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Tissue acidification causes sustained activation of primary nociceptors, which causes pain. In mammals, acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) are the primary acid sensors; however, Na+/H+ exchangers (NHEs) and TRPV1 receptors also contribute to tissue acidification sensing. ASICs, NHEs, and TRPV1 receptors are found to be expressed in nociceptive nerve fibers. ASIC inhibitors reduce peripheral acid-induced hyperalgesia and suppress inflammatory pain. Also, it was shown that pharmacological inhibition of NHE1 promotes nociceptive behavior in acute pain models, whereas inhibition of TRPV1 receptors gives relief. The murine skin-nerve preparation was used in this study to assess the activation of native polymodal nociceptors by mild acidification (pH 6.1). We have found that diminazene, a well-known antagonist of ASICs did not suppress pH-induced activation of CMH-fibers at concentrations as high as 25 μM. Moreover, at 100 μM, it induces the potentiation of the fibers’ response to acidic pH. At the same time, this concentration virtually completely inhibited ASIC currents in mouse dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons (IC50 = 17.0 ± 4.5 μM). Non-selective ASICs and NHEs inhibitor EIPA (5-(N-ethyl-N-isopropyl)amiloride) at 10 μM, as well as selective NHE1 inhibitor zoniporide at 0.5 μM induced qualitatively the same effects as 100 μM of diminazene. Our results indicate that excitation of afferent nerve terminals induced by mild acidification occurs mainly due to the NHE1, rather than acid-sensing ion channels. At high concentrations, diminazene acts as a weak blocker of the NHE. It lacks chemical similarity with amiloride, EIPA, and zoniporide, so it may represent a novel structural motif for the development of NHE antagonists. However, the effect of diminazene on the acid-induced excitation of primary nociceptors remains enigmatic and requires additional investigations.

This scientific article shows the results and results of research on harvesting quality crops efficiently and repeatedly in the condition of water shortage, as well as irrigating system with supply of different quality water in order to improve the reclamation of lands. The study shows the results of experiments of the irrigating systems and the impact of irrigation water on the growth and yield of replanted millet in the grassland alluvial soils of Bukhara region, where the groundwater level is 1.5–2.0 meters. In the first experiment the mineralization of the drainage water was 4.1 g/l in the field that has been controlled and the seasonal irrigation rate of millet was 2580 cbm/ha. In the second experiment, the mineralization of irrigation water which has been taken from river was 0.9 g/l, and the seasonal irrigation norm was 2372 cbm/ha. In the third experiment, the mineralization of irrigation water which has been combined river water with the ditch water was 2.3 g/l and the seasonal irrigation norm was 2485 cbm/ha, while in the fourth experiment, the mineralization of irrigation water to which biosolvent has been added for the seasonal irrigation norm was 2464 cbm/ha. The yield of replanted millet was 2.6 t/ha in first experiment, 2.71 t/ha in second one, 2.66 t/ha in third experiment, and the yield of millet in the last experiment was 2.68 t/ha. High economic efficiency was observed in the third experiment.

One of the essential problems of current mechanical engineering is the re-duction of noise and vibration of technological processes. Excessive noise not only leads to the developing of operator illnesses, but is also an indicator of the poor quality of the final product. The article deals with the problem of reducing hazardous and harmful production factors during manual processing of welded joints of vehicle body elements. An obligatory stage after welding is the mechanical abrasive treatment of welded joints to remove stress concentrators and straighten the profile. The existing technology uses a hand-held grinder, which creates a lot of noise and vibration and reduces the accuracy of welding seams. It is shown that with the existing technology, the noise levels are exceeded in the frequency range of 250…8000 Hz and reach 20 dB. To reduce the noise level, theoretical results were obtained for the dependences of the vibrational velocities of the abrasive tool and the results of experimental studies of the noise and vibration spectra during manual abrasive processing of welded seams of body structures. Obtained mathematical models enable the calculation of sound pressure level for abrasive processing. A scheme of a device is proposed that makes it possible to reduce the level of sound pressure during manual abrasive processing of welded seams of frame structures and its advantage over vibration damping coatings is presented. The combination of an integrated approach and protective equipment can decrease the sound pressure level by as much as 30 dB.

