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Background and objective As computed tomography (CT) screening for lung cancer becomes more common in China, so too does detection of pulmonary ground-glass nodules (GGNs). Although anumber of national or international guidelines about pulmonary GGNs have been published,most of these guidelines are produced by respiratory, oncology or radiology physicians, who might not fully understand the progress of modern minimal invasive thoracic surgery, and these current guidelines may overlook or underestimate the value of thoracic surgery in the management of pulmonary GGNs. In addition, the management for pre-invasive adenocarcinoma is still controversial. Based onthe available literature and experience from Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, we composed this consensus about diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary GGNs. For lesions which are considered as adenocarcinoma in situ, chest thin layer CT scan follow-up is recommended and resection can only be adopt in some specific cases and excision should not exceed single segment resection. For lesions which are considered as minimal invasive adenocarcinoma, limited pulmonary resection or lobectomy is recommended. For lesions which are considered as early stage invasive adenocarcinoma, pulmonary resection is recommend and optimal surgical methods depend on whether ground glass component exist, location, volume and number of the lesions and physical status of patients. Principle of management of multiple pulmonary nodules is that primary lesions should be handled with priority, with secondary lesions taking into account. .随着胸部计算机断层扫描（computed tomography, CT）检查，尤其是低剂量薄层CT筛查项目在中国的广泛开展，越来越多的无症状肺部磨玻璃结节（ground-glass nodules, GGNs）被发现。虽然国内及国际上已发布了一系列针对肺部GGNs的指南，但是这些指南的撰写者多来自呼吸、肿瘤及影像专业，可能缺乏对现代微创胸外科的充分认识，造成外科手术在肺部GGNs诊治中的作用不明确，甚至被低估；而且，肺部肿瘤相关的各学科对于早期肺癌，尤其是浸润前病变的处理也缺乏统一规范。因此，基于国内外现有文献及上海市肺科医院多年积累的经验，上海市肺科医院撰写了此诊疗共识。本共识推荐对于疑似肺腺癌的GGNs进行多学科评估，依据诊断，选择合理的处置方式。对于疑似原位腺癌，推荐进行胸部薄层CT随访，或在特定情况下进行不超过肺段切除的限制性肺切除；对于疑似微浸润腺癌，推荐进行限制性肺切除或肺叶切除；对于疑似浸润性腺癌，建议依据病灶是否含有磨玻璃成分、位置、大小、个数及患者躯体情况选择合理的手术方式；而肺多发结节的处理原则推荐为主病灶优先，兼顾次要病灶，综合选择治疗方案。 .

The development of an expert consensus on vital pulp therapy can provide practical guidance for the improvement of pulp damage care in China. Dental pulp disease is a major type of illness that adversely affects human oral health. Pulp capping and pulpotomy are currently the main methods for vital pulp therapy. Along with the development of minimal invasion cosmetic dentistry, using different treatment technologies and materials reasonably, preserving healthy tooth tissue, and extending tooth save time have become urgent problems that call for immediate solution in dental clinics. This paper summarizes the experiences and knowledge of endodontic experts. We develop a clinical path of vital pulp therapy for clinical work by utilizing the nature, approach, and degree of pulp damage as references, defense and self-repairing ability of pulp as guidance, and modern technologies of diagnosis and treatment as means.建立损伤牙髓保髓治疗的专家共识，对提高我国牙髓病治疗水平具有重要的现实指导意义。牙髓疾病是影响人类口腔健康的主要疾病，盖髓术和牙髓切断术是损伤牙髓保髓治疗的主要方法。随着微创牙科理念的发展，如何合理应用各种治疗技术和材料，最大限度地保存健康牙髓组织，延长患牙保存期，实现保髓治疗效果的最大化已成为口腔临床迫切需要解决的问题。笔者现将部分牙体牙髓病治疗学专家的经验与认识共同汇总，以牙髓损伤性质与途径、牙髓损伤程度为基础，以宿主的牙髓防御与自身修复能力为导向，以损伤牙髓现代诊治技术为手段，探讨形成了关于牙髓损伤的活髓保存临床诊治路径的共识，供大家在临床工作中参考和改进。.

The number of disabled persons increases in the course of human life and in the aging population. The high prevalence, low treatment rate, long therapy period, and sophisticated procedures prevent most of disabled individuals from availing dental services. Moreover, special dental institutions for the disabled are insufficient, and a certain treatment standard is commonly not complied. This study performed analysis and evaluation, including treatment features, pretreatment procedures, patient communication, treatment factors, and treatment standards to provide a targeted solution for the special requirements of the oral therapy for disabled patients.随着人类预期寿命的增加和社会老龄化，残障人必将有所增加。大多数的残障人口腔疾病患病率高、治疗率低，对残障人的口腔疾病治疗需要花费更多的时间与沟通，治疗程序也更为复杂，国内外都少有专注残障人口腔医疗的专门机构，对残障人的口腔治疗技术也没有固定的原则与规范可寻。本文就残障人口腔疾病患病情况，临床治疗特点，治疗前的准备与医患沟通，口腔疾病治疗影响因素评估，治疗规范与原则进行全面分析，针对不同种类的残障人，提出在口腔疾病治疗中的特殊需求和注意事项等针对性的处理原则。.

