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Ghana's higher education landscape reveals the continued dominance of the face-to-face mode of learning to the utmost neglect of other modes of innovative learning. This study shows that distance and sandwich education which involves practical work experience in addition to academic study in an e-learning environment in Ghana are stifled mainly because of high stigma, poor internet connectivity, and non-existence of national policies regulating higher learning through innovative educational programs. Through conceptual analysis, the study suggests a policy framework for enhancing higher learning through innovative modes of learning in Ghana's higher education institutions.

The purpose of this paper is to highlight the joint effort of the Chinese Government and the educators in reacting to the threat of COVID-19 in China to keep learning continue while schools close. The sources of data in this paper are from the most current reports of the Chinese Government, newspapers, televisions and the latest published journal articles. These reports cover the challenges, the immediate actions of the Government and the stakeholders during the toughest COVID-19 period in China. The paper also includes the Post COVID-19 Plan of the Chinese Government to bring normal learning back after the pandemic. The courageous acts of the Chinese Government and the educators to save Chinese education during the pandemic have significant implications to educational planning worldwide.

The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic undermined basic routines and typical conduct of schools, introducing uncertainty and instability to an extent that schools had never encountered in the last decades. The current study focuses on leaders' coping strategies while struggling to maintain school stability and on the extent to which these extreme conditions of uncertainty and turbulence may potentially promote innovation and change, as many stakeholders argue. Interviews conducted with eleven school leaders reveal that they have invested efforts to maintain school stability and decrease teachers' and students' stress. They changed school priorities, placing more emphasis on the wellbeing of teachers and students than on academic achievements. They shifted control patterns from centralized to collaborative ones with extended autonomy to teachers. They increased the support they provided teachers and created open communication channels. Although many school leaders viewed the pandemic as an opportunity for change, all of them agreed that schools would not dramatically change. All principals shared the notion that it is more likely that schools would return to their traditional routines and modes of operation with only minor changes after the pandemic is over. Some implications of extreme turbulence on innovation-oriented planning are discussed.

This paper presents research on the argumentation that preservice teachers perform when designing and teaching geometry. Argumentation is associated with speech acts carrying didactical intentions. This research study features of preservice teachers' argumentation when explaining geometry tasks both to peers, during preparation and discussion of designed activities, and to students in the classroom. This is qualitative research and the results support establishing relationships between the didactical dimension of the didactic-mathematical knowledge model and some characteristics of the argumentation that preservice mathematics teachers exhibit during their planning and teaching.

This study compared English L2 writers' (N =111) performance on an integrated writing task from the Canadian Academic English Language (CAEL) Assessment under three prewriting planning conditions: required self-timed planning required fixed time planning, and suggested (i.e., optional) planning. The participants' integrated essays were scored according to the CAEL writing bands by raters at Paragon Testing Inc. The effect of planning condition on the participants' planning time, writing time, and integrated writing scores were analyzed using MANOVA. The student interviews were analyzed using thematic content analysis. The results indicated that planning time was the only variable impacted by planning condition, with students in the required self-timed planning condition taking more time to plan before beginning to write. Students' perceptions about prewriting planning are discussed in terms of implications for the teaching and assessment of L2 integrated writing.

The drive of this article is to evaluate the capability and service delivery of the English language training institutions and their coordination, according to the findings of the survey. The research incorporated the framework of language planning goals of Kaplan and Baldauf, to perform relative and content investigation. Expressive statistics and examination of study related to language learning and instruction delivered at the secondary schools and the universities have been studied to identify conditions for the English language training. This article focuses on language acquisition planning, especially evaluation policy in Mongolian educational institutions which have the main responsibility to implement the policy. It also discussed the results taken for consideration in language testing considering attaining programs, and goals. For example, every year the proficiency testing is done for more than 3000 freshmen students who are studying 'English I' (A2 level), the assessment reveals that more than 90% of them fail. It is then concluded that there is no united and national evaluation policy for English language acquisition planning in Mongolia.

This study examined the relationship between preschool teachers' self-efficacy beliefs and their teaching attitudes. In the study, it was considered whether preschool teachers' self-efficacy beliefs and their teaching attitudes change in terms of certain variables. The research was carried out using a correlational survey model. The target population of the study is the preschool teachers working in Küçükçekmece district, Istanbul Province, in the 2017-2018 academic year. The working group consists of 264 preschool teachers working at the schools in said district. The following assessment instruments were used in the research: "Personal Information Form," "Preschool Teachers' Self-efficacy Beliefs Scale," to identify preschool teachers' self-efficacy beliefs and 'Preschool Teachers' Teaching Attitudes Scale' to determine the teachers' attitudes. The obtained data were analyzed using Pearson multiplication moment correlation analysis, and Regression analysis was performed to determine the level of self-efficacy beliefs of preschool teachers affecting teaching attitudes. Preschool teachers were found to have full self-efficacy beliefs in the teaching-learning process, communication skills, planning, and regulation of learning environments and classroom management, and firm self-efficacy beliefs in family participation. Teachers' attitudes of preschool teachers were found to be democratic at the highest level, followed by autocratic and laissez-faire at the lowest level. As a result of the regression analysis made to determine the level of the effect of self-efficacy beliefs of preschool teachers on their teaching attitudes, the learning and teaching process positively predicts democratic teaching attitudes and negatively predicts laissez-faire attitudes.

