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With this study we intend to describe the prerogatives of the qualified between 2010 and 2012 in the professional training courses provided by the Piedmont Region, through the Structural Funds ESF 2007-2013. What are the characteristics of young people attending vocational training courses aimed at fulfilling compulsory education? Which courses do they prefer? Are there any significant gender and citizenship differences? These are some of the questions we have tried to answer through the data coming from the administrative databases. The paper is aimed at analysing youth transitions to the labour market, one and five years after the end of the training courses, by a preliminary descriptive analysis.

Resumen: Este artículo analiza, desde una estrategia cualitativa-interpretativa, las experiencias de construcción de un hogar propio en jóvenes de sectores medios de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires que se fueron a vivir con amigos. Entre los resultados, se destaca que los amigos constituyen un soporte afectivo fundamental, en tanto la asociación con los pares permite afrontar el desafío de irse de la casa familiar de origen y construir un hogar propio. A su vez, la “casa de la amistad” se presenta como un espacio de sociabilidad juvenil que contribuye a la conformación de la subjetividad. Resumo: Este artigo analisa, a partir de uma estratégia qualitativa - interpretativa, as experiências de construção de um lar próprio em jovens de classe média da Cidade de Buenos Aires que foram morar com amigos. Entre os resultados, destaca que os amigos constituem um suporte afetivo fundamental, enquanto a associação com os pares permite afrontar o desafio de deixar a casa da família de origem e construir um lar próprio. Ao mesmo tempo, a “casa da amizade” é apresentada como um espaço de sociabilidade juvenil que contribui para a conformação da subjetividade. Abstract: On the basis of a qualitative-interpretative strategy, the article analyzes the experiences of young middle class people living in a shared house from the City of Buenos Aires during the process of building their own home. Among the results, it is highlighted that friends constitute a fundamental emotional support, while the partnership with peers allows facing the challenge of leaving the origin family home and building a home of their own. In turn, the "house of friendship" is presented as a space of youth sociability that contributes to the conformation of subjectivity.

This paper examines the present-day perception among boys and young men in West Africa that migration through football offers a way to achieve social standing and improve one’s life chances. More specifically, we use the case of aspirant young Ghanaian footballers as a lens to qualify recent conceptualizations of African youth, such as ‘waithood’, which have a tendency to overlook the multifarious attempts and visions of young people on the continent to overcome social immobility. Drawing on various and long-term ethnographic fieldwork among footballers in urban southern Ghana between 2010 and 2016, we argue that young people’s efforts to make it abroad and ‘become a somebody’ through football is not merely an individual fantasy; it is rather a social negotiation of hope. It is this collective practice among a large cohort of young males – realistic or not – which qualifies conceptualizations of youth transitions such as ‘waithood’. By this, we highlight how examining the contemporary fusion of sport with a desire to migrate furthers our understandings of social mobility for West African youth, and extends literature on the strategies used by young people in the region as they try to bypass the structural barriers blocking their path to ‘becoming a somebody’.

The paper focuses on the transition to adulthood of young people not in education, employment or training (NEETs). In the Italian context, unemployment, inactivity and problematic transitions to work are strongly related to delayed transition to adulthood and patterns of dependency on family. Our study aims to identify pathways to adulthood of NEETs from a biographical perspective. We carry out a software-based qualitative content analysis on 32 in-depth interviews, which have been conducted with NEETs between 25 and 34 years old in Rome and its surroundings as a part of a research project founded by Sapienza University of Rome. An empirically grounded typology of transition to adulthood based on position in the household, biographical sequence of life events and subjective aspirations for autonomy is constructed and six types are presented and characterized regarding dependency patterns, expectations for the future and subjective strategies to leave NEET-condition., Cambio. Rivista sulle Trasformazioni Sociali, Vol. 5 No. 10 (2015)

This paper contributes to discussion of the concept of youth as a transition process from education to employment through an empirical analysis of material gathered in Argentina during the post-neoliberal period. Based on the argument that youth studies should incorporate the historical context and economic policies of the moment studied, the paper has been developed on the basis of quantitative data from standardised surveys and 30 biographical interviews carried out in 2013 with people who graduated from high school in 1999. The interviews covered the whole process of transition from high school education to the workforce in one cohort of young people at the end of one of Argentina’s most important crises (in 2001) and who moved into adulthood within an economic framework very different from the neoliberal model. Fil: Bendit, René. Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales; Argentina Fil: Miranda, Ana. Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina

