thereafter recorded each time they passed through the trap on their annual migration between the river and the sea. Brown trout females seemed to benefit to a higher degree from migrating to sea than did female Arctic char, probably because of the higher growth rate at sea, and hence higher reproductive output.
- Published
- 2019
425. Essential and non-essential trace elements in fish consumed by indigenous peoples of the European Russian Arctic
- Author
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Andrey Aksenov, Tatiana Sorokina, Elena Veselkina, Dmitry Kotsur, Valery Chashchin, Yulia Varakina, Yngvar Thomassen, Nikita Sobolev, Evert Nieboer, and Dag G. Ellingsen
- Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Cyprinidae ,chemistry.chemical_element ,010501 environmental sciences ,Toxicology ,01 natural sciences ,Indigenous ,Arsenic ,Russia ,Dietary Exposure ,Selenium ,Arctic char ,Animals ,Humans ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Pike ,computer.programming_language ,Cadmium ,biology ,Arctic Regions ,Fishes ,Cobalt ,Mercury ,General Medicine ,biology.organism_classification ,Pollution ,Trace Elements ,Mercury (element) ,Zinc ,Seafood ,chemistry ,Arctic ,Environmental chemistry ,computer ,Copper ,Water Pollutants, Chemical - Abstract
In present study, the analyses of essential [copper (Cu), cobalt (Co), selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn)] and non-essential elements [mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As)] in 7 fish species consumed by the indigenous people of the European Russia Arctic were conducted. The Nenets Autonomous Region, which is located in the north-eastern part of European Russia, was chosen as a Region of interest. Within it, the Nenets indigenous group (n = 6000) constitutes approximately 10% of the total population. Nearly all of the Nenets live a traditional life with fish caught in the local waters as a subsistence resource. We found that northern pike contained twice the amount of Hg compared with roach, and 3-4 times more than other fish species commonly consumed in the Russian Arctic (namely, Arctic char, pink salmon, navaga, humpback whitefish and inconnu). Fish Hg concentrations were relatively low, but comparable to those reported in other investigations that illustrate a decreasing south-to-north trend in fish Hg concentrations. In the current study, northern pike is the only species for which Hg bioaccumulated significantly. In all fish species, both Cd and Pb were present in considerably lower concentrations than Hg. The total As concentrations observed are similar to those previously published, and it is assumed to be present primarily in non-toxic organic forms. All fish tissues were rich in the essential elements Se, Cu and Zn and, dependent on the amount fish consumed, may contribute significantly to the nutritional intake by indigenous Arctic peoples. We observed large significant differences in the molar Se/Hg ratios, which ranged from 2.3 for northern pike to 71.1 for pink salmon. Values of the latter1 may increase the toxic potential of Hg, while those1 appear to enhance the protection against Hg toxicity.
- Published
- 2019
426. The effect of temperature on growth performance and aerobic metabolic scope in Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus (L.)
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Christian Beuvard, Albert K. Imsland, and Helgi Thorarensen
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biology ,Trout ,Physiology ,Acclimatization ,Temperature ,Metabolism ,biology.organism_classification ,Global Warming ,Biochemistry ,Oxygen ,Condition factor ,Oxygen Consumption ,Animal science ,Arctic ,Arctic char ,Metabolic rate ,Animals ,Juvenile ,Growth rate ,General Agricultural and Biological Sciences ,Developmental Biology ,Salvelinus - Abstract
In recent years, Arctic char populations in Iceland have declined and the objective of this experiment was to throw further light on these changes by examining the effect of temperature (5, 9, 13, 17, and 21 °C) on the survival, growth rate, metabolism, and physiological indices of juvenile Arctic charr (initial mean body mass 4.02 ± 0.8 g). Mortality was 60% at 21 °C while at lower temperatures it was below 5%. However, Arctic charr populations in Iceland are declining in locations where the ambient temperature is lower, suggesting that other factors may be more important in determining the abundance of the species. The optimum temperature for growth was near 14 °C. The growth rate was progressively reduced at supra-optimum temperatures with almost no growth at 21 °C. Indicators of energy reserves: condition factor, relative intestinal mass, and hepatosomatic index are all consistent with reduced feed intake at supra-optimum temperatures. The standard and maximum metabolic rate (SMR; MMR), as well as the aerobic scope for activity (AS), were