Students were tasked with the creation of videos of ordinary reactions to promote significant learning of complex concepts underlying chemical transformations. Interactive infographics were used to deliver instructions. Afterward, students planned the experimental setup for the reaction execution and video recording using their mobile phones. The videos and an online questionnaire, also created by the students, were shared with other class members using the visual platform Padlet. The reasoning required to elaborate the questions contributed to a better understanding of the principles underpinning the chemical equation. An exit survey showed that planning and performing the activity were not time-consuming for the students. Marks attained by the students in questions related to chemical reactions improved after completing the activity.

Drawing upon social cognitive career theory model of career self-management, we examined the relationship between work placement supervisor support (WPSS) and students' proactive career behaviors (PCB), mediating role of work placement learning self-efficacy and the moderating effect of proactivity in the indirect relationships. Data were collected from 275 university undergraduate students undertaking placement learning in 129 firms. The regression analysis revealed that WPSS associated positively with all the constructs of PCB namely: career planning, proactive skills development, career consultation, and career network building, as well as work placement learning self-efficacy. Also, work placement learning self-efficacy mediated the relationship between WPSS and the constructs of PCB except career consultation. Proactivity moderated the relationship between work placement learning self-efficacy and career planning and career network building, and the indirect effects of WPSS on career planning and career network building via work placement learning self-efficacy were significant at low, average, and high levels.

Competencies for designing and evaluating scientific inquiries are a key emphasis in national curriculums worldwide and a focus of international large-scale assessment. Teachers globally are encouraged to provide learning opportunities for their students to explore and practice asking and conducting researchable questions. This study focused on the competencies of formulating researchable questions and conducting quality investigations, which are the cornerstones of the scientific method. Thirty-eight (n = 38) second year, Australian undergraduate pre-service teachers (aged 19-40 years) participated in a semester-long course of teaching intervention. The study investigated pre-service teachers' pre- and post-affective attitudes toward science, epistemic beliefs, and developmental performances in the context of formulating and planning practical science investigations. T-test results demonstrated that pre-service teachers' post- results in "formulating research questions" (t = -8.34, p < 0.001, d = 1.40) and "planning investigations" (t = -7.83, p < 0.001, d = 1.34) were significantly higher than their pre- scores. Additional structural relationship analyses revealed that in the early stages of developing a scientific investigation, the positive and significant predictive coefficient for pre-service teachers in "formulating research questions" was "epistemological beliefs." In the final reporting stage of the investigation, pre-service teachers' "scientific affective attitudes" positively predicted their "improved planning investigations." The results highlight the unique affordance of providing practical experiences of fair testing in pre-service science teacher education.

This study examined previous literature that described approaches to interagency collaboration and identified the most appropriate practices to implement while working with transition-age youth with disabilities and their families. Within this qualitative content analysis review of literature on interagency collaboration, we used the theory of working alliance and its three categories (i.e., goals, bonds, tasks) to support best practices in interagency collaboration for youth with disabilities. Twelve themes were developed to support the three categories and define how stakeholders could create successful interagency collaboration. These themes can be used to provide guidance for best practices to inform successful interagency collaboration among those involved in the transition planning process. Limitations and implications for future research and practice are discussed.

Background: All children have the right to express their views about matters affecting them and participate in decision-making for their future irrespective of their intellectual ability. This study explores the adult role in understanding the views of children with profound and multiple learning difficulties who are not using a formal communication system and require adults to speak on their behalf. Methods: The study employs a qualitative multiple case study design involving three children with profound and multiple learning difficulties attending one special school. Social constructivist grounded theory approaches inform data gathering and analysis. Eight interviews are conducted with parents and professionals to explore how they understand the children's views and how this understanding informs person-centred planning, combined with observations of the children in school and observations of their person-centred planning meetings. Findings: Adult participants consider the children in the study to have agency and ability to affect the world around them. They believe the children can express their likes, dislikes and what they want but they think the children would have difficulty communicating their views about their health, medical needs and disability. They describe a range of observable actions made by a child to which they give meaning when interpreting the child's views. The actions a person takes as a child's communication partner can enable the child to develop and communicate their views. A process of observation and comparison allows adults to explore different interpretations of a child's views. Perspectives offered by professionals from different fields enable a child's views to be understood in different ways. Conclusions: Adults develop their understanding of the children's views over time in relational and social contexts. Different interpretations of a child's communication are considered when adults collaborate, leading to socially constructed understandings of a child's views. Adults infer the meaning of a child's views about what is important to them for the future from their understanding of the child's views in the present, which informs person-centred planning.