This article investigates the impact of planting the "Zamin" variety and "Megaton F1" hybrid of sweet corn in the moderately saline meadow-alluvial soils of the Republic of Karakalpakstan. The study specifically focuses on the effects of planting these hybrids at different periods—April 20, May 1, and May 10—on various aspects of plant growth, development, vegetable cob productivity, and economic efficiency indicators. The findings indicate that when seeds of the "Zamin" variety and "Megaton F1" hybrid of sweet corn were planted on April 20, remarkable results were observed. The plants exhibited impressive height, ranging from 163.7 cm to 173.3 cm. Additionally, they were characterized by a substantial number of leaves (12.0 to 12.1 pieces) and seeds (3.0 to 3.6 pieces), showcasing robust growth and development. Furthermore, the productivity of these early-planted varieties was noteworthy, with a yield of 10.8 tons per hectare for the "Zamin" variety and 11.8 tons per hectare for the "Megaton F1" hybrid. Importantly, this represented an additional yield of 1.1 to 1.3 tons per hectare compared to the control, highlighting the positive impact of the early planting strategy. These results underscore the significance of the planting period in maximizing the growth, development, and overall productivity of sweet corn varieties in the specific agro-climatic conditions of Karakalpakstan. The study's insights contribute valuable information for local farmers and agricultural practitioners, offering a practical approach to enhancing crop yield and economic efficiency in sweet corn cultivation.

In the scientific article, in the study of the efficiency of agrotechnical and chemical control measures against weeds in the maintenance of onion (Allium cepa L.) seedlings in the meadow gray soils of the Samarkand province, when the soil is plowed to a depth of 30-35 cm using a two-layer tube in the fall, 18-22 cm to the soil surface (plowing) soil density decreased by 0.06-0.09 g/cm3 in the tilled 0-30 cm layer compared to the treated options. porosity increased by 1.4%. water permeability was higher by 80.2-82.4 m3. When the soil is plowed to a depth of 30-35 cm, Select 120 KE herbicide is applied at the rates of 0.5-1.0 l/ha in the maintenance of onion seedlings (3-4 ginseng period), one-year weeds are 85.2-93.9 and 84.1 by -96.7%, perennials 67.7-81.4; 69.2-83.9% destroyed. It is stated that the phytosanitary conditions of the cultivated area will be improved, and the yield of commercial onions will be 73.6-74.4 tons/ha and high quality.

The key element of an intelligent energy system with an active-adaptive network is relay protection, designed to ensure uninterrupted and stable operation of the energy system. The goal of the work is the development and research of intelligent control systems, protection and automation of electrical networks. Research has been carried out on an intelligent security system to determine the boundaries of restrictions in the use of artificial intelligence. The authors supplemented the existing complex with physical models of the power supply system with a digital twin, an artificial neural network, and studied the complex in order to answer some questions about the use of a neural network in relay protection. An iterative approach to software development, supervised machine learning method, and Python programming language were used. Pychram Community Edition was chosen as the integrated development environment. Intelligent system software has been developed, including a digital twin, an executive part and a neural network model, which makes it possible to recognize types of short circuits in the electrical network. The works of domestic and foreign authors on this topic are considered.

The article presents the results of numerical simulation of a wind turbine blade. The fundamental formulas of the theory of aerodynamics, on which the calculations are based, are presented. Computer models of air movement near the blade are shown. Data on the distribution of speed have been obtained. The coefficient of wind energy utilization depends on the parameters of both the oncoming flow and the blade profile. This coefficient is different for vertical and horizontal wind turbines. To improve the operation of the wind turbine, it is proposed to use non-network algorithms. The neural network should collect data on the received errors in the system of mechanization and automatic control. Errors in control systems are analyzed, individual parameters are weighted to stabilize the operation of the wind turbine as a whole.

The Paper presents theoretical and empirical findings about inventive activity. Major invention process models are considered, their comparative analysis is carried out, and their advantages and limitations are revealed. The least studied first stages of inventive activity were theoretically identified and became the main objective of this study. To specify the content of the first stages of the inventive process, an empirical study was carried out through the methods of peer review, written and oral surveys, content analysis and modelling. The study involved 15 experts, namely inventors with a significant number of patents. Based on the survey of experts and the analysis of other authors’ investigations, the content of the first stages of inventive activity was specified and conclusions were drawn about their variability as well as the possibilities to apply them in developing inventive abilities and enhancing technical innovation processes.

We will discuss the impact of various parameters, such as network size and complexity, on accuracy, speed, and efficiency, as well as ways to optimize them. We also analyze the use of deep learning algorithms to detect and classify objects and adjust the navigation of small agricultural aircraft depending on the environment. We also highlight the importance of data preprocessing and how it can be used to improve the accuracy and speed of deep learning algorithms. Finally, we will discuss how deep learning can be used to automate certain tasks, such as detecting and repairing leaks or anomalies, as well as the use of aircraft from other fields, in the field of agriculture.