maximum at 13 °C. The routine metabolic rate (RMR) increased exponentially with temperature and, at T21, it was equal to the MMR suggesting, that the RMR was limited by the MMR. Moreover, increased heart- and gill mass at 21 °C are consistent with increased stress on the cardiovascular system. These findings are in keeping with the OCLTT hypothesis that the thermal tolerance of fish is limited by the capacity of the cardiovascular system to deliver oxygen and support metabolism. Taken together, the results of this experiment suggest, that growth rate is reduced at supra-optimum temperatures because of reduced energy intake, increased metabolic demand, and limitations in the capacity of the cardiovascular system to support metabolic rate at high temperatures. At lower temperatures, growth does not appear to be limited by the AS. acceptedVersion
- Published
- 2021
427. Depth-specific benthic specialization of Arctic char in an oligotrophic subarctic lake
- Author
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Eli B. Fournier and Daniel E. Schindler
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Ecology ,biology ,Stable isotope ratio ,Pelagic zone ,Aquatic Science ,biology.organism_classification ,Food web ,Habitat ,Arctic char ,Benthic zone ,Environmental science ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Water Science and Technology ,Invertebrate ,Salvelinus - Abstract
Fishes consume prey from across both benthic and pelagic habitats, thereby stabilizing the food webs of freshwater lakes. How fish exploit vertical and horizontal heterogeneity within the benthic environment, however, remains unclear. We characterized spatial variation in the C and N stable isotopes of a dominant benthic grazer (snails) along a water depth gradient in an oligotrophic, western Alaska lake to assess the effects of water depth on isotope characteristics in the benthic food web. Importantly, carbon stable isotopes in snails become substantially more depleted in 13C with increasing water depth. We compared this distribution of snail isotope values to those found in Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) diets to estimate the vertical location of char foraging on benthic resources. We found that Arctic char tended to prey on snails at greater than 10 m depth; however, individual fish specialized at a narrower range of water depths spanning from 5 to > 20 m. We used an isotope mixing model to assess the validity of using only shallow-water benthic invertebrates to represent all benthic resources in food web reconstructions and found that mixing models that only used shallow benthic prey underestimated the importance of benthic resources by about 50%. These results can help refine our understanding of how benthic prey contribute to the stability of aquatic food webs and highlight the need to account for spatial variation in the isotope composition of benthic resources in models of lake food webs.
- Published
- 2021
428. Population Genetic Analyses of Arctic Char (Salvelinus Alpinus) Life History Types in Nettilling Lake & Amadjuak River Ecosystem: A Test of Reproductive Isolation
- Author
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Liu, Chen
- Subjects
Reproductive ,Population ,Genetics ,Migratory ,Arctic Char ,Zoology ,Environmental Sciences - Abstract
A great number of studies have identified strong genetic differences between sympatric anadromous and resident populations of Salmonidae. However, Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) migratory phenotypes in the Nettilling Lake and Amadjuak River ecosystem in Nunavut, Canada have not been genetically characterized, and it remains unclear if distinct genotypes and phenotypes associated with migratory life history differences are maintained through reproductive isolation, and they have been assumed to be sympatric populations, or co-occurring populations. Co-occurring Arctic char (n=225) were sampled from eleven sites along the Amadjuak River in 2014 and 2015. Twelve microsatellite loci were used to quantify genetic variation among the sampled fish. The genetic data showed two genetic clades (populations) of Arctic char living in the ecosystem. However, each genetic population contained both resident and anadromous individuals (migratory life histories). These results suggest that genotype should be considered when identifying populations of Arctic char for conservation and management purposes. Fish from the two different clades were captured at the same site, indicative of possible sympatry, increasing the complexity of effective management of this important fishery resource. We thus suggest using genetic methods to categorize individual fish to their respective genetic population, while further work should be done to explore morphological and physiological trait differences to simplify the management of the fish from the two cryptic populations.