Although Cognitive Assessment System (CAS)-2: Brief was published in 2014 and it is used in applied settings all over the world, we still do not know how well it relates to academic achievement. Thus, this study aimed to examine the relations of CAS-2: Brief with reading and mathematics performance. Two hundred and twenty-two Greek-speaking children in Grade 6 (98 boys, 124 girls, M[subscript age] = 135.85 months) were assessed on CAS-2: Brief and on measures of reading (Wordchains and CBM-Maze) and mathematics (Mathematics Achievement Test and Mathematics Reasoning Test). Results of the correlational analysis showed first that the CAS-2: Brief total score correlated moderately with both reading and mathematics tasks (rs ranged from 0.36 to 0.53). Second, results of the multilevel analyses revealed that the CAS-2: Brief total score explained 11.4% of unique variance in mathematics and 27.6% of unique variance in reading. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.

Public school secondary physical education needs support. One approach in assisting is to improve the next generation of preservice physical education teachers (PPETs). The purpose of the study was to explore PPET secondary physical education training through the secondary teaching methods course offered in two universities in the US. A total of 14 PPETs participated in the study. Qualitative methods were employed through a phenomenological framework. Semi-structured interviews were analyzed using constant comparative methods [Kolb (2012). Grounded theory and the constant comparative method: Valid research strategies for educators. "Journal of Emerging Trends in Educational Research and Policy Studies," 3(1), 83-86]. Two themes emerged: (a) PPETs have a stronghold on management, as they displayed feelings of high importance towards this topic, and (b) preparing for quality instruction when cooperating teachers are not, resulting in PPETs' questioning the importance of lesson planning. PPETs views on the misalignment of university and district practices are troubling and suggest university and K-12 partnerships to be formed. Future research should examine ways to improve field experiences associated with these courses.

Large parts of the enterprise resource planning (ERP) processes are automated. One example is the item values in the sales order process. To execute a sales order, the ERP system applies a specific "find" strategy on a wide variety of data sources such as customer master, material master, and customer price-specific data tables, and extracts information such as customer class, discounts, and dates for computations of line items, namely, prices, discounts, and taxes. While completing their ERP assignments on the sales order process, students often see only the final sales order amount and ignore--and thereby fail to appreciate and understand--the intricacies of the automated method that executes "behind the scenes" to achieve the sales order numbers. This leaves a gap in students' learning process, as they treat the ERP automation mechanism as a black box and do not appreciate the finer details of the business process that come into play. To illustrate the general method involved in a business automation process, we have developed a teaching technique where students--without the use of ERP software--complete a sales order by manually searching for values in a sequence based on the business processing logic. This task helps students understand and appreciate the internal processes of business automation in ERP systems.

The Lilead Fellows Program is an intensive professional development opportunity designed to support district-level library supervisors in the United States as they planned for transformational change in their districts. Throughout the programme, Fellows developed a project to implement in their districts. We conducted a qualitative content analysis (QCA) to systematically describe how the Fellows planned for and promoted transformational change within their districts through these projects. We collected the Fellows' initial application essays and final project presentation scripts to show how the projects evolved over the 18-month programme. Through an iterative open coding process, we developed and revised a coding frame to include the initial and final themes represented in the projects. Findings revealed that throughout the programme, participants made significant shifts in their projects' foci. These shifts were a result of realising that a different, but related, aspect of their proposed project needed to be addressed before they could tackle their initial goal. The participants' final projects addressed three main themes: district affairs, professional development, and/or advocacy. In this paper, we describe how the projects evolved over the course of the programme, the final projects' themes and subthemes, and how the Fellows promoted transformational change in their districts through their projects.

The goal of this study was to build knowledge about the perspectives of library leaders who have experience with a responsibility center management (RCM) budget model and how the model guides library allocations and planning. The study also sought to provide advice to other library leaders whose institutions may consider adopting an RCM budget model.

Over a quarter of the members of the social work profession are working in health related settings yet preparing students to work in such multi-disciplinary environments, with hierarchical organizations and problem-focused systems, can create value conflicts, principally with the strengths-based paradigm inherent in social work practice. In order to prepare social work students for delivering services that honor the profession's ethics, values, and principles in medical environments, a focused academic curriculum and field experience are warranted. This conceptual paper aims to inform social work educators about the unique considerations for preparing students to practice in health care settings. We address how the underlying influence of the biomedical model, organizational culture, and billing and reimbursement services within the medical context can challenge social work values and practice. However, we illustrate how the Integrated Behavioral Health model can be applied to help students utilize clients' inherent strengths and problem-solving capabilities while they navigate the terrain of multi-disciplinary medical environments.