Today, the use of aerodynamic dryers for drying various types of fruit crops is very current. In them, the electric energy spent on the drive of the centrifugal fan is transformed into thermal energy due to the mutual friction of the air flows circulating in the closed chamber. In order to increase the energy efficiency of the drying process, the heat of the waste drying agent was used in the research. The presented dryer was equipped with a combined heat exchanger. In order to predict the thermal performance of the combined heat exchanger depending on external factor variables, the dependence of the temperature of the fresh drying agent at the outlet of the combined heat exchanger on the dryer operation time is theoretically determined on the basis of the heat balance equation. The air solar collector in the combined heat exchanger made it possible to increase the temperature of the drying agent at the outlet by another 10 oC without extra costs of electrical energy. A comparative analysis of the results of experimental and theoretical studies showed their high convergence.

Digitalization of control activities is a prerequisite for quality implementation of state financial control in the Russian Federation and effective interaction between all control bodies in order to prevent and combat violations in the financial and budgetary sphere. The article is devoted to the idea of introducing a new “digital control”. This solution is based on transferring the processes of interaction between control bodies and objects to a digital environment, which will allow to conduct a digital dialogue. The possible results of the departmental project in terms of the Federal Treasury control unit are considered. Current actions of government authorities in control (supervision) and oversight in the financial and budgetary sphere, as well as measures taken by the Federal Treasury in this area were analysed. It is concluded that digital transformation has in fact become a necessary condition for increasing the efficiency of control in the financial and budgetary sphere.

The well-known fact of the presence of infrastructure shortage in the regions of the Russian Far East attracts attention to this problem. The implementation of major investment projects is aimed at eliminating this shortage to accelerate the economic growth of the Far Eastern regions. The purpose of this article is to explore the features of the regional infrastructure and to build an analytical model that takes these features into account to assess the effects on the economy under investigation. The object of the study is an infrastructure project for the modernization of the eastern railway site in the Khabarovsk Territory, which is being implemented to eliminate the carrying capacity shortage of the Komsomolsk-Vanino railway section by 2024 in the light of the dominant coal transit towards the port of Vanino. An increase in the capacity utilization of stevedoring companies in the port of Vanino, which is directly related to the results of the railway project, is also being considered. The article presents a tool for assessing the effects on the regional economy – a regional dynamic computable general equilibrium model. Financial flows between agents of the regional economy are modeled using the matrix of social accounts for the Khabarovsk Territory. One of the key features of the proposed model is the way of embedding the indicator of efficient railway infrastructure into the regional production function. In contrast to the traditional treatment of infrastructure capital in production functions as an unpaid factor of production along with traditional labor and private capital, the railway infrastructure acts as a factor that ‘suffocates’ the marginal productivity of private factors of production. The proposed model is supposed to be used to assess the effects of easing infrastructure shortage on the region’s economic indicators, in particular, on the welfare of the region’s population

Abstract We present a new 6D infinite spin field theory in the light-front formulation. The Lorentz-covariant counterparts of these fields depend on 6-vector coordinates and additional spinor variables. Casimir operators in this realization are found. We obtain infinite-spin fields in the light-cone frame which depend on two sets of the $$\mathrm {SU}(2)$$ SU ( 2 ) -harmonic variables. The generators of the 6D Poincaré group and the infinite spin field action in the light-front formulation are presented.

Introduction. The results of the calcitonin (Ctn) study in patients with thyroid nodules are included in the clinical guidelines for the treatment of differentiated thyroid cancer. However, the management of patients with moderately elevated Ctn up to 100 pg/mL is not clearly defined.Materials and methods. The study included 103 patients with thyroid nodules and a Ctn level above the reference, but not more than 100 pg/ml. The Ctn concentration was determined using the Cobas e platform (Roche, Germany) or by the immunoradiometric method (Izotop, Hungary). 45 patients were operated on. The analysis of the incidence of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC), other thyroid and nonthyroid pathology in patients with elevated Ctn scan was carried out. The results of additional examination are presented: the serum cancer embryonic antigen, Ctn in wash-out, stimulated Ctn, gene RET mutation testing.The study objective is to evaluate the probability MTC with Ctn level 2000 pg/mL in mTC and up to 938 pg/mL in patients with histologically confirmed absence of MTC.Conclusion. If the Ctn level is

