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Small distributed control systems with remote web access are becoming fairly common. Sooner or later, security of such systems will become a precondition for some critical applications. However, limited computational power will require some non-standard solu- tions. The paper describes secure web access to a prototype of small distributed control system programmed according to IEC 61131-3 standard. Security is provided by challenge-response authentication of web client and symmetric cryptographic primitives. Communica- tion latency is analysed by means of a Timed Petri Net model.

The advancements in ICT allow people to use and access resources and services on the web anywhere and anytime. Servers offering resources typically require users to release information about them, which is then used to enforce possible access policies on the offered services. Effective access to such resources requires the development of approaches for enabling the user to organise and manage all her credentials and regulate their release when interacting with other parties over the web. In this paper, we provide a means for the user to specify how much she values the release of different properties, credentials, or combinations thereof as well as additional constraints that she might impose on information disclosure. Exploiting a graph modelling of the problem, the user can determine the credentials and properties to disclose to satisfy a server request while minimising the sensitivity of the information disclosed. We develop a heuristic approach that shows execution times compatible with the requirements of interactive access to web resources.

Over the next few issues, you will notice some changes to the Journal of Medical Ethics . Box 1 summarises the new structure for the journal. ### Box 1. Summary of the new structure of the journal Regular sections Editorial Guest Editorial Current Controversies (free web access) Leading Article (free web access) Peer reviewed original contributions New special sections •Teaching and Learning Ethics •Clinical Ethics •Research Ethics •Global Medical Ethics •Law, Ethics and Medicine •Review Essay Ethics Briefings Book Reviews Letters and eLetters News and notes Occasional sections Brief Reports Debate Point of view Medical Student Essay Glossary Current Controversies will briefly describe a current issue of public interest. Informal comment will be invited from a number of commentators from a variety of disciplines. The goal of this section is to provide a publicly accessible resource to promote informed general debate. There will be free web access to the Current Controversies. The Leading Article …

We welcome the following distinguished neurologists to the Neurology Editorial Board effective January 1, 2006: Gregory Cascino, MD, Rochester, MN; Murray Grossman, MD, Philadelphia, PA; Michael Hill, MD, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Steven R. Levine, MD, New York, NY; Hanns Lochmuller, MD, Munich, Germany; Ruth Nass, MD, New York, NY; and Samuel Wiebe, MD, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. We thank our retiring Editorial Board members who have devoted enormous time and energy to Neurology and have helped to make the Journal the premier source of information in clinical neuroscience. Retiring Editorial Board members include Harry Chugani, MD; Thomas Feasby, MD; J. Timothy Greenamyre, MD, PhD; S. Claiborne Johnston, MD, PhD; Marc Patterson, MD; and William Powers, MD. The number of manuscripts we receive continues to increase every year. Neurology received 2,520 papers from January to August 2005. In 2004, we received 2,373 in that same time period. We are on a pace of receiving over 4,100 manuscripts this year. International submissions continue to constitute 65–70% of submissions. Web access of www.neurology.org has also increased; compared to September 2004, access to abstracts has risen 42%, access to full-text …

To facilitate advances in application of technologies pertaining to gas hydrates, a United States database containing experimentally-derived information about those materials was developed. The Clathrate Hydrate Physical Property Database (NIST Standard Reference Database {number_sign} 156) was developed by the TRC Group at NIST in Boulder, Colorado paralleling a highly-successful database of thermodynamic properties of molecular pure compounds and their mixtures and in association with an international effort on the part of CODATA to aid in international data sharing. Development and population of this database relied on the development of three components of information-processing infrastructure: (1) guided data capture (GDC) software designed to convert data and metadata into a well-organized, electronic format, (2) a relational data storage facility to accommodate all types of numerical and metadata within the scope of the project, and (3) a gas hydrate markup language (GHML) developed to standardize data communications between 'data producers' and 'data users'. Having developed the appropriate data storage and communication technologies, a web-based interface for both the new Clathrate Hydrate Physical Property Database, as well as Scientific Results from the Mallik 2002 Gas Hydrate Production Research Well Program was developed and deployed at http://gashydrates.nist.gov.

To the Editor: The third edition of the American Society of Hematology (ASH) Slide Bank contains well over 5,000 hematopathologic images of great use to hematology educators and trainees. The University of Washington Health Sciences Center for Educational Resources (

It has long been understood that availability of thermophysical and thermochemical property data is vital to scientific research and industrial design. For over 65 years, the Thermodynamics Research Center (TRC) has been publishing tables of critically evaluated data covering physical and thermodynamic properties of pure compounds, TRC Tables-Hydrocarbons and TRC Tables-Non-Hydrocarbons. Over their long history, the TRC Tables have always been valued as a reputable source of evaluated thermophysical and thermodynamic data. To facilitate more flexible, convenient, and up-to-date access to the data, here, we present the release of the on-line version of the TRC tables, Web Thermo Tables (WTT). Presently, WTT contains data for 7838 compounds and over 950,000 evaluated data points. The tabulated information includes critical properties, vapor pressures and boiling temperatures, phase transition properties, volumetric properties, heat capacities and derived properties, transport properties, reaction state-change properties, as well as index of refraction, surface tension, and speed of sound. Various search options and data plotting capabilities are provided via the Web interface. WTT are distributed through the NIST Standard Reference Data Program [1].