In this essay the author recalls the process of organizing and interpreting an exhibition of art and language made in response to a catastrophic fire that devastated California's Sonoma and Napa counties in late 2017. The Sonoma Valley Museum of Art invited a group of artists and writers to be part of its small exhibition planning team to help establish the exhibition's focus, compile the checklist of artworks and writing, compose the interpretive labels, and participate as presenters in the public programs. What follows is a reflection on the process that resulted in unique approaches to organizing, presenting, and interpretation as the artists, writers, and museum staff collaborated to engage the audience directly through first-person stories, with the intention of honoring their shared experience and healing their community.

Rumination about anger experiences prolongs anger arousal and increases the likelihood of aggression. School violence perpetrators have ruminated angrily. Research measures and personal accounts of anger rumination often contain revenge-planning as a subtheme, the relevance of which has received insufficient attention in accounting for aggressive behavior. This study differentially examines anger rumination with and without revenge-thinking, testing for their differential effects in association with aggression and life satisfaction. In a sample of 340 undergraduates, anger rumination (without revenge-thinking) was not significantly associated with self-reported physical or verbal aggression, while revenge-thinking was, controlling for gender and anger disposition. However, anger rumination, but not revenge-thinking, was associated with poorer life satisfaction. Relevant extensions for violence risk assessment, anger treatment, and future research concerning anger rumination are discussed.

Background: To create design solutions experienced engineering designers engage in expert iterative practice. Researchers find that students struggle to learn this critical engineering design practice, particularly when tackling real-world engineering design problems. Purpose/Hypothesis: To improve our ability to teach iteration, this study contributes (i) a new teaching approach to improve student teams' expert iterative practices, and (ii) provides support to existing frameworks--chiefly the Design Risk Framework--that predict the key metacognitive processes we should support to help students to engage in expert iterative practices in real-world engineering design. Design/Method: In a 3-year design-based research study, we developed a novel approach to teaching students to take on real-world engineering design projects with real clients, users, and contexts to engage in expert iterative practices. Results: Study 1 confirms that student teams struggle to engage in expert iterative practices, even when supported by problem-based learning (PBL) coaching. Study 2 tests our novel approach, Planning-to-Iterate, which uses (i) templates, (ii) guiding questions to help students to define problem and solution elements, and (iii) risk checklists to help student teams to identify risks. We found that student teams using Planning-to-Iterate engaged in more expert iterative practices while receiving less PBL coaching. Conclusions: This work empirically tests a design argument--a theory for a novel teaching approach--that augments PBL coaching and helps students to identify risks and engage in expert iterative practices in engineering design projects.

In order to gain insight into the factors that make up primary school teachers' attitude toward using technology for stimulating higher-order thinking, we conducted two separate literature reviews on teachers' attitudes toward (1) using technology (78 articles) and (2) stimulating higher-order thinking in students (18 articles). To structure the potential underlying constructs constituting teachers' attitudes in these two contexts, we used the Theory of Planned Behavior. We identified nine factors related to primary school teachers' attitudes toward using technology in their teaching and four factors related to primary school teachers' attitudes toward stimulating higher-order thinking. Furthermore, we found that it was not always possible to establish the impact of each factor on teachers' intended or actual use of technology and behaviors stimulating higher-order thinking, respectively.

This study reviews the research literature on blue health promotion and the value of multiple forms of coastal and marine recreation and activities across societal contexts, with contributions from the Nordic region. It re-emphasizes the need for interrogating whose benefits and interests are promoted and the diversity of physical cultures and activities. The conceptualisation of "salutogenetic" health interventions contextualises the review beyond individualised and medicalised scopes through the research question: "Whether and how does integrated coastal and marine planning and management seek to facilitate and enhance physically active blue health promotion that is also socio-ecologically inclusive?" Following the scoping review framework by Arksey and O'Malley (2005), the study identifies recent research and gaps through an iterative process. It employs transparency on inclusion/exclusion criteria, and in the comparison and discussion concerning methodology and findings. The research techniques included searches across online databases, journals, library resources, and manually scanning reference lists and abstracts. The peer-reviewed works included are n = 58 published between 1996 and 2022, with most published between 2015 and 2022. The reviewed literature is grouped analytically into two themes: (1) Blue health promotion, interventions and activities and (2) integrated marine planning, management and policy. Against this background, the article discusses the potential of a complementary research approach combining: (a) the "salutogenetic" orientation, (b) formative interventions and (c) co-creation in blue health promotion practices. Findings suggest a need for greater differentiation concerning a socio-ecological approach to recreational blue health promotion, prioritizing locally tailored and seasonally adapted interventions.

Continuing professional development (CPD) within a low resourced education environment necessitates context specific and needs-driven learning, particularly in Physical Education (PE) where personal and systemic barriers impede negatively on teachers and children's educational experiences. This paper provides evidence-based guidelines as to how an action learning approach to CPD for PE might empower teachers to direct their own learning within low resource environments. A participatory action learning and action research design, using qualitative data generation methods, guided the inquiry. Ten teachers from two low resourced schools in South Africa, through participation in an action learning process, ultimately deduced five guidelines from their reflective enquiry to guide teachers to collaborate to transform their teaching of PE. The action learning approach to CPD supports teachers to take ownership of and responsibility for their CPD within the subject of PE. Ultimately, learning how to learn, enables teachers to champion sustainable change through establishing ongoing communities of practice.

