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From Critical Kit-Kats (1896) 276–82. Sir Edmund William Gosse (1849– 1928), poet, scholar and critic, is now best known for Father and Son (1907), an account of life with his Plymouth Brethren father, but also wrote on Gray, Congreve, Donne, Patmore and Swinburne, and — an expert in Scandinavian language — a life of Ibsen (1908). His Collected Poems appeared in 1911. In 1865 Gosse joined the cataloguing section of the British Museum; in 1875 became translator to the Board of Trade; in 1910 librarian to the House of Lords, a post he held for ten years. Stevenson portrayed him as Purcel in ‘Talk and Talkers’ (Memories and Portraits, 1887). His friendship with Stevenson began on a boat off the Hebrides in the summer of 1869 and he contributed biographical notes to the Pentland Edition of the Works of Robert Louis Stevenson (1906–7), and wrote the Stevenson entry for the Encyclopaedia Britannica, 10th edition. This recollection has been acknowledged by several biographers as a fine rendering of Stevenson’s mercurial nature in the early years. Gosse was not in the closest circle: he was too much the strait-laced conservative — too English in a sense — for intimacy of the kind Louis shared with Simpson, Baxter or Henley. However, Gosse showed great concern for his career, and they corresponded regularly, Louis addressing him by a nickname drawn from his initials ‘WEG’, the name of Dickens’s disreputable ballad-seller in Our Mutual Friend.

Germanic: an innovation cluster In the conventional model of language relationships, as in the family trees in the previous chapter, the growth of linguistic diversity, the origin of ‘new’ languages, is imaged as a process of branching. The tree has one ultimate ‘mother’ node, and the rest of the languages in the family arise by successive splits. Genealogical trees of this kind are familiar from biology and other fields; in linguistic history however the parent-offspring relations are most often parthenogenetic (only one parent per child!). Multiple parentage (except in the case of pidgins and Creoles) is supposed to be relatively rare; though some ‘normal’ languages, like Dutch, may well be examples of something of the sort. There are problems in an oversimple interpretation of genealogical trees for languages (e.g. straight-line developments may be interrupted by diffusion of features from one dialect to another, etc.); but the metaphor is useful, is usually reasonably consistent with the facts, both linguistic and historical, and for most families is a useful organizing device. Linguistically, ‘branching’ can be defined more or less as it is in biology: we propose a split in a lineage when one subgroup becomes different enough to merit being assigned to a new class. In other words, branchings are dialect splits; they represent the emergence of one or more structural innovations that are striking enough to make us give a new name to the innovating group.

As the result of a major local government reform in 1970, most welfare functions in Denmark are dealt with at the local level of government, effectively turning the extensive Danish "welfare state" into "welfare communes" as municipalities are called in the Scandinavian languages. With more than half of the country's total public expenditure being spent by local authorities, regulation of local govenment budgets has become a major concern in the economic policy of the Danish central government. Since the early 1980s the realization of the goal of limited growth in Danish local government spending has been quite successful. One explanation for this comparatively successful regulation of local government spending in Denmark can be foundin the combined effects of two factors: 1) Danish local authorities have the independent right to levy taxes, and 2) the regulation of local budgets is the result of a negotiated agreement between central and local government actors, known in Danish as "budgetary cooperation."

This paper examines the position of argument NPs and argument clitics in West Flemish. Based on Vikner’s discussion of Scandinavian (1991) I argue that argument NPs and the full pronouns do not scramble to A’ positions (as is arguably the case in German) but that they undergo object shift, a type of A-movement found in Scandinavian languages. The distribution of the clitic pronouns suggests that WF object shift cannot be interpreted as adjunction, but must be seen in terms of movement to specifier. The paper also examines some problems which the WF data give rise to for the account of object shift developed in the Chomsky’s Minimalist Program (1992).

The use of a pulmonic ingressive airstream mechanism in the pronunciation of certain discourse particles, typically variants of “yes” and “no,” is a well‐known and salient feature of Scandinavian languages. It has been suggested, however, that this may be a more general North Atlantic phenomenon—occurring as far west as Newfoundland and New England—which spread via migration and trade routes. Unfortunately, there seem to be very few audio recordings available from areas other than Scandinavia and Newfoundland (perhaps partly attributable to various elicitation difficulties) and very little acoustic analysis has been presented [E. Thom, MA thesis, UCL (2005); R. Eklund, J. Int. Phonetic Assoc. 38, 235–325 (2008)]. This paper contains a study of ingressive discourse particles in the Shetland Islands, which have strong historical links to Scandinavia. A significant number of ingressives were found in field recordings from 1980–1982. This paper presents an acoustic pilot study of ingressive discourse particles, focusing on issues such as formant structure and voicing/phonation characteristics. A comparison is also made with previous analyses [E. Thom, MA thesis, UCL (2005); R. Eklund, J. Int. Phonetic Assoc. 38, 235–325 (2008)] as well as audio samples from other localities within the North Atlantic region.