- Published
- 2021
429. Ecology of Overwintering Fishes in Alaskan Freshwaters
- Author
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Reynolds, James B., Caldwell, M. M., editor, Heldmaier, G., editor, Lange, O. L., editor, Mooney, H. A., editor, Schulze, E.-D., editor, Sommer, U., editor, Milner, Alexander M., editor, and Oswood, Mark W., editor
- Published
- 1997
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
430. The role of natural and artificial propagation on the genetic diversity of brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) of the upper Rhône drainage
- Author
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Largiadèr, C. R., Scholl, A., Guyomard, R., Kirchhofer, A., editor, and Hefti, D., editor
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- 1996
- Full Text
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431. Supplementary measures to aquatic liming
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Bergquist, Björn C., Henrikson, Lennart, editor, and Brodin, Y. W., editor
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- 1995
- Full Text
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432. Liming strategies and effects: the Lake Västra Skälsjön case study
- Author
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Nyberg, Per, Henrikson, Lennart, editor, and Brodin, Y. W., editor
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- 1995
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433. Seafood processing by-products
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Shahidi, F., Shahidi, Fereidoon, editor, and Botta, J. Richard, editor
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- 1994
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434. Correlation of Mercury Occurrence with Age, Elemental Composition, and Life History in Sea-Run Food Fish from the Canadian Arctic Archipelago's Lower Northwest Passage
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Peter J. Van Coeverden de Groot, Bronte E. McPhedran, Iris Koch, James Qitsualik, Virginia K. Walker, Derek C. G. Muir, John M. Casselman, Stephan Schott, Kristy Moniz, and Pranab Das
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,Coregonus clupeaformis ,Health (social science) ,cisco ,lake trout ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Plant Science ,TP1-1185 ,010501 environmental sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Health Professions (miscellaneous) ,Microbiology ,Article ,Arctic char ,14. Life underwater ,Sardinella ,isotopes ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Salvelinus ,Fish migration ,biology ,lake whitefish ,010604 marine biology & hydrobiology ,Chemical technology ,biology.organism_classification ,Mercury (element) ,Fishery ,Trout ,Geography ,otoliths ,chemistry ,Arctic ,anadromous salmonids ,Food Science - Abstract
As mercury emissions continue and climate-mediated permafrost thaw increases the burden of this contaminant in northern waters, Inuit from a Northwest passage community in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago pressed for an assessment of their subsistence catches. Sea-run salmonids (n = 537) comprising Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus), lake trout (S. namaycush), lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis), and cisco (C. autumnalis, C. sardinella) were analyzed for muscle mercury. Methylmercury is a neurotoxin and bioaccumulated with fish age, but other factors including selenium and other elements, diet and trophic level as assessed by stable isotopes of nitrogen (δ15N) and carbon (δ13C), as well as growth rate, condition, and geographic origin, also contributed depending on the species, even though all the fish shared a similar anadromous or sea-run life history. Although mean mercury concentrations for most of the species were ~0.09 µg·g−1 wet weight (ww), below the levels described in several jurisdictions for subsistence fisheries (0.2 µg·g−1 ww), 70% of lake trout were above this guideline (0.35 µg·g−1 ww), and 19% exceeded the 2.5-fold higher levels for commercial sale. We thus urge the development of consumption advisories for lake trout for the protection of pregnant women and young children and that additionally, periodic community-based monitoring be initiated.
- Published
- 2021
435. Humoral antibody response in Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) against Aeromonas salmonicida ssp. achromogenes following vaccination with a novel autogenous vaccine.
- Author
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Kristjansdottir, Sigthora Brynja, Smaradottir, Heiddis, and Bjornsdottir, Rannveig
- Subjects
- *
ARCTIC char , *AEROMONAS salmonicida , *ANTIBODY formation , *FISH farming , *ENZYME-linked immunosorbent assay , *SALMON , *FISH growth , *ATLANTIC salmon - Abstract
The bacterium Aeromonas salmonicida ssp. achromogenes (Asa) causes atypical furunculosis in salmonids that may lead to extensive financial losses in intensive fish farming. The commercially available vaccine commonly used against the ssp. achromogenes in the production of Arctic charr in Iceland has been developed for Atlantic salmon (Salmon salar) against the subspecies salmonicida which causes typical furunculosis, but it has insufficient efficacy in Arctic charr. In response to this, a novel vaccine against Asa in Arctic charr was developed in cooperation with Spanish vaccine company; HIPRA, and the antibody response of Arctic charr against Asa investigated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Fish used for testing were vaccinated using the novel, monovalent autogenous experimental vaccine and a commercially available vaccine Alpha Ject® 3000 developed for Atlantic salmon that was used as a comparison. The study was conducted in commercial production units where the fish were continually exposed to natural outbreaks of atypical furunculosis. Blood samples were collected from the fish prior to vaccination and thereafter at approximately ten-week intervals in each production unit throughout the production period until the fish reached harvesting size. Fish growth and mortality was recorded throughout the study. The results indicated that both vaccines induced antibody response in fish against Asa antigens and that antibody titers obtained during the first weeks following vaccination were maintained throughout the production period. However, significantly higher antibody titers were observed in fish vaccinated with the experimental novel vaccine and fish mortality was significantly lower in production units containing fish vaccinated with the novel vaccine in comparison to the Alpha Ject 3000® vaccine. These results suggest that the novel vaccine may be a promising candidate for protective immunity against atypical furunculosis caused by Asa in Arctic charr. • The specific antibody responses in Arctic charr against Aeromonas salmonicida ssp. achromogenes were analyzed using ELISA. • A novel experimental vaccine developed for Arctic charr and a commercial vaccine developed for Atlantic salmon were compared. • The novel experimental vaccine induced a higher specific antibody response and with more extended duration. • Significantly reduced fish mortality was observed in the group vaccinated using the experimental vaccine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
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436. Does the Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus produce sounds in a captive setting?