A collective priority of teachers is to facilitate students in thriving academically, personally, and socially. However, the challenges associated with compassion fatigue (i.e., the mental, physical, and emotional exhaustion that comes with working with and caring for individuals who are impacted by distress and trauma) combined with personal and occupational stressors are quickly pushing teachers outside of the profession (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2022). Until present educational systems are reformed in a way that provides relief to teachers, the second part of this series offers teachers guided opportunities to explore, personalize, and practice practical self-care strategies related to managing compassion fatigue and promoting overall well-being within the educational setting. Considering the personal, sociopolitical, and cultural limitations of practicing capitalistic self-care, the following guided activities include (a) self-awareness exercises that examine possible patterns of personal and contextual emotional distress; (b) the identification and promotion of protective factors that mitigate occupational stress including collegial social support and strengthening self-efficacy through defining and celebrating personal measures of success; (c) self-regulation strategies that relieve the stress response and enhance emotional resilience including deep breathing, and mindful self-compassion; and (d) planning for implementation inside the school setting. Teachers will reflect on techniques and strategies that best support their occupational well-being. Finally, implications in support of protecting teachers against compassion fatigue are discussed, including proactive recommendations for pre-service and early-career teachers. Additional resources that may assist teachers in seeking support for emotional well-being are included.

Enrollment rates of students with disabilities (SWD) in postsecondary education continue to rise, yet SWD continue to face challenges with persistence toward degree completion. Executive function deficits (e.g., difficulty concentrating, managing time, problem solving, or planning) often impact academic, social, and occupational function. Academic and social adjustment to the complexity of life beyond students' homes can be stressful, further exacerbating difficulties with executive function skills necessary for postsecondary success. Coaching can assist young adults during postsecondary education to enhance executive function skills and has the potential to reduce stress and anxiety. Coaching is a collaborative, client-centered process designed to elicit client identification of goal areas, increase self-awareness, and problem-solving solutions. This practitioner article explores executive function skills, coaching, and how technology can be used within the coaching process to support executive function deficits for students in the postsecondary environment.

Background: This study investigates the use of health and dental care services in adults with intellectual disability in the last 12 months according to Norwegian recommendations and in relation to age and intellectual disability levels. Method: A cross-sectional community-based survey including 214 participants (56% men). POMONA health indicators were used for data collection. Results: Health checks and contact with general practitioners in the last year increased with age but were less frequent in those with more severe intellectual disability. Hospital admissions were age independent. Less than one-fifth of women had undergone cancer screening, with small variations according to intellectual disability severity levels. Few had an individual plan. More than one-third experienced poor dental health despite frequent controls. Conclusions: The use of health checks was lower than recommended, especially in individuals with more severe intellectual disability. Service access and individual plan use need to be enhanced, and dental care services should be improved.

Background: The purpose of the current study was to examine association between physical activity (PA) of parents of children with developmental disabilities and theory of planned behaviour-related variables. Methods: A total of 95 participants completed questionnaires that measured the following variables: PA behaviours, action planning, intention, affective attitude, instrumental attitude. A path analysis was used to examine the associations between the variables. Results: Among participants, 40% did not meet the PA guideline. PA affective attitude was positively associated with PA intention (ß = 0.30, p = 0.009) and PA action planning ([beta] = 0.22, p = 0.03). In turn, both PA intention and PA action planning were associated with moderate-to-vigorous PA in parents of children with developmental disabilities ([beta] = 0.23, p = 0.008; [beta] = 0.52, p < 0.001, respectively). Conclusion: Physical activity in parents of children with developmental disabilities were appropriately explained by theory of planned behaviour-related variables.

Practical, or laboratory, work is a common pedagogical strategy used in school science classrooms, yet its effectiveness for enhancing student learning is contested. Developing teachers' pedagogical knowledge about planning for practical work can improve its effectiveness by ensuring that tasks are well-conceived and effective for linking what students actually do in practical work with the concepts teachers intend them to learn. This paper reports findings from an intervention that aimed to develop pre-service teachers' pedagogical knowledge about planning for practical work. The intervention took place during a 12-week secondary biology teacher preparation method unit over two consecutive years. The intervention introduced the problems associated with ineffective practical work then engaged pre-service teachers in recall, immersion, noticing, microteaching and reflection experiences designed to promote their pedagogical thinking about practical work. The effectiveness of the intervention was assessed using data collected from 76 student assignments and one focus group. Thematic data analysis used declarative and procedural knowledge as a theoretical lens to seek evidence of the development of preservice teachers' pedagogical knowledge. The intervention was found to enhance the development of PST declarative knowledge about various aspects of planning, in particular by recognition of the complexity of planning for practical work, the need to link what students do with objects and the ideas the teacher intends students learn, and the value of reflective practice. Findings indicate more scaffolding is needed to support PSTs when developing procedural knowledge in relation to practical work.