International audience; Background: The economic downturn combined with the ongoing process of target segmentation of the work force have made increasingly difficult the access and the integration of young people in the labour market. A general worsening of job quality and under-qualification practises for new entrants are amongst the most marked features. Italian and French comparison shows how conjectural and structural factors force them to face precariousness with strategies based on personalised trajectories. Objective: The study aims at showing how precariousness affect youth careers and which dynamics they activate to achieve professional and personal expectations. We plan to explain how job precarity and life uncertainty concern subjective dimension, which depends on both socio-demographic characteristics and temporal-geographical perspective.Method: We shall investigate youth employment conditions through standardized dimensions and subjective perceptions. Cross-sectional analysis based on European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions will provide quantitative analysis. The qualitative analysis based on semi-structured interviews of Italian and French people aged 20-35 having different levels of education, social origin and gender.Results: In Italy and France, both the level of education and familial background occurred to explain intergenerational inequalities in work trajectories. In both countries, women are more educated and look for fulfilling jobs. They are more likely to use training to keep developing their abilities and accept temporary jobs. Men suffer more the lack of job continuity and perceive spells in unemployment like a personal defeat. They are oriented to economic satisfaction around their thirties. Active policies are factors boosting job attachment although widespread disaffiliation feelings, which are more evident among youth from lower social classes and living in the Southern regions of both countries.Conclusion: Because of job precariousness and life uncertainty young people develop individual mechanisms to achieve a compromise between creative dynamic work search and passive acceptation of job precariousness.

Version auteur sur HAL-SHS 31 oct. 2013. Version revue disponible sur: http://tas.sagepub.com/content/early/recent; International audience; Longitudinal panel methods are particularly suited to studying the life course as a process. They make it possible to compare different moments in time, to analyze the intervals and to identify "ways of moving". Such an approach reveals turning points and helps to identify the relevant objective and subjective elements and driving forces that help to shape life transitions. These elements and rhythms are embedded in diverse life spheres, networks and social frames. The ways in which they interact, evolve and synchronize with each other are particularly crucial for young people. Based upon a longitudinal panel survey of young French people, this methodological discussion provides an original insight into processes of socialization.

The paper examines the strategies of young people in Bulgaria for responding to and dealing with uncertainty in the passage to autonomy. It focuses on the active engagement of the young in the processes of identity formation and gaining independence, thus initiating a change in the common patterns of growing up. The biographical choices that the young make are analysed as embedded in a multilayered social context involving the interplay of macro societal changes, shifts in organisational policies and practices and restructuring of gender and generational relations in the family. Theoretically this paper builds upon the concept of uncertainty in understanding the dilemma of structure and agency in youth transitions. The analysis is based upon official statistical information about economic and demographic trends in 21st century Bulgaria and the findings of an organisational case study of a social service agency and biographical interviews with young working parents, which were conducted within the framework of the international Transitions project. Two case studies of individual strategies of young women - one from a working class family and the other from an ethnic minority - are presented in more detail in order to examine the agency they apply in coping with uncertainty and the resources they mobilize in devising (everyday and short-term) life projects. The combination of quantitative and qualitative data allows a reflection on the process of managing uncertainty with regards to the past experiences, present meanings and future aspirations of young people as influenced by the contracting state support and contradictory company policies in Bulgaria.

Youth Service: Not in Employment, Education or Training (or YS: NEET) is a government programme designed to encourage and assist disadvantaged 16-17 year olds to stay in education or training and improve their qualification attainment. Community organisations are contracted to undertake needs assessments and provide mentoring and support for these youth. This paper evaluates the impact of the programme on the educational retention, qualification achievement, benefit receipt, inactivity and employment rates of participating youth in the 18-24 months after they enrol in YS: NEET. Administrative data from the Integrated Data Infrastructure (IDI) is used to measure individuals' outcomes. The impacts of the programme are estimated by comparing the outcomes of participants with those of a matched comparison group of similar youth who did not participate.