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Bolgan, M., O'Brien, J., Rountree, R. A., and Gammell, M.
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- *
ARCTIC char , *AIR bladders in fishes , *ACOUSTICS , *INVESTIGATIONS , *ENVIRONMENTAL monitoring - Abstract
Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus did not appear to invest in acoustic communication during courtship and agonistic interactions in captivity. Salvelinus alpinus did, however, produce four different types of sounds which were found to be associated with three different types of air exchange behaviours which probably have a swimbladder regulation function. Since air passage sounds appear to be common among Salmonidae, it is suggested that the potential of passive acoustics techniques for behavioural and ecological monitoring should be further investigated in future field and laboratory investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
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437. Preference for nearshore and estuarine habitats in anadromous Arctic char ( Salvelinus alpinus) from the Canadian high Arctic (Victoria Island, Nunavut) revealed by acoustic telemetry.
- Author
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Moore, Jean-Sébastien, Harris, Les N., Kessel, Steven T., Bernatchez, Louis, Tallman, Ross F., and Fisk, Aaron T.
- Subjects
- *
ESTUARINE animals , *ESTUARINE ecology , *TELEMETRY , *ARCTIC char , *HABITATS - Abstract
We used an array of fixed acoustic receivers ( N = 42) to track the summer marine movements of 121 anadromous Arctic char ( Salvelinus alpinus) equipped with acoustic transmitters at three locations in the Cambridge Bay region, where commercial and subsistence fisheries target the species. The timing of transitions between salt and fresh water was influenced by the putative river of origin of tagged individuals, but not by their size or sex. Females, however, were more likely to remain proximate to rivers where they were tagged throughout the summer. A majority of fish migrated west from their rivers of origin, primarily moving between estuarine environments. Individuals occupied estuaries for several days between bouts of marine movement, and these periods of residency coincided with spring tides in some estuaries. We also recorded increased numbers of detections on receivers located less than 1.5 km from the coast, indicating a preference for nearshore habitats. Finally, we report evidence of extensive stock mixing throughout the summer, including at known fishing locations and periods, a finding with implications for fisheries management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
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438. NMR-based metabolomics reveals compartmental metabolic heterogeneity in liver of Arctic char ( Salvelinus alpinus).
- Author
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Cheng, K., Wagner, L., Pickova, J., and Moazzami, A.A.
- Subjects
- *
METABOLOMICS , *ARCTIC char , *CELL metabolism , *GALLBLADDER , *UNIVARIATE analysis - Abstract
Metabolomics involves systematic study of low-molecular-mass metabolites in cells, tissues, or biofluids and is nowadays widely applied to characterize the physiological status of aquatic organisms under a set of conditions, such as disease and toxin exposure. Liver, an important metabolic center in the fish body, is often used for metabolomics analysis. Compared with the whole fish liver, the proportion of liver sample needed for metabolomics analysis is relatively small. The homogeneity of metabolites in liver is thus an important issue, especially for comparative studies and biomarker discovery. This study examined the homogeneity of the metabolic profile in liver of Arctic char ( Salvelinus alpinus (L., 1758)) using a NMR-based metabolomics approach. For the analysis, whole liver samples were cut into four parts along the direction of gall bladder and at right angles to this, and metabolites in each part of the liver were extracted and analyzed by multivariate and univariate data analyses. Although the multivariate model was not significant due to variation within the data, the metabolic differences in polar portion of liver extract between the parts were seen, indicating non-homogeneity of Arctic char liver. Therefore, when sampling fish liver for further metabolomics studies, this heterogeneity should be taken into consideration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
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439. Trophic biology and migratory patterns of sympatric Dolly Varden ( Salvelinus malma) and Arctic char ( Salvelinus alpinus).
- Author
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Dennert, A.M., May-McNally, S.L., Bond, M.H., Quinn, T.P., and Taylor, E.B.
- Subjects
- *
ARCTIC char , *SYMPATRY (Ecology) , *SPAWNING , *SPECIES hybridization , *DOLLY Varden (Fish) , *INTROGRESSION (Genetics) - Abstract
The trophic ecology (diet and head morphology) and migration patterns of two closely related salmonid fishes, Arctic char ( Salvelinus alpinus (L., 1758)) and Dolly Varden ( Salvelinus malma (Walbaum, 1792)), were examined in tributaries of Lake Aleknagik, southwestern Alaska, to test for differentiation between species. Schoener's index of proportional overlap and multivariate analyses of diets suggested that these species had significantly different trophic niches. Arctic char and the largest individuals of both species had the most diverse diets, and sockeye salmon ( Oncorhynchus nerka (Walbaum, 1792)) eggs dominated the diet of both species, especially Arctic char. Arctic char had larger jaws and wider heads than Dolly Varden of similar body length, which may contribute to interspecific diet difference. The species also differed in migration patterns; otolith microchemistry indicated that juvenile Arctic char were produced by nonanadromous mothers, whereas the mothers of the Dolly Varden had been to sea in the season prior to spawning. The species also segregate in spawning habitat (Arctic char in the lakes and Dolly Varden in streams), as well as in juvenile rearing habitat. Our study provides the first evidence of divergent feeding and migratory ecology between sympatric juvenile Arctic char and Dolly Varden, differences that may constrain hybridization and introgression between them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
440. Assessing the reproducibility of fractional rates of protein synthesis in muscle tissue measured using the flooding dose technique.