The self-efficacy and professional engagement of novice teachers were examined in the context of a teacher development programme (TDP) in the Chinese vocational education context. A pre- and post-test control group design was used. The experimental and control groups contained 41 and 42 novice teachers, respectively, who were mostly in their first year. Multivariate analysis of co-variance and paired samples t-tests showed that the TDP had significant effects on two sub-scales of teachers' efficacy (i.e. classroom management and student engagement) and one sub-scale of professional engagement (i.e. planned persistence). Then, we discussed the possible explanations of these findings and proposed suggestions for future TDPs and further research.

Through the voices of 100 Spanish teachers from Early Childhood, Primary, Secondary and Higher Education who carry out inclusive practices, this study explores the recommendations of these professionals for other colleagues to be inclusive. We conducted a qualitative multicase study using semi-structured interviews. The data were analysed through an inductive category and coding system. The findings are presented based on four topics: teacher planning, methodologies, ethical and emotional competences, and training. The results show similarities and differences between the guidelines given at different educational levels. This research provides practical lessons and it highlights that it is possible to be inclusive at any educational stage.

Researchers have pointed out the important role of self-regulation in learning. The self-regulated learning (SRL) process consists of three stages (i.e. forethought, performance, and self-reflection), each of which could involve different strategies for achieving the aim of SRL. To enable researchers and teachers to have a whole picture of how each strategy could be applied, this study analyzed the 2010-2020 publications in seven SSCI journals of e-learning. In addition, the correlation between each SRL strategy and students' learning performances was analyzed. It was found that, in 58% of the studies, the potential strategies for individual SRL stages were generally ignored. In addition, 40% of the studies did not clearly state how SRL could be applied to practical applications. By referring to those SRL studies reporting the use of the strategies in each stage in specific application domains, it was found that goal setting and planning, which highly related to students' learning achievement, has been frequently discussed. Nevertheless, some strategies that highly correlated to students' cognitive performances and affect perceptions, such as environmental structuring, seeking information and rehearsing and memorizing, are often ignored. According to the findings, some suggestions are provided as a reference for researchers to conduct related research.

Participatory Research (PR), which places participants at the foreground, is an evolving field spanning several disciplines. This article critiques conceptual tensions surrounding the notion of participation itself and how PR tenets can be engaged with children (under 18). We propose an innovative heuristic framework to be used flexibly by the adult facilitator to aid decision-making when seeking balance between intervention and giving young participants room for expression. It serves as an aide memoire to facilitate cognisance of issues of control and directiveness that could potentially diminish children's voices, containing more explicit emphasis on the necessary movement between modes of adult facilitator involvement than existing PR models. Our proposed modes, 'organic and unbridled', 'organic yet enabling', 'enabled and shaping', are fleshed out and illustrated with reference to our own PR projects. We relate these modes to easily-called-to-mind notions, inspired by the metaphor of the choreography of dance: 'stepping-in'; 'stepping-out'; 'stepping-on-toes'.

Meaningful gamification is the use of game elements and play to build engagement and help learners find personal connections in real-world settings. This study examined the impact of meaningful gamification design on preservice teachers' perceptions, performance, and motivation levels within a gamified lesson planning unit. Participants were enrolled in a language arts teacher preparation course at a regional campus over five semesters. Results show meaningful gamification incorporating mastery learning and leveled curriculum created a learning condition where preservice teachers surpassed expectations and felt intrinsically motivated. Challenges to gamification included waiting on feedback and learning within a new format.

In defining successful collaborative international projects within the theory of change or logic model, focus is often on 'outcome' and 'impact'. Less empirical information is available regarding the 'input' and 'activities' aspects of this model. To address this knowledge gap and to offer insight into pivotal elements for management, this study focused on the lessons learned from the development and management of the international, intercultural, and interdisciplinary collaboration Caring Society (CASO) project. A needs analysis among project members was performed using a cross-sectional questionnaire with 31 multiple-choice and 10 open-ended questions. The combined quantitative and qualitative findings resulted in seven key elements being identified: information/communication, personal capacity building, finance, organization, time, facility, and quality. These elements are related in that the elements information/communication and organization play a central role with the element time mediating this role. Other elements such as finance, facility, and quality are on a secondary level of importance while personal capacity building is a meaningful outcome. The lessons learned from managing CASO as an international, intercultural, and interdisciplinary project are that: (1) managers should focus on how information is structured and disseminated as this increases the quality of organizational processes, (2) open dialogue through hybrid communication methods foster better levels of accountability and ownership of tasks, also leading to personal capacity development, enhancing a sense of belonging, and development of intercultural and interdisciplinary competencies, and (3) the role of finances, time and resources cannot be ignored as these impact quality, management, and organization of international projects.