Management of oral diseases during pregnancy prefers to be a comprehensive oral health care strategy throughout pre-pregnant, pregnant and prenatal stages. It provides guidance not only to promote the overall health in pregnant women, but also concern fetus development and children's oral health. Pregnancy is a time of particular vulnerability in terms of oral health due to complex physical and physiological changes. Physicians and dentists are responsible for providing professional medical care and treatment following clinical guidelines especially for pregnancy. It is also an opportune time in pregnancy to educate women about oral health care and preventing oral problems in young children. This article reviews the commonly occurring oral problems and their pathogenesis during pregnancy, dental procedures that can be carried out by physicians and preventive strategies that could be helpful in promoting oral health in both pregnant women and young children.孕期口腔疾病管理是贯穿了孕前期、孕期和哺乳期妇女的口腔健康管理整体方案，不仅关系到孕期妇女的全身健康，同时注重胎儿的正常发育及儿童的口腔保健。孕期妇女由于饮食习惯的改变及全身激素水平的变化，部分口腔疾病的易患性增加。鉴于孕期生理的特殊性，口腔医师需遵循一定的诊疗原则，提供专业的口腔护理指导和疾病诊疗方案。孕期妇女应该加强口腔卫生保健意识，掌握正确的口腔护理方法。本文就孕期妇女易患的口腔疾病类型及相应的发病机制进行归纳总结，针对口腔医师及孕期妇女的口腔防护原则及措施提出指导意见。.

Dental caries is a major disease that threaten human's oral healthy severely with the characteristics of high incidence, low rate of treatment and high rate of retreatment. At present, restorative treatment remains the main method for caries treatment. With the development of the Minimally Invasive Cosmetic Dentistry (MICD), reasonable application of various treatment technologies, maximum preservation of tooth tissues and realizing the maximization of treatment effects become problems that call for immediate solution in dental clinics. In addition, there still exist a large number of old restorations that need standard retreatments. Here, some difficulty influence factors of dental caries clinical treatment such as systemic and oral factors, individual caries susceptibility, treatment technologies and materials, retreatment methods of old restorations and technique sensitivity are analyzed, and corresponding processing strategies are also put forward.龋病是严重危害人类口腔健康的主要疾病，具有发病率高，治疗率低，再治疗率高等特点。目前，充填修复术仍然是龋病临床治疗的主要方法。随着微创美学牙科理念的提出，如何合理应用各种治疗技术，最大限度地保存牙体组织，实现龋病治疗效果的最大化已成为口腔临床迫切需要解决的问题。此外，临床上还存在大量的陈旧修复体，这些修复体的再处理也亟待规范。本文就全身因素、口腔因素、个体龋病易患性、治疗技术和材料、陈旧修复体处理，以及技术敏感性等影响龋病临床治疗的难度因素进行分析，并提出针对性的处理策略。.

The development of an expert consensus based on specific domestic situations will provide practical guidance to the efforts aiming at improving cleft care in China. The team approach of twenty-one cleft centers were pooled together, covering pre-surgical orthopedics, primary surgical repair, orthodontic treatment, alveolar bone graft, secondary deformity correction, palatal fistulae repair, the diagnosis and treatment of velopharyngeal incompetence, speech therapy, otitis media management, and skeletal deformity correction. Agreement was achieved among the authors concerning the application of critical surgical and non-surgical techniques. The ambition of this consensus is to introduce more clinicians to the revolution of sequential treatment of clefts, and form the basis for a more comprehensive cleft care manual in the future.建立具有中国特色的唇腭裂多学科序列治疗专家共识，对提高我国的唇腭裂治疗水平具有较为现实的指导意义。本文将21家医疗单位唇腭裂序列治疗中唇腭裂的外科前治疗，唇、腭裂的外科修复，正畸治疗，牙槽突裂的植骨修复，唇裂鼻畸形的整复，唇裂术后继发畸形的二期整复，腭裂术后穿孔的处置，腭裂术后腭咽闭合不全的诊断与治疗，语音治疗，腭裂分泌性中耳炎的处置，颌骨畸形的外科矫治，心理评估和咨询及围手术期的护理等治疗经验进行了归纳总结并达成一致意见。其中对唇裂、腭裂、牙槽突裂和腭咽闭合不全的外科关键技术的应用和对语音治疗、正畸治疗和颌骨畸形牵张成骨等主要方法的应用也形成了共识。笔者希望通过这一努力，能够引导更多医护人员参与唇腭裂序列治疗和关键技术的创新工作，最终形成中国唇腭裂治疗指南。.