The Youth Service is a programme administered by the Ministry of Social Development, designed to encourage and assist disadvantaged youth to stay in education and achieve qualifications. There are three main strands of the programme. The Youth Service (YS) is provided to recipients of the Youth Payment (YP) and Young Parent Payment (YPP) benefits, while the YS:NEET service is aimed at disadvantaged young people at risk of becoming detached from employment, education and training. This report focusses on the YP and YPP strands. Community organisations are contracted to provide mentoring and support for youth participating in the service. This is complemented by other changes to youth benefits intended to encourage continued study, including; obligations to participate in the service and in formal study, financial incentives, sanctions for failing to meet obligations, and access to childcare payments.

Previous research suggests that developments in young people's peer relationships may either compound or alleviate the adverse impacts of other major life changes during adolescence. We explored this proposition with respect to young people's educational attainment upon leaving high school, using longitudinal data from a large cohort of Australian secondary school students (n = 1612) who have taken part in the Our Lives research study between the ages of 12/13 and 19/20 years. Our analysis focused on the role of peer relationship events such bullying, friendship problems, falling in love, and breaking up with someone. Bullying and romantic involvement were associated with lower odds of receiving a competitive tertiary entrance rank at the end of high school. However, close, resilient friendships – in which status and identity conflicts may be more easily tolerated and resolved – may help to offset the role of these other events. As well as reviewing the consequences of our findings for young people's educational and occupational trajectories in the longer-term, we highlight their implications for future research and policy in this area.

Resumo: Este ensaio discute as transições juvenis em tempos incertos. A crise de sentidos de algumas agências socializadoras, entre elas a escola, em seu potencial de garantir às gerações mais novas uma transição para a vida adulta, interpela educadores e gestores sobre a necessidade de reconhecerem a posição das novas gerações nas transformações sociais. Traremos para o debate alguns dos resultados de uma pesquisa realizada com jovens do campo concluintes do ensino médio e algumas categorias analíticas que demarcam as áreas de estudos sobre juventude, como culturas juvenis e sociabilidades. É significativo reconhecer que o papel da escola na inserção sociocultural e profissional do jovem está por acontecer. Abstract: This essay discusses the youth transitions in times of incertitude. The crisis of meanings of some socializing institutions, being the school one of them, in their potential of guaranteeing to the youngest generations a transition towards adult life, questions educators and managers about the need to recognize the position of new generations in social transformations. We will bring into debate some of the results of a research carried out with young people living in rural regions, completing the secondary education, and some analytical categories that define the study field about youth, such as youth cultures and sociability. It is significant to recognize that the role of the school in the socio-cultural and professional insertion of the youth is still far from coming into reality.

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Large-scale surveys rate Bulgaria and the whole of South-East Europe as societies poor in both formal and informal social capital. At the same time studies show that families in the region remain closely knit and norms of reciprocity, empathy and support among members of extended families are valued highly. To throw light upon this contradiction the paper presents results from a qualitative research into family support for youth transitions from school to work in Bulgaria conducted in 2002-2003. It uses of data from in-depth interviews with 46 young people one year after graduation from school or university and 34 of their parents. The paper analyses in more detail three case studies representing different patterns of family support. The role of the family remains important under post-communism when it acts as a network for its members and with the access to other social networks external to the family.

This paper explores continuity and innovation in the everyday relational practices of a group of post-accession Polish migrants who first arrived in the UK when in their late teens and twenties. In the context of claims that migration has allowed younger migrants to pursue lives free from familial ties and responsibilities, the paper focuses on their living arrangements in the UK and the extent to which they actively eschew or embrace familial relationships, practices and commitments. Our data suggest that moving to the UK had undoubtedly facilitated new freedoms and opportunities, yet these were utilised by many to bring forward, rather than delay, a sequence of broadly conventional domestic transitions, accompanied for many by ongoing dependency and interconnectedness with networks of extended family members who had also migrated to the UK. Our paper draws on the concepts of frontiering and relativising (Bryceson and Vuorela 2002) and argues that our participants were engaged in sets of practices linked to both. Further, these practices not only entailed a continual revision of migrants’ sense of family identity, affected by life stage, but were also underpinned for many by the centrality of traditional conceptualisations of family. Special Issue: Polish Transnational Families in United Europe

This paper explores continuity and innovation in the everyday relational practices of a group of post-accession Polish migrants who first arrived in the UK when in their late teens and twenties. In the context of claims that migration has allowed younger migrants to pursue lives free from familial ties and responsibilities, the paper focuses on their living arrangements in the UK and the extent to which they actively eschew or embrace familial relationships, practices and commitments. Our data suggest that moving to the UK had undoubtedly facilitated new freedoms and opportunities, yet these were utilised by many to bring forward, rather than delay, a sequence of broadly conventional domestic transitions, accompanied for many by ongoing dependency and interconnectedness with networks of extended family members who had also migrated to the UK. Our paper draws on the concepts of frontiering and relativising (Bryceson and Vuorela 2002) and argues that our participants were engaged in sets of practices linked to both. Further, these practices not only entailed a continual revision of migrants’ sense of family identity, affected by life stage, but were also underpinned for many by the centrality of traditional conceptualisations of family.