- Author
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McCarthy, Ian D. and Brown, James
- Subjects
- *
PROTEIN synthesis , *COLD-blooded animals , *TISSUE analysis , *BODY mass index , *ARCTIC char , *MUSCLE analysis , *SIZE of fishes - Abstract
The flooding dose technique of Garlick et al. ( 1980 ) has become the main method for measuring tissue and whole-animal rates of protein synthesis in ectotherms. However, single tissue samples are used to determine rates of protein synthesis and no studies have examined the pattern of flooding in large tissues such as the white muscle in fishes, which can comprise up to 55% of the wet body mass of a fish and which is poorly perfused. The present study has examined, for the first time, the patterns of flooding and measured rates of protein synthesis in five different regions of the white muscle in the Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus ranging in size from 25 g to 1.6 kg following a flooding dose injection of L-[ 3 H]-phenylalanine. The results indicate that the degree of flooding ( i.e. free pool specific radioactivity relative to that of the injection solution) and elevation in free phenylalanine concentrations can vary between regions but the calculated fractional rates of protein synthesis were similar in four of the five regions studied. The variability in rates of protein synthesis increased with body size with greater variability observed between regions for fish > 1 kg in body mass. For consistency between studies, it is recommended that samples are taken from the epaxial muscle in the region below the dorsal fin when measuring fractional rates of white muscle synthesis in fishes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
441. Growth and Fatty Acid Composition of Two Strains of Arctic Char Fed Diets Formulated with Low Fish Oil Inclusion in a Recirculating Aquaculture System.
- Author
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Burr, Gary S., Wolters, William R., and Barrows, Frederic T.
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ARCTIC char ,ARCTIC char fisheries ,FISH farming ,FISH growth ,FATTY acids ,FISH oils - Abstract
Arctic CharSalvelinus alpinusis a highly desirable species for aquaculture due to their fast growth, culture conditions, and reputation as a sustainably produced fish as a result of closed containment culture. A study was conducted to evaluate performance and highly unsaturated fatty acid retention in two Arctic Char stocks—one commercial stock and one from the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)—fed one of three diets containing different lipids (27% total): 11% fish oil and 11% soy–canola (diet 1, reference diet), 5% fish oil and 18% canola oil (diet 2), and 5% fish oil and 17% poultry oil (diet 3). Protein sources did not vary among the diets, and the lipid sources for the reference diet were similar to those included in commercial grower diets. After 250 d, fish from the USDA stock (1,736 ± 28 g [mean ± SE]) had significantly higher average weight, approximately 510 g greater, compared with the commercial stock (1,226 ± 19 g). Average weight gain was not significantly different among the diets but tended to be higher in diet 2 (P= 0.09), and the USDA stock (~1,409 ± 27 g gained) had higher average weight gain compared with the commercial stock (~924 ± 18 g gained). Specific growth rate (SGR) was significantly different among the diets; fish fed diet 2 had the highest growth rate (0.62%/d compared with 0.59%/d and 0.58%/d for the other two diets) and the USDA stock had a significantly higher SGR compared with the commercial stock (0.65 ± 0.01%/d compared with 0.54 ± 0.01%/d). Fillet yield did not vary among diets or stocks. The average fillet yield was 67.4% of the gutted weight and 62.2% of the total weight. Selected fatty acid profiles did vary by stock and all fatty acid profiles showed dietary effects. The USDA stock had superior growth, and diet had the greatest influence on the fatty acid profile of the fillets. Received September 25, 2015; accepted February 13, 2016 Published online June 24, 2016 [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
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442. Density-dependent diel activity in stream-dwelling Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus.