Program objective – The objective of the program was to create a catalogue of patient education pamphlets and provide a stable in-house platform for the database that is sustainable with current staff resources. Rationale – Capital Health has an excellent selection of more than 1000 pamphlets specifically for patients. These pamphlets need to be accessible from the Internet, and they need to be housed on a Capital Health Web page. Main components – The main components were cataloguing the content, designing a user-friendly Web page, ensuring ongoing cataloguing is sustainable, and educating users. Setting – Capital Health, Halifax, Nova Scotia. Participants – Eleanor King, Patient Education Coordinator, Capital Health; Myrna Lawson, Library Technician; Penny Logan, Manager Library Services; Pearl Murphy, Web Coordinator; Boyd Sharpe, Systems Analyst; Deb Cameron, Graphic Designer. Program – The program was to ensure Web access to patient pamphlets. Results – 679 patient pamphlets were catalogued and presented on a user-friendly Web page in a searchable database that is controlled in-house and that can easily be kept up-to-date with current staff and systems. Conclusion – Library software and expertise can be used for more than just a catalogue of books and journals. By using already-available software and expertise, maintaining the pamphlets database can be accommodated without additional expense.

Mining frequent traversal patterns is to discover the reference paths traversed by a sufficient number of users from web logs, which can be used for prefetching and suggestion for web users. However, the discovered frequent traversal patterns may become invalid or inappropriate when the user behaviours are changed. In this paper, we propose an incremental updating technique to maintain the discovered frequent traversal patterns when the traversal paths are inserted into or deleted from the database. The experimental results show that our algorithms are more efficient than other algorithms for the maintenance of mining frequent traversal patterns.

Archival repositories are increasingly publishing digital images of their collections online to support remote research. Arizona Sonora Documents Online exemplifies this trend. It provides web access to fifteen manuscript collections on the history of Sonora, Mexico, that are located at three different archival repositories in Arizona.

By its very nature, the judicial process necessitates the production and dissemination of massive amounts of documents. Traditionally, these documents have existed on paper. Systematic cataloguing and organisation of these voluminous documents are essential since judges, counsel and the public have a right and need to access them. The technological revolution has been slow in coming to the judicial system, yet there are few places in which technology can have more of an immediate and beneficial impact. This paper examines the current state of online access to case information in the US judicial system. An overview of the judicial process is provided, along with a discussion of the extent and nature of online access in the federal and state court systems. Advantages and problems associated with technological innovation are also discussed.

Electronic journals are the basis of a world of purely electronic scientific communication. Just imagine, no more bookshelves and mountains of disorganized paperwork, no more late nights organizing and searching for articles of interest. For most active research-oriented students and scientists this is already a reality, or will be in the near future. Although most 'top ranked' traditional journals now offer web access to recent publications, and to less or more of their archives, not everyone has the luxury of access through their university, or has his/her subscription paid for, or can afford to pay US $30–35 for an electronic reprint. Traditionally, journals generated their revenue from individual subscribers, private and/or state owned institutions, page charges from authors, and charges for color illustrations. Consequently, the traditional science publishing industry limited access to scientific publications to scientists in the developed countries while, in many cases, leaving the rest of the world unattended.

Popular World Wide Web sites can often cause congestion hot spots in the network, resulting in degradation of performance. Typically, such sites are mirrored in order to alleviate bottlenecks. This presents users of these sites with a choice of where to access their documents. Using a theoretical Web access delay model, a performance analysis is carried out which shows the effects of mirror location and communication facility speed. The analysis shows the conflict of interest between the network operator trying to optimise aggregate data rates and that of the users trying to maximise their own individual data rates. The results reflect upon the load balancing policies for optimal network performance.

The new Brunswick Museum catalog of paleontological specimens is now available to search on the World Wide Web. For the paleontological community this means that more than 10,800 collection records, comprising about 95 percent of the museum's fossil collection, are accessible online. The New Brunswick Museum science collection is significant as one of the oldest natural science collections in Canada. Holdings include specimens collected by Abraham Gesner prior to 1842 and members of the …

Customer relationship management (CRM) is a fast growing category of application software. CRM is gaining interest because of its focus on the customer and thus its potential for increasing revenue. It enhances the ability of a firm to compete and to retain key customers. Furthermore, given the rapid growth of e-business applications and the increasing need to sell to and support customers through the web, CRM provides a focal point for all customer-facing activities. This review of CRM product capabilities and key CRM vendors identifies three distinct categories of CRM vendors and finds that they are attempting to offer a rich or full set of CRM features and are rapidly integrating web access into their products. The study proposes a model to aid in the selection of CRM products and the evaluation of CRM vendors.