Higher education institutions are moving to design and implement teacher-facing learning analytics (LA) dashboards with the hope that instructors can extract deep insights about student learning and make informed decisions to improve their teaching. While much attention has been paid to developing teacher-facing dashboards, less is known about how they are designed, implemented and evaluated. This paper presents a systematic literature review of existing studies reporting on teacher-facing LA dashboards. Out of the 1968 articles retrieved from several databases, 50 articles were included in the final analysis. Guided by several frameworks, articles were coded based on the following dimensions: purpose, theoretical grounding, stakeholder involvement, ethics and privacy, design, implementation, and evaluation criteria. The findings show that most dashboards are designed to increase teachers' awareness but with limited actionable insights to allow intervention. Moreover, while teachers are involved in the design process, this is mainly at the exploratory/problem definition stage, with little input beyond this stage. Most dashboards were prescriptive, less customisable, and implicit about the theoretical constructs behind their designs. In addition, dashboards are deployed at prototype and pilot stages, and the evaluation is dominated by self-reports and users' reactions with limited focus on changes to teaching and learning. Besides, only one study considered privacy as a design requirement. Based on the findings of the study and synthesis of existing literature, we propose a four-dimensional checklist for planning, designing, implementing and evaluating LA dashboards.

Purpose: This paper is aimed at describing and analysing what school organisers express when they network to expand the access and application of digital technologies in educational systems. Digital technologies develop rapidly in society, creating challenges and opportunities in people's lives. Schools have an important task: to prepare young people for a future permeated by digital technology. Design/methodology/approach: Participant observations and semi-structured interviews were used to describe and analyse how school organisers describe digitalisation work in the educational system. Findings: The findings show that school organisers describe digital competence and providing support to schools as being important for expanding the access and application of digital technologies in the educational system. They also talk about equality connected to digitalisation work, changes in organisations, the importance of a holistic perspective, and a gold thread. They furthermore explain that networks, a sharing culture, good relations, and good communication enable digitalisation work. In addition, they point out that the lack of time, attitudes towards digital technologies, the lack of digital competence, and resistance to change are some of the constraints for digital technologies in the educational system. Practical implications: School organisers need to implement digitalisation policies, which can be problematic because they work strategically to support operational activities. Originality/value: This paper contributes knowledge about school organisers' work to expand the access and application of digital technologies in the educational system.

This descriptive study examined differences in children's text production as a function of the advanced planning strategies they used. A sample of 117 third-grade children engaged in independent advanced planning and then composed a compare-and-contrast essay both before and after receiving a six-week text production fluency intervention. Analyses of variance showed that engaging in advanced planning was associated with higher rates of text production pre-intervention when basic writing skills were not automatized; however, as the children developed greater fluency with text production over the course of intervention, their planning processes shifted, and the advanced planning they engaged in was no longer associated with their writing outcomes post-intervention. These results have implications for the capacity theory of writing, extend theoretical work on the relationship between advanced planning and text production among early elementary children, and present several opportunities for future research.

Adaptive learning support is a key element of high quality preschool education and includes the planning of learning situations and teacher-child interactions. The provision of effective adaptive learning support in kindergarten is challenging. This longitudinal experimental study examined the impact of two professional development programs on 132 kindergarten teachers. One program focused on teacher-child interactions (micro-adaptive learning support), the other on planning, preparation, and reflection (macro-adaptive learning support). Each program had a positive impact on the quality of the specific type of adaptive mathematical learning support provided by kindergarten teachers, macro or micro, it was designed to improve.

Providing social skills to children through an appropriate educational programme positively affects their overall development. The aim of this study was to examine the views and experiences of 13 Turkish preschool teachers working with 5-6-year-old children regarding support of children's social skills. An interview protocol was used to gather the views and self-reported practices of teachers, as well as a document review codebook was used to analyze the content of teachers' educational plans. The teachers were found to place importance on their educational programmes and regularly include social skills activities within their plans, while considering programme-based factors like gains and indicators and materials. However, the content of teachers' plans was considerably different from their self-reported practices regarding organization of the learning environment, interval of social skills activities, family involvement, and assessment. Finally, participating teachers were found to be deficient in effective planning of educational plans for promoting children's social skills.

Interactive read-alouds are versatile in that teachers can teach an array of literacy skills through this instructional strategy. However, our observations of six primary grade teachers and prior research revealed that teachers' implementation of interactive read-alouds varies. Without the necessary planning and preparation for interactive read-alouds, the richness of this instructional strategy is limited. In this article, we present a planning tool for interactive read-alouds that teachers can readily adapt for use in their classrooms. We also offer three recommendations. Together the planning tool and recommendations are specific enough to provide guidance yet flexible enough for teachers to modify to meet the learning goals of their specific students. Improving this instructional practice will ensure that all students benefit from the interactive read-alouds and grow in their phonological and phonemic awareness, phonics, vocabulary, and comprehension.