- Author
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Fingerle, Amy, Larranaga, Nicolas, and Steingrímsson, Stefán Óli
- Subjects
- *
ARCTIC char , *RESOURCE partitioning (Ecology) , *COMPETITION (Biology) , *FORAGING behavior , *SALMON , *CIRCADIAN rhythms - Abstract
Intraspecific competition plays a significant role in shaping how animals use and share habitats in space and time. However, the way individuals may modify their diel activity in response to increased competition has received limited attention. We used juvenile (age 1+) Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus to test the prediction that individuals at high population density are more active and distribute their foraging activity over a greater portion of the 24-h cycle than individuals at low population density. Individually tagged fish were stocked in seminatural stream enclosures at low (2 fish/m2) and high (6 fish/m2) density. During each of two 2-week experimental rounds, activity of all fish within each enclosure was recorded every 3 h over seven 24-h cycles. At high density, fish were more active and distributed their activity over a greater portion of the 24-h cycle, with increased activity particularly at crepuscular times. Fluctuations in ecological conditions (e.g., water temperature and light intensity) also affected activity. Fish at high density grew as fast as fish at low density. This study demonstrates that individuals exhibit a degree of behavioral flexibility in their response to changes in ecological conditions and suggests that intraspecific competition can cause animals to modify temporal aspects of their activity to gain access to resources and maintain growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
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443. Levels of Renibacterium salmoninarum antigens in resident and anadromous salmonids in the River Ellidaár system in Iceland.
- Author
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Kristmundsson, Á, Árnason, F, Gudmundsdóttir, S, and Antonsson, T
- Subjects
- *
RENIBACTERIUM salmoninarum , *ANTIGENS , *SALMONIDAE , *ARCTIC char , *ATLANTIC salmon - Abstract
In relation to stock enhancement programmes, wild salmon broodfish have been routinely screened for the presence of Renibacterium salmoninarum antigens (Rs-Ag) for decades. A sudden increase in the prevalence of Rs-Ag experienced caused extensive problems to this industry as eggs from positive fish are discarded. The prevalence and level of Rs-Ag were examined in resident and anadromous salmonids in the River Ellidaár system and the progress of Rs-Ag in a cohort of salmon followed. Both prevalence and Rs-Ag levels were high in resident salmonids and emigrating salmon smolts in the river system. When the smolts re-entered their home river as adults the following summer, they were almost free of Rs-Ag, but the longer they stayed in the river, the more Rs-Ag they acquired; the majority being positive at spawning. This study demonstrates a high level of Rs-Ag in salmonids in the River Ellidaár system which significantly reduces in the salmon during its seawater phase. Accordingly, it seems ideal to sample salmon broodfish as soon as possible after ascending the river and subsequently transfer to Rs-free environment for storage until stripping, which could result in lower Rs-prevalence and minimize the problems that stock enhancement programmes have faced due to Rs-positive wild broodfish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
444. Subcellular distribution of trace elements and liver histology of landlocked Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) sampled along a mercury contamination gradient.
- Author
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Barst, Benjamin D., Rosabal, Maikel, Campbell, Peter G.C., Muir, Derek G.C., Wang, Xioawa, Köck, Günter, and Drevnick, Paul E.
- Subjects
LIVER histology ,MERCURY poisoning ,TRACE element analysis ,ARCTIC char ,CELL compartmentation ,NITROGEN isotopes - Abstract
We sampled landlocked Arctic char ( Salvelinus alpinus ) from four lakes (Small, 9-Mile, North, Amituk) in the Canadian High Arctic that span a gradient of mercury contamination. Metals (Hg, Se, Tl, and Fe) were measured in char tissues to determine their relationships with health indices (relative condition factor and hepatosomatic index), stable nitrogen isotope ratios, and liver histology. A subcellular partitioning procedure was employed to determine how metals were distributed between potentially sensitive and detoxified compartments of Arctic char livers from a low- and high-mercury lake (Small Lake and Amituk Lake, respectively). Differences in health indices and metal concentrations among char populations were likely related to differences in feeding ecology. Concentrations of Hg, Se, and Tl were highest in the livers of Amituk char, whereas concentrations of Fe were highest in Small and 9-Mile char. At the subcellular level we found that although Amituk char had higher concentrations of Tl in whole liver than Small Lake char, they maintained a greater proportion of this metal in detoxified fractions, suggesting an attempt at detoxification. Mercury was found mainly in potentially sensitive fractions of both Small and Amituk Lake char, indicating that Arctic char are not effectively detoxifying this metal. Histological changes in char livers, mainly in the form of melano-macrophage aggregates and hepatic fibrosis, could be linked to the concentrations and subcellular distributions of essential or non-essential metals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
445. Adjustments of Protein Metabolism in Fasting Arctic Charr, Salvelinus alpinus.
- Author
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Cassidy, Alicia A., Saulnier, Roxanne J., and Lamarre, Simon G.