This handbook is conceived as a comprehensive history of the North Germanic languages from the oldest times up to the present day. Whereas most of the traditional presentations of Nordic language history are confined to individual languages and often concentrate on purely linguistic data, the present work covers the history of all Nordic languages in its totality, embedded in a broad culture-historical context. The Nordic languages are described both individually and in their mutual dependence as well as in relation to the neighboring non-Nordic languages. The handbook is not tied to a particular methodology, but keeps in principle to a pronounced methodological pluralism, encompassing all aspects of actual methodology. Moreover it combines diachronic with synchronic-systematic aspects, longitudinal sections with cross-sections (periods such as Old Norse, transition from Old Norse to Early Modern Nordic, Early Modern Nordic 1550-1800 and so on). The description of Nordic language history is built upon a comprehensive collection of linguistic data; it consists of more than 200 articles, written by a multitude of authors from Scandinavian and German and English speaking countries. The organization of the handbook combines a central part on the detailed chronological developments and some chapters of a more general character: chapters on theory and methodology in the beginning, and on overlapping spatio-temporal topics in the end.

The research problems of the thesis relate to the Scandinavian language Swedish. When the research work on this thesis started, there was very limited knowledge on information retrieval or cross-language information retrieval research in Swedish. The linguistic features of this and other compound rich languages indicate that research focusing on languages of other types than English is of great importance. One problem was also the lack of automated dictionary-based systems for query translation of Scandinavian languages and other compound rich languages. Firstly, cross-language information retrieval problems for non-English languages, particularly Swedish are discussed. In the article the need to extend research on information retrieval techniques to undertreated languages is demonstrated. Secondly, one of the main problems identified for Swedish, the frequent presence of compounds is discussed in detail and solutions are proposed. Retrieval efficiency may be improved by splitting not directly translatable compounds into constituents using morphological analysis programs and by normalising the constituents into base form before translation using machine-readable dictionaries. This solution is tested for 80 cross-language information retrieval queries.

The contributions in New Insights in Germanic Linguistics III are representative of the stimulating and productive medley of offerings presented at the April 2000 meetings of the Berkeley Germanic Linguistics Roundtable. Formal syntax informs the essays of Boas, Janko, Mallen, and Roehrs, which yield evidence from German, English, Scandinavian, and Romance languages. The syntax essays of Waltz and Wilhelm deal with Old English/Latin and with Old Hittite. Phonological studies by Barrack and Goblirsch draw on Spanish, Arabic, Dutch, and Danish relative to North Frisian. While Liberman presents work on the West germanic vocalism through time, Scheuringer concentrates on Modern German dialect reflexes of Old High German. Old Saxon serves as the database for Jeep's study of binomials and Rauch's pragmatic strategies. Finally, Cleek offers new North and South German fieldwork data on banking terminology. Contents: Charles M. Barrack: Gamkrelidze versus Grimm: Devoicing in Proto-Germanic - Hans C. Boas: Syntactic or lexical licensing of non-subcategorized arguments? - The case of German « Satzchen - John Cleek: Money talks: Evidence from fieldwork in the Federal Republic of Germany - Kurt Gustav Goblirsch: The North Frisian lenition and Danish linguistic hegemony - Jiri Janko: Case attraction construction in Old High German - John Jeep: The rhetorical significance of the alliterative tradition in the Heliand - Anatoly Libermann: From the history of closed vowels in West Germanic - Enrique Mallen: On the distribution of restrictive vs. nonrestrictive adjectives Germanic and Romance - Irmengard Rauch: Historical pragmatics: Pervasive evidence from Old Saxon - Dorian Roehrs: Towardeliminating case as a driving force for movement: « Licensing of case and default case - Hermann Scheuringer: Still needed - Old High German vocalism explaining New High German dialect variation - Heidi Waltz: Delbruck's Umdrehung in context - Christopher Wilhelm: Old Hittite postpositions: A fuzzy problem.

The development of English is truly remarkable. 400 years ago it was spoken by a mere 4 to 5 million people in a limited geographical area. Now it is the native language of several hundred million people in many parts of the world. It is a second language in many countries and is studied as a foreign language in every corner of the world. English is a global language, to quote from the tide of a recent book by David Crystal (1997). The role of English is frequently debated. English has been described as a murder language, threatening the existence of local languages. The spread of English was described as linguistic imperialism in a book by Robert Phillipson (1992). The role of English is a topic frequently raised in the press. 40 years ago the readers of Dagbladet in Norway could read the following statement by a well-known publisher (quoted in translation)

The complex of cultural, political and societal affiliations, both in a historic and a contemporary perspective, is expressed by a special term in the Nordic languages, 'faellesskab', often with the addition of 'folkelig', as 'folkeligt faellesskab', where 'folkelig' means of the people. No corresponding term exists in English. For medical ethics the concept 'faellesskab', or whatever wording is chosen to serve the semantics of this term, is vital. In research ethics and clinical decision-making complex ethical analyses and normative evaluations are necessary. They cannot be based solely on moral relativism, whether being based on results of opinion polls or on a widespread 'every man minds his own business' concept. 'Faellesskab' possesses the necessary base of common values.