Culminating a multi-year effort by more than 100 scientists in several disciplines, the coordinated Community Climate System Model (CCSM) program of the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) is finalizing its next-generation model and plans to release it by mid-2002.The first version, CCSM 1.0, was released in 1996. Because of its state-of-the-art quality, easy Web access (http://www.ccsm.ucar.edu/models), and excellent written and in-code documentation, it has become a valuable research tool for many scientists throughout the world, and especially in the United States. CCSM 2.0 is being developed to represent the principal components of the climate system and their interactions [Blackmon et al., 2001].The new version substantially improves simulations of many important elements of the climate system from the tropical ocean to sea ice in the polar regions.

Aparadigm shift in scientific publishing— immediate electronic publication of peer-reviewed researchwill be one result of a decision by the American Chemical Society to launch Internet editions of all of its 26 research journals in September. Six of the society's journals are already on-line (C&EN, June 2, page 40). "Remarkable," says Stanford University chemistry professor and National Science Board Chairman Richard N. Zare, commenting on the new ACS on-line venture. Electronic access to ACS journals "means to me that it doesn't matter if the library is open or closed." And, he continues, it is "highly gratifying" to know that research results will become available with such immediacy. Robert D. Bovenschulte, director of the ACS Publications Division, says: "We are speeding the use of scientific advances around the world." Further, he adds, "Web access allows us to deliver new findings in chemistry as much as 75% faster than before and with the features and conveniences that best ...

Until the introduction of the iPhone, cellular telephony and the Internet were essentially separate. The Internet was a PC-based service, while mobile telephony was conducted on a telephone. Though there were mobile products that provided communication services such as email, web access and other Internet services were either unavailable or inferior to those available on a PC. The smartphone cate-gory redefined by Apple meant the convergence of traditional mobile telephony, Internet services, and personal computing. As these sectors merge into a single device, formerly separate industry architec-tures and their constituent firms are being forced into direct competition. We test theories of industry architecture and technological platforms regarding their ability to explain the strategies of key entrants in navigating the transition. We analyze in detail the actions and strategies of four major competitors, including Apple, Google, Microsoft, Nokia, and, more briefly, Research in Motion and HP/Palm, from the framework of technological platform theory. Our analysis suggests that currently some competitors are following traditional platform strategies, but that Google and Apple appear to have adopted strate-gies at odds with platform literature. We examine how the dynamics of this convergence may lead to a reconsideration of certain tenets of platform theory.

The mobile Internet that was a huge hype ten years ago is finally here. We have a wealth of mobile devices that allow us to enjoy and consume Internet content from any number of web sites and services. With faster processors and radio links, our use of the Internet and the traffic mobile users generate grows at a tremendous pace. In this development, we still have a huge challenge to tackle: energy efficiency. When ten years ago one would recharge his personal mobile device once a week, we now do that daily; Smart phones today are not able to carry enough energy to allow us several days of usage time. The focus on this paper is to present and analyse one solution to help us in our daily lives. We implement and study a scheme where web content, a page, is delivered as a whole to a mobile device, instead of sending each individual object of the page separately. Combined with RRC state based header compression and selective content compression, our proposal allows the radio to keep in low power state for longer durations, and as a consequence brings huge energy savings. Download times also decrease, thus bringing increased Quality of Experience.

In the inaugural issue of MC2R in April 1997 [24], I highlighted the seminal influence of mobility in computing. At that time, the goal of "information at your fingertips anywhere, anytime" was only a dream. Today, through relentless pursuit of innovations in wireless technology, energy-efficient portable hardware and adaptive software, we have largely attained this goal. Ubiquitous email and Web access is a reality that is experienced by millions of users worldwide through their Blackberries, iPhones, iPads, Windows Phone devices, and Android-based devices. Mobile Web-based services and location-aware advertising opportunities have emerged, triggering large commercial investments. Mobile computing has arrived as a lucrative business proposition. Looking ahead, what are the dreams that will inspire our future efforts in mobile computing? We begin this paper by considering some imaginary mobile computing scenarios from the future. We then extract the deep assumptions implicit in these scenarios, and use them to speculate on the future trajectory of mobile computing.

The development of Internet-based business has pointed out the importance of the personalisation and optimisation of Web sites. For this purpose the study of users behaviours are of great importance. In this paper we present a solution to the problem of identification of dense clusters in the analysis of Web Access Logs. We consider a modification of an algorithm recently proposed in social network analysis. This approach is illustrated by analysing a log-file of a web portal.

In the past few years, the use of World-Wide-Web (WWW) has grown exponentially. It is important for companies to analyze the behaviors of their customers so as to have better profit and services. This paper explores the technique of association rules to discover the access patterns of WWW users. In order to support our proposed algorithms, there is a pre-mining phase which filters and transforms WWW access logs into a database of access transactions. Our first algorithm, Extended Apriori algorithm (EAA), is a variant of the infamous Apriori algorithm. This algorithm is modified to handle the item order in the counting and generation steps of the candidate access patterns. However, the EAA does not deal with the minimal viewing time constraint directly. In the OPM algorithm, we propose to consider how to reduce the number of database scans and exploit the minimal viewing time constraint during the candidate itemset generation. In our experiments, the results showed that the OPM, algorithm took less than half of the time required by by the EAA.