- Subjects
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ARCTIC char , *PROTEIN metabolism , *PROTEIN synthesis , *PROTEOLYSIS , *COLD-blooded animals , *ANIMAL behavior - Abstract
Protein metabolism, including the interrelated processes of synthesis and degradation, mediates the growth of an animal. In ectothermic animals, protein metabolism is responsive to changes in both biotic and abiotic conditions. This study aimed to characterise responses of protein metabolism to food deprivation that occur in the coldwater salmonid, Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus. We compared two groups of Arctic charr: one fed continuously and the other deprived of food for 36 days. We measured the fractional rate of protein synthesis (KS) in individuals from the fed and fasted groups using a flooding dose technique modified for the use of deuterium-labelled phenylalanine. The enzyme activities of the three major protein degradation pathways (ubiquitin proteasome, lysosomal cathepsins and the calpain systems) were measured in the same fish. This study is the first to measure both KS and the enzymatic activity of protein degradation in the same fish, allowing us to examine the apparent contribution of different protein degradation pathways to protein turnover in various tissues (red and white muscle, liver, heart and gills). KS was lower in the white muscle and in liver of the fasted fish compared to the fed fish. There were no observable effects of food deprivation on the protease activities in any of the tissues with the exception of liver, where the ubiquitin proteasome pathway seemed to be activated during fasting conditions. Lysosomal proteolysis appears to be the primary degradation pathway for muscle protein, while the ubiquitin proteasome pathway seems to predominate in the liver. We speculate that Arctic charr regulate protein metabolism during food deprivation to conserve proteins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
446. Lake bathymetry and species occurrence predict the distribution of a lacustrine apex predator.
- Author
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Hughes, M. R., Dodd, J. A., Maitland, P. S., and Adams, C. E.
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BATHYMETRY , *TOP predators , *ARCTIC char , *ECOSYSTEMS , *LAKE hydrology - Abstract
This study examined the abiotic and biotic characteristics of ecosystems that allow expression of a life history called ferox trout, the colloquial name given to brown trout Salmo trutta adopting a piscivorous life history strategy, an apex predator in post-glacial lakes in northern Europe. One hundred and ninety-two lakes in Scotland show evidence of currently, or historically, supporting ferox S. trutta; their presence was predicted in logistic models by larger and deeper lakes with a large catchment that also support populations of Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
447. Otolith size differences during early life of dwarf and cannibal Arctic char ( Salvelinus alpinus).
- Author
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Florø‐Larsen, Bjørn, Finstad, Anders G., Berg, Ole K., and Olsen, Per H.
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ARCTIC char , *OTOLITHS , *FISH hatcheries , *BROWN trout , *VARIATION in fishes - Abstract
In Arctic and alpine lakes, Arctic char [ Salvelinus alpinus (L.)] often form two distinct morphs: invertebrate feeders ('dwarfs') and piscivores ('giant or cannibals'). Here, we test for early life history growth variation in dimorphic Arctic char as a proximate explanation for the observed life history variation between the two forms. Char were sampled in 11 alpine and Arctic Norwegian lakes. Dwarfs (defined as sexually mature char less than 15 cm long; N = 304) had a mean total length of 105 mm, whereas the typical cannibal (body length above 20 cm; N = 153) was 388 mm long. A positive correlation between egg size and otolith hatching ring were ascertained in a separate hatching experiment with brown trout ( Salmo trutta) and it is assumed that this relationship also is valid for Arctic char, and otolith size was used as a proxy for length. Otolith hatching ring from Arctic char cannibals was larger (mean ± SD; 187 ± 24 μm) than those from dwarfs (mean ± SD; 164 ± 23 μm). There were only minor size differences between dwarfs and cannibals during the next three years, after which dwarfs usually matured. Two mutually nonexclusive, proximate explanations for the differentiation into separate morphs (dwarfs and cannibals) are therefore maternal effects and/or genetic based differentiation. The high catchability of large piscivorous char and low production in alpine and Arctic lake ecosystems may make these stocks particularly vulnerable to overexploitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
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448. The behavioural repertoire of Arctic charr ( Salvelinus alpinus (L.)) in captivity: a case study for testing ethogram completeness and reducing observer effects.