Solving the problems of spectral processing of single and quasi-periodic signals in measurement and diagnostic systems is directly related to their isolation against the background of external interference or noise. The purpose of this work was to study single and quasi-periodic signals, i. e. signals limited in time, presented as separate components; development of a mathematical apparatus that connects the individual components of the original, time-limited signal, with the spectral characteristics of the periodic signal, which is obtained from the original by its periodization.The paper analyzes the spectrum of a quasi-periodic signal, which is presented from spectral density regions separated by spectral components with zero amplitude. The process of signal periodization is considered on the example of unipolar rectangular pulses. The representation of the analyzed complex single signal in the form of a linear combination of given functions, limited in time by the duration of the considered signal, was chosen, and it was determined that it is most logical and efficient to use radio-frequency pulses. The spectral density of the signal under consideration is presented as the sum of the spectral densities of radio-frequency pulses of the same width with a varying carrier frequency. The original signal is presented as the sum of the constituent components (radio-frequency pulses), which form a time-limited frequency spectrum – a quastr. As a result, the correlation of the considered quasi-periodic signal with the parameters of the periodic signal (amplitude, period, and initial phase) is shown.A format for representing time-limited signals in the form of components related to the spectral characteristics of a periodic signal, obtained from the original signal by periodization, has been developed. The formed mathematical apparatus allows simplifying the algorithmic support of measuring systems by eliminating the correlation signal processing.

Renewable/alternative energy sources (RES), which are often referred to as “green energy” and are intended to create a new generation base, are now the object of close attention in almost all countries of the world. The growing effect of the use of these sources is noted in Europe, the USA, China, India and in a few other countries, but with varying degrees of success. The Arab region does not remain aloof from this direction, although, for obvious reasons, it is more committed to hydrocarbons and conventional energy than others. But persistent conservatism in relation to fossil fuels is inherent not only in Arab society. Even countries that do not have vast oil and gas fields find it difficult to part with traditional energy sources. And yet, the Arab world receives a very serious competitor in the form of green energy, which in the future will have to win back its niche in electricity generation in the Arab part of the international economic space in a rather tough confrontation. Against this background, the alleged rivalry in the Arab region still looks more nominative than real and does not cause much concern in the Arab East, which is now experiencing much more complex political and socio-economic problems.

Aim. Following the discovery of a number of iconographically unique masonry petroglyphs depicting a red deer solar stag (i.e. bearing the sun between its antlers) in settlements of the Chamalal ethno‐linguistic group in the upper Andiiskoe Koisu region of the Tsumadinskiy district of Dagestan, the aim of the research has been: (1) to survey the region to ascertain whether other images of this nature existed and to understand the relationship of the corpus to other petroglyphs produced within the Avar‐Ando‐Dido metacultural zone and of neighbouring ethnic groups in the Caucasus; (2) to study the evolution and meaning to the community of the petroglyphic imagery and (3) to understand the mechanisms by which peoples of the Caucasus shared and adapted polytheistic belief systems arising from the deep past following their conversion to Christianity and Islam.Materials and Methods. Research activities involved field surveys of traditional buildings within the ethno‐linguistic enclaves of the upper Andiiskoe Koisu which might contain masonry petroglyphs and their photographic documentation. A thorough survey of the scientific literature impacting on this field in the Caucasus was undertaken in the libraries and institutions of Dagestan, Moscow and Saint Petersburg. This data added to the documentation of masonry petroglyphs already undertaken in the Gidatli communities of the upper Avarskoe Koisu region.Results. Field surveys resulted in the discovery of more petroglyphs of the solar stag iconography both within Chamalal territory and that of the neighbouring Tindals as well as other petroglyphs of interest in neighbouring republics of the North Caucasus. A socioecological assessment of local habitats which might have sustained both red deer and bezoar goat (the principal game animals since human presence in the region) indicated that the bezoar goat inhabited the territories of both groups but were now rarely found in Chamalal lands. While red deer did inhabit the forests of the Tindals, it appears that they never frequented those of the Chamalals, who must have travelled to hunt them in forests further to the south.Conclusion. The research confirmed the presence of a unique corpus of petroglyphic imagery attesting to beliefs in a solar stag which may date back to period of man’s re‐inhabiting the upper Andiiskoe Koisu region in the early Holocene. Indigenous beliefs relating both to the red deer and the bezoar goat initially represented in rock face petroglyphs of the eastern Dagestan piedmonts and rock paintings of the mountainous regions were by the late Bronze Age represented on masonry blocks used in building in the Avar‐Ando‐Dido metacultural zone. As Christianity spread in Transcaucasia and the Great Caucasus Range, including north‐western Dagestan, indigenous images representing the solar stag were conflated with those of the popular Christian cult of the Miracle of Saint Eustace, resulting in the unique petroglyphs of the solar stag common to