Student problems (preconceptions, errors, and learner-specific approaches) that arise when planning and conducting experiments are relevant for lesson planning and the further development of teaching practice overall. student problems are understood as a learning opportunity. So far, little attention has been paid to the relationships between different student problems when planning and conducting an experiment. A search of relevant literature revealed no work addressing this issue. So, this study investigates whether any relationships exist between various student problems. 53 students (age: 10-16) were filmed while planning and conducting experiments themselves (students worked individually, not in groups). The films were translated into observation protocols and analysed according to Mayring's qualitative content analysis technique. Students were given two tasks to solve using experiments: one on yeast and another on cone scales. The student problems identified were analysed using hierarchical cluster analysis to search for relationships. In the analyses of both tasks, only one, near-identical cluster was found. The cluster includes the student problem variables: 'hypothesis consists of a combination of variables', 'hypothesis is changed during the experiment without being checked', 'missing test trial', 'missing control trial', and 'experimental trials are altered'. No other student problems showed any relationship to each other.

Purpose: The study explores the original positioning of the higher education institution in the teacher education market in March 2020. The case study identifies how the university operated prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, the adaptations made to teaching and learning pedagogy throughout academic year (AY) 2019-2020, the impact and the experience it had on staff and students and the subsequent lessons learnt. Design/methodology/approach: Through a comprehensive narrative the authors explore how, during the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, the academic staff had to upskill themselves in the world of digital technology, drawing on the theoretical framework of community of inquiry (Garrison, 2009; Garrison "et al.," 2000, 2010). The article describes and analyses the impact of change through the timeline of the pandemic across the AYs 2019-2020 and 2020-2021. Training delivered and adapted from "Active Digital Design" (ADD), was adopted to plan, teach and deliver all centre-based training from September 2021. Findings: The article describes how the leaders across the university and within the teacher education department used this time and space as an opportunity to revaluate whole pedagogical delivery and curricular programme design, effectively transitioning to a blended learning strategy. The rapid adoption of online resources, adjustments made to programmes and school placements and the peaks and troughs of engaging students with online learning are all evaluated. The authors conclude on a reflective note, thanks to excellent leadership and management the majority of the ADD programme that was received positively by academics and students. A continuous cycle of review means adaptations to programme delivery continue to be adopted via the learning communities formed as a result of the experience. Originality/value: The impact of the pandemic and school closures on the graduating cohorts of 2020 and 2021 are evaluated. Reflecting on the experience and expertise of the team a truly comprehensive, consistent and balanced curricular is set to shape AY 2022-20/23.

Purpose: The paper investigates the learning practices carried out by Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) in the transition from strictly face-to-face to remote teaching in response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. It also analyses how these practices could be used as a baseline to support new perspectives on learning in the technological education field. Design/methodology/approach: The authors conducted a single-case study of a Brazilian technological university. Findings: This study's findings indicate that institutional planning and providing support to faculty and students were essential measures for a successful transition from face-to-face teaching to emergency remote teaching. Planning includes careful selection by the HEI of the tools that make a virtual learning environment and the strategies used to replace face-to-face teaching with emergency remote teaching. Our study points out the lessons learned during the pandemic. It presents guidelines for HEIs on how to prepare for a return to face-to-face teaching, embodying some learning dimensions such as synchronous or asynchronous, active or passive, individual or collective, and mediated or not mediated by information and communication technologies (ICTs). Originality/value: The paper provides reflections on the four dimensions to support decisions to leverage learning in each educational institution. This paper's main contribution is that the concept of teaching and learning must be comprehensive and inclusive according to the particular HEI context.

Purpose: School improvement planning has been a central part of school improvement initiatives for decades. Evidence suggests, however, that traditional planning processes are regularly superficial. In the USA, some principals have begun developing short-cycle planning designed to encourage school leadership teams and staff to develop, monitor and adjust plans throughout the academic year. Design/methodology/approach: In this study of eight schools in one urban district, the authors analyzed multiple rounds of short-cycle improvement plans and principal interview data to assess the progress schools made implementing plans over the course of a semester, the ways in which plans were monitored and adjusted and the extent to which principals embraced short-cycle planning. Findings: The authors found that many tasks from first semester plans were completed, which informed the development of plans for the second semester. Observational data were primarily used to monitor plan completion, although principals engaged in monitoring but relied on their leadership team to do so. Principals reported regular engagement with plans throughout semester, but plans were seldom adjusted within a semester. Originality/value: The findings suggest that short-cycle planning is potentially a viable alternative to traditional annual planning as principals communicated being more engaged and adaptive. Still, the evidence also indicated that old habits might be hard to break as school leaders did not monitor and adjust plans frequently enough to guide improvement efforts in relative "real time."