This paper explores continuity and innovation in the everyday relational practices of a group of post-accession Polish migrants who first arrived in the UK when in their late teens and twenties. In the context of claims that migration has allowed younger migrants to pursue lives free from familial ties and responsibilities, the paper focuses on their living arrangements in the UK and the extent to which they actively eschew or embrace familial relationships, practices and commitments. Our data suggest that moving to the UK had undoubtedly facilitated new freedoms and opportunities, yet these were utilised by many to bring forward, rather than delay, a sequence of broadly conventional domestic transitions, accompanied for many by ongoing dependency and interconnectedness with networks of extended family members who had also migrated to the UK. Our paper draws on the concepts of frontiering and relativising (Bryceson and Vuorela 2002) and argues that our participants were engaged in sets of practices linked to both. Further, these practices not only entailed a continual revision of migrants’ sense of family identity, affected by life stage, but were also underpinned for many by the centrality of traditional conceptualisations of family.

Extensive evidence supports associations between early pubertal timing and adolescent externalizing behavior, but how and under which conditions they are linked is not fully understood. In addition, pubertal development is also characterized by variations in the relative speed at which individuals mature, but studies linking pubertal 'tempo' and outcomes are scarce. This study examined the mediating and moderating roles of spare time activities in associations between pubertal development and later delinquency, using data from a large (4,327 girls, 4,250 boys) longitudinal UK cohort (Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children). Self-reports of Tanner stage were available from ages 9 to 14, spare time activities at age 12 and delinquency at age 15. Pubertal development was examined using latent growth models. Spare time activities were categorized using factor analyses, yielding four types (hanging out at home, hanging out outside, consumerist behavior, and sports/games), which were examined as mediators and moderators. Earlier and faster maturation predicted delinquency in boys and girls. Spare time activities partially mediated these links such that early maturing girls more often engaged in hanging out outside, which placed them at greater risk for delinquency. In addition, compared to their later and slower maturing counterparts, boys who matured earlier and faster were less likely to engage in sports/games, a spare time activity type that is linked to lower delinquency risk. No moderation effects were found. The findings extend previous research on outcomes of early maturation and show how spare time activities act as proxies between pubertal development and delinquency.

In Britain school examination results are now an annual newsworthy item. This recurrent event illustrates, and reinforces, the importance of school level qualifications. The General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) is the standard qualification undertaken by pupils at the end of year 11 (age 15-16). GCSEs continue to play an important and central role in young people’s educational and employment pathways. Within the sociology of youth there has been recent interest in documenting the lives and educational experiences of ‘ordinary’ young people.There are many analyses of agglomerate (i.e. overall) school GCSE attainment. More recently attention has been focused on individual GCSE subjects. In this paper we analyse school GCSE attainment at the subject area level. This is an innovative approach and our motivation is to explore substantively interesting patterns of attainment that might be concealed in analyses of overall attainment, or attainment within individual subjects.We analyse data from the Youth Cohort Study of England and Wales using a latent variable approach. The modelling process uncovered four distinctive latent educational groups. One latent group is characterised by high levels of overall attainment, whereas another latent group is characterised by poor GCSE performance. There are two latent groups with moderate or ‘middle’ levels of GCSE attainment. These two latent groups have similar levels of agglomerate attainment, but one group performs better in science and the other performs better in arts GCSEs. Pupils study for multiple GCSEs which are drawn from a wide menu of choices. There is a large array of possible GCSE subject combinations, and results in individual GCSE subjects are highly correlated. The adoption of a latent variable approach is attractive because it handles the messy nature of the data whilst not trivialising its complexity. The paper demonstrates that a latent variable approach is practicable with large-scale social survey data, and is appealing for the analysis of more contemporaneous cohorts.