The article considers the history of the work of the Dokuchaev Soil Science Institute researchers in Uzbekistan, conducted jointly with soil scientists from Uzbekistan. These works were started in 1930–1940s. They were especially active during the Great Patriotic War, when the Soil Institute was evacuated to Tashkent. During these years, both Russian and Uzbek soil scientists participated in joint work. Outstanding scientists can be named among Russian researchers: V.A. Kovda, A.A. Rode, A.N. Rozanov and many others who contributed to the study of Uzbekistan soils. The work of the researchers from the Dokuchaev Soil Science Institute, performed on the basis of a station in the Hungry Steppe (Mirzacho'l) in connection with the development of saline lands during the creation of new irrigation systems in Central Asia, is analyzed in particular detail. Various work areas of the station researchers are discussed in the article: issues of ameliorative development of saline soils, salinity mapping based on remote sensing methods, detailed study of the reclaimed soils properties using chemical, micromorphological, mineralogical and other research methods for the determination of salinity and gypsum content of soils in the New Irrigation Zone (NIZ) of Hungry and Jizzakh steppes. The results of the work were presented in a series of publications. In the 1990s, cooperation was temporarily ceased, but at the beginning of the 21st century it was resumed.

As a result of active development of Moscow underground space, as well as due to the increased density of urban development, it is necessary to forecast additional displacements of surrounding buildings from new construction in order to prevent emergency situations. For this reason, one of the important directions is mathematical modeling of the additional displacements of the surrounding building after erection. Establishing the parameters of design boundaries of a geotechnical model is one of the factors that greatly influence the results of the simulation. This study deals with the assignment of the lower boundary of the scheme when estimating the impact from tunneling works in a two-dimensional formulation. A review of international experience in simulating the design scheme depth for various geotechnical problems and its comparison with Russian experience in modeling schemes has been made. The deformation marks located on the ground surface in the zone of influence of the Rublevo-Arkhangelskaya and Troitskaya (Kommunarskaya) lines of the Moscow Metro under construction were selected for the analysis. The authors carried out the selection of the lower boundary of the scheme by changing it in proportion to the outer diameter of the tunnels in dispersed and rocky soils. The obtained data were compared with geodetic monitoring one. Calculations were made for three different soil models such as Mohr-Coulomb, Mohr-Coulomb with increasing deformation modulus of the prism under the excavation and Hardening soil. In addition, calculations were made for two cases of assignment of the overburden coefficient - according to normative documentation and available research on the subject. As a result of this work, more than 600 calculated cases were obtained. Based on these cases, recommendations were developed for adjusting the scheme depth for the considered soil models.

We present an X-band pulse EPR spectrometer with high throughput and excellent sensitivity in the 8.5-11.5GHz range. It is designed for high stability and low noise Fourier Transform measurements for applications in pulse dipolar spectroscopy, pulse hyperfine spectroscopy, and spin relaxation from cryogenic temperatures to room temperature. An arbitrary waveform generator is used to generate pulses of any frequency and shape for multiple resonance experiments or for uniform broadband excitation with bandwidths exceeding 350 MHz. We illustrate the capabilities and performance of the spectrometer by measurements on free radicals and biradicals in solids and liquids. Relaxation times of radicals in liquid solution are measured for fewer than 30,000,000 spins (less than 3 nanomoles per liter). Non-uniform acquisition provides higher throughput for mixtures of radicals with quite different relaxation rates. Conventional DEER measurements on a rigid biradical have good modulation depth. Broadband SIFTER with chirped adiabatic WURST pulses demonstrates versatility for the latest broadband pulse schemes. A broadband ESEEM measurement correlates ESEEM and EPR frequencies which characterize the conformation of a nitroxide radical. The entire EPR spectrum with a width approaching 300 MHz was excited and detected throughout the measurement. The spectrometer supports the operator in tuning, setting up experiments and monitoring their progress so that even novice users consistently can obtain optimal results.

The article describes the main methods of assessment of physiological significance of coronary artery stenoses, their use in clinical practice and future perspectives. New diagnostic methods that are currently under research are discussed.

The article discusses the stages of formation and development of ultrasound diagnostics, including those with contrast enhancement. The main types of contrast agents and their mechanism of action are presented. Examples of the use of contrast-enhanced ultrasound in various fields of medicine are given. The prospects of the method and its place in clinical practice are discussed.