- Author
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Bolgan, Marta, O'Brien, Joanne, and Gammell, Martin
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ARCTIC char , *FISH behavior , *COMPLETENESS theorem , *SALMONIDAE , *VERTEBRATES - Abstract
In the last 20 years, research has been directed towards possible differences in the mating behaviour of species belonging to the Salmonidae family that may reproductively isolate wild populations from escaped hatchery or farmed fish. Despite these studies, a detailed description of the overall behavioural repertoire of Salmonidae species from wild and farmed environments is still lacking. Furthermore, although Arctic charr has been described as the most variable between all vertebrate species, possible behavioural plasticity outside of the breeding season has not been widely investigated, and a complete ethogram for Arctic charr not in breeding condition is currently unavailable. This study presents the first complete ethogram of captive Arctic charr behaviour outside of the breeding season. The completeness of this ethogram was validated based on the Behavioural Accumulation Curves methodology, a reliable and easy to use tool for assessing the best compromise between sampling effort and ethogram completeness. Additionally, a new way of presenting an ethogram has been proposed and validated using a dichotomous key to describe behaviour types. This proved to be a more effective operational tool for identifying Arctic charr behaviour than the ethogram. The dichotomous key of behaviour led to a significantly less ambiguous identification of behavioural units, thus reducing observer, recording errors and enhancing accuracy. This study therefore represents an effective step forward to a more in-depth and rigorous comparison of Arctic charr behavioural adaptation between and within artificial and natural settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
449. Digestibility of microbial and mussel meal for Arctic charr ( Salvelinus alpinus) and Eurasian perch ( Perca fluviatilis).
- Author
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Langeland, M., Vidakovic, A., Vielma, J., Lindberg, J.E., Kiessling, A., and Lundh, T.
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ARCTIC char , *EUROPEAN perch , *MUSSELS , *FISH feeds , *ZYGOMYCETES , *DIGESTION - Abstract
Apparent digestibility coefficients ( ADCs) for four protein-rich alternative feed ingredients, intact baker's yeast ( Saccharomyces cerevisiae), extracted baker's yeast ( S. cerevisiae), zygomycetes ( Rhizopus oryzae) and blue mussel ( Mytilus edulis), were determined for Arctic charr ( Salvelinus alpinus) and Eurasian perch ( Perca fluviatilis). Diets contained 30% of test ingredients, and ADCs were compared to a reference diet containing fish meal. For Arctic charr, ADCs for dry matter ( DM, 71-99%), sum of amino acids ( SAA, 84-99%) and gross energy (70-99%) were significantly lower for intact S. cerevisiae than for extracted S. cerevisiae, R. oryzae and M. edulis. The ADCs for the indispensable amino acids ( IAA) in Arctic charr varied between 84% and 99%. Significant differences were found in ADCs for IAA between the test ingredients for Arctic charr, with higher values for extracted S. cerevisiae and M. edulis. The ADCs in Eurasian perch varied between 83% and 95% for DM, 89% and 98% for CP, 92% and 100% for SAA, 81% and 96% for gross energy. No significant differences were found for ADCs between the test ingredients in Eurasian perch, indicating a species effect on digestibility. Furthermore, the absence of intact cell walls had a positive effect on digestibility of S. cerevisiae for Arctic charr. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
450. Effects of age and rearing environment on genetic parameters of growth and body weight and heritability of skin pigmentation in Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus L.).
- Author
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Nilsson, J., Backström, T., Stien, L.H., Carlberg, H., Jeuthe, H., Magnhagen, C., and Brännäs, E.
- Subjects
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HERITABILITY , *ARCTIC char , *BODY composition of fish , *FISH growth , *FISH breeding , *FISH farming - Abstract
The Swedish breeding programme for Arctic charr aims to improve traits that are important for farming. Selection has been ongoing since the 1980s, and the aim of this study was to re-estimate the genetic parameters in the selected population. In addition, the genetics of skin pigmentation was studied, as previous work indicated a relationship between pigmentation and the ability to cope with stress. One hundred twenty-five full sib families of Arctic charr were hatched and reared separately until they were individually tagged (n = 12,266). In connection with the tagging, three replicates were formed, which were subsequently reared at different sites. The genetic relationships were known from a seven-generation pedigree. Body weight and length were at one site measured at six occasions until 27 months old, and these measurements were used to estimate the DGC (daily growth coefficient) and condition factor. At a second site fish were measured at 21 and 27 months age and at a third site at 27 months age. Skin pigmentation was measured using image analysis. The final weight at 27 months of age varied widely between rearing sites, ranging from 529 g to 1443 g. Weight heritability differed among the sites, at 0.45, 0.11, and 0.07. At one of the sites, where growth was followed closely, weight heritability varied among growth periods, ranging from 0.01 to 0.25, and similar results were obtained for the DGC. In contrast, condition factor heritability did not show such pronounced variations within and among sites. The magnitude of the differences in heritability of weight and growth among different sites that was observed here was not observed previously with this charr population. In particular, the low heritability among the fastest growing fish is unprecedented. Skin pigmentation showed a high heritability of 0.76, indicating a strong additive genetic component. At most ages, pigmentation showed a weak positive genetic correlation with growth. The genotype environment interaction (GEI) was estimated using genetic correlations among sites. For the final weight, genetic correlations were high, indicating weak GEI, although the presence of GEI was suggested from the DGC data. Statement of relevance The ms will impact charr breeding for commercial farming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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