Cette introduction trace les grandes lignes de l’approche analytique sur laquelle s’appuient les articles présentés dans ce numéro spécial. Le projet de développement « générationnant » implique de repenser le développement comme une dynamique clairement générationnelle. Pour cela, nous appliquons une approche relationnelle à l’analyse des jeunes dans le développement, qui permet de surmonter les limites inhérentes aux approches classificatrices communes. Les concepts d’âge et de génération sont mobilisés pour envisager les jeunes comme des acteurs sociaux, et les phases de vie telles que l’enfance et la jeunesse dans une perspective relationnelle. La prise en compte du rôle central des jeunes dans la reproduction sociale les met au cœur des études de développement et conduit les articles présentés dans ce numéro spécial à examiner en quoi la capacité d’action (agency) des jeunes influence et est influencée par les transformations des conditions de reproduction sociale découlant du développement.

This study aims to analyze the process of semiotic regulation in youth transition to adulthood from the perspectives of cultural developmental psychology and dialogical self theory. The focus is on the transformations that occur in youth’s self-system configurations during a critical developmental period when they start to participate in the world of work. In this paper, we will advance the idea that semiotic regulation may lead to the construction of a future-oriented time perspective – and more specifically, to a new sense of becoming “professional” – through a cycle of production of innovation, leading to the construction of intransitive hierarchies of meaning and creating more flexibility in the self-system. We present a longitudinal case study of three young people who participated in a social project in Salvador, Bahia to illustrate the process. Data was collected through two rounds of in-depth interviews at ages18 (1st round) and 21 (2nd round) years. Analysis followed a mapping of positions and counter-positions, as well as emerging tensions and their resolution over time and in different spheres of life (i.e. work and family life). The idea is to show how negotiations of self-positions evolve and activate a mechanism of hierarchical integration and differentiation of meanings, in which flexible meanings are created that allow for the emergence of alternative life trajectories, building an architecture of the self-in-motion., Interacções, vol. 9 n.º 24 (2013): The semiotic construction of Self

The globalisation process has an impact at the micro-level on life-course patterns: concretely, the trajectories of young people into adulthood are being sharply modified. At a European level, the extension, de-linearisation, reversibility and diversification of youth trajectories have been identified as major changes. However, the extent to which these changes affect young people within each country depends on their respective welfare regimes. This article analyses how the Mediterranean welfare regime shapes youth trajectories among Catalan young people and explores the hypothesis that these constraints will make those trajectories less sensitive to the general trends of change identified at a European level. The research is based on an analysis of the Catalan Youth Survey, an official statistic that contains retrospective data on Educational, Work, Housing and Family transitions. The results offer an integrated typology of youth transitions in Catalonia and show how the persistence of traditional patterns of transition are the logical result of the particular articulation of the welfare regime and cultural patterns among Catalan young people.

El artículo propone un modelo general, empíricamente fundado para el análisis de la incertidumbre biográfica. El modelo se basa en los hallazgos de un estudio exploratorio cualitativo de la transformación de los significados de desempleo entre los jóvenes en la Lituania post-soviética. En una primera etapa, se discuten brevemente las características particulares del rompecabezas de la incertidumbre en las transiciones de la juventud postcomunista. Un hecho histórico como el colapso del socialismo de estado en Europa, similar a la crisis financiera y económica reciente, es un generador de incertidumbre por excelencia: socava los cimientos de las sociedades y "lo que se da por hecho" de las expectativas relacionadas. En este contexto, se presenta el caso de una mujer joven y cómo responde a la nueva amenaza de desempleo en la transición al mundo del trabajo. Su gestión de la incertidumbre en la perspectiva de tiempo específico de la producción de seguridad es entonces conceptualmente reformulado para distinguir tres tipos o niveles de incertidumbre biográfica: incertidumbre de conocimiento, incertidumbre de resultados e incertidumbre de reconocimiento. Se argumenta que la incertidumbre biográfica es empíricamente observable a través del análisis de la actuación y la proyección en el plano biográfico. En la parte final se resumen los resultados empíricos y la discusión conceptual en un modelo de estratificación de la incertidumbre biográfica como una herramienta general para el análisis biográfico de los fenómenos de incertidumbre. URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs100120, Auf der Grundlage einer qualitativ-explorativen Untersuchung der Bedeutung von Arbeitslosigkeit unter Jugendlichen im post-sowjetischen Litauen schlage ich ein empirisch begründetes Model zur Analyse biografischer Unsicherheit vor. Der erste Teil widmet sich der Diskussion der besonderen Unsicherheitsfaktoren in Übergängen Jugendlicher in die Arbeitswelt im post-kommunistischen Kontext. Der Zusammenbruch sozialistischer Regime in Europa ist, wie die gegenwärtige Wirtschaftskrise, ein historisches Ereignis von besonderer Tragweite und gleichzeitig Auslöser von Unsicherheit schlechthin: Er erschüttert nicht nur die Grundlagen von Gesellschaften, sondern auch die Selbstverständlichkeit damit verbundener Erwartungen. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird der Fall einer jungen Frau vorgestellt und wie sie mit der im Übergang in die Arbeitswelt durch den Systemwechsel nunmehr drohenden Arbeitslosigkeit umgeht. In einem nächsten Schritt wird ihre besondere Art der Bearbeitung von Unsicherheit in der Zeitperspektive der Produktion von Sicherheit konzeptuell verdichtet. Dabei werden drei Formen und Ebenen biografischer Unsicherheit unterschieden: Wissens-, Ergebnis- und Anerkennungsunsicherheit. Biografische Unsicherheit wird dabei als ein Phänomen beschrieben, das durch die empirische Analyse biografischen Entwerfens und Handelns sichtbar gemacht werden kann. Im letzten Teil führe ich die davor erarbeiteten empirischen Befunde und Konzepte in einem Stratifikationsmodell biografischer Unsicherheit zusammen, das als Instrument zur biografischen Analyse von Unsicherheitsphänomenen vorgeschlagen wird., The article proposes a general, empirically grounded model for analyzing biographical uncertainty. The model is based on findings from a qualitative-explorative study of transforming meanings of unemployment among young people in post-Soviet Lithuania. In a first step, the particular features of the uncertainty puzzle in post-communist youth transitions are briefly discussed. A historical event like the collapse of state socialism in Europe, similar to the recent financial and economic crisis, is a generator of uncertainty par excellence: it undermines the foundations of societies and the taken-for-grantedness of related expectations. Against this background, the case of a young woman and how she responds to the novel threat of unemployment in the transition to the world of work is introduced. Her uncertainty management in the specific time perspective of certainty production is then conceptually rephrased by distinguishing three types or levels of biographical uncertainty: knowledge, outcome, and recognition uncertainty. Biographical uncertainty, it is argued, is empirically observable through the analysis of acting and projecting at the biographical level. The final part synthesizes the empirical findings and the conceptual discussion into a stratification model of biographical uncertainty as a general tool for the biographical analysis of uncertainty phenomena. URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs100120

First paragraph: In this chapter we explore school to work transitions by documenting the activities of young people who reached the minimum school leaving age in the 1990s. Our starting position is that changes in the economy, education and training lead us to suspect that the landscape of social and economic conditions under which young people grew up during the 1990s were sufficiently different from those a decade before to justify exploration. Through the analysis of data from cohorts of young people who reached minimum school leaving age in the 1990s we evaluate the ‘detraditionalisation’ thesis.

It has been suggested that youth transitions have become increasingly protracted and complex and that routes between school and work, which were once viewed as linear and predictable, have been replaced by a set of movements that are more fragmented. Our aim in this paper is to contextualise these changes in an attempt to capture the degree of complexity characteristic of modern transitions and to explore the implications for patterns of labour market integration. We argue that there has been a tendency to exaggerate processes of de-linearisation and that the modern tendency to regard transitional complexity as symptomatic of «choice biographies» can help mask structures of disadvantage. S'apunta que les transicions juvenils cada vegada són més llargues i complexes i que els camins entre l'escola i el treball, que abans es consideraven lineals i previsibles, actualment han estat substituïts per un conjunt de moviments que estan més fragmentats. L'objectiu d'aquest article és contextualitzar aquests canvis per tal de captar el grau de complexitat característic de les transicions modernes i explorar les implicacions que tenen en els models d'integració en el mercat laboral. Defensem que s'ha tendit a exagerar els processos de deslinealització i que la tendència moderna de veure la complexitat de les transicions com un fet simptomàtic de les «biografies d'elecció» pot contribuir a ocultar estructures de desavantatges.