THE NAMING OF COWS is important to an Icelandic farmer for much the same reasons as it is in other parts of Scandinavia. One of the most important reasons is to keep track of the amount and quality of the milk each cow produces, and a convenient means of reference is, of course, a name. Furthermore, many farmers feel that cows have personalities and thus should have names, which are often descriptive of these personalities. A cow usually gets its name when it is a few weeks old, though this name may often be changed later due to an event in its life or to the development of a strong characteristic. Studies of names of domestic animals have been carried out in the Scandinavian countries since the latter part of the nineteenth century as a contribution to the general understanding of Scandinavian language and culture.l Articles on Icelandic animal names include Finnur Jonsson's account of sheep names, HDyrenavne" (Arkiv for nordisk filologi, vol. 28, pp. 325-340), Hakon Hamre's "Islandske hestenavn" (Maal og minne, 1939, pp. 170-181), and Gu6mundur Finnbogason's "Islendingar og dyrin" (Skirnir, 1931, pp. 131-148). Of the names of the various kinds of domestic animals, including horses, sheep, goats, and dogs, those of cows have on the whole been the most popular in scholarly research.2 The only article which I have been able to locate, however, on Icelandic cow names is one by Finnur Jonsson, Hlslandske Konavne" (Maal og minne, 1931, pp. 63-71). Jonsson has collected most of his names (ca. 380 different ones) from copies of reports of cattle-breeding associations belonging to Bunat>arfelag islands, located primarily in the south, west, and north of Iceland. He has grouped these names in various categories, but in most cases he

The above-titled paper divides itself into two parts, offering, first, a refutation of the cosmological interpretation of the Hamlet story in Hamlet’s Mill (1969), by G. de Santillana and H. von Dechend, and, secondly, the author’s own interpretation of Hamlet as a Levi-Straussean trickster figure whose tricks resolve in a myth a North Germanic case of the incest problem.

In his famous paper “Uber die phonologischen Sprachbunde” (1931) Roman Jakobson, on the basis of typological considerations, establishes a ‘Baltic language alliance’ (baltischer Sprachbund). It comprises the Baltic languages (in the genetic sense), Estonian, the Scandinavian languages and Low German. These languages are characterized by the presence of ‘polytonic’ words. The phonemic distinction may manifest itself phonetically in three different ways: word tones (Swedish, Norwegian), glottalization (Danish) and overlength (Estonian, Low German). In Scottish Gaelic dialect studies, certain phenomena have been described, independently of Jakobson, in terms of these very three phonetic features: word tones (Northern Hebrides: Oftedal), glottalization (Southern Hebrides: Borgstrom) and overlength (Ross-shire: Ternes). When seen in a diasystem, Scottish Gaelic may indeed be said to be on the verge of developing into a tone language of the Scandinavian type. This at the same time confirms the existence of Jakobson's Baltic language alliance, although the term ‘Baltic’ itself should be changed.

The null-subject parameter divides the Scandinavian languages in two groups. On the one hand, we find Icelandic and Faroese, which can have null-subjects with dummy interpretation in tensed clauses. On the other hand, we have Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish, where null-subjects are not found in tensed clauses. Certain other constructions are shown to presuppose a grammar permitting [+pronoun] heads of S: subject-verb-agreement, expletive pronoun base generated in X max, oblique subjects, Stylistic Fronting, violation of the that-trace filter, and Heavy Subject Postposing. Hence, it is in accordance with our expectations that these constructions are found in Icelandic and Faroese, As indicated in the text, Faroese does not have these constructions to the same degree as Icelandic. Having noticed this, Barnes (1986) suggests that in respect of the null-subject parameter, Faroese is now at roughly the same stage of development as seventeenth-century Swedish. but not in modern Danish, Norwegian, or Swedish. On the other hand, at least one mainland dialect, as well as medieval Danish, Norwegian and Swedish, can have null-subjects in tensed clauses, and, as expected, we find the grammatical constructions related to a [+pronoun] marking of COMP in these languages as well.

The situation of the northernmost minorities in Scandinavia, the Samis and the Finns, is the topic of this article. Contact‐linguistic research on these ethnic groups north of the 64th latitude is summarised, whereby the monolingual view of northern Scandinavian languages in the past is complemented with a multilingual perspective of the interaction between minority and larger languages. The monolingual ethnocentric view was a result of colonial ideology and intolerance during the nationalistic period. Liberation from this linguistic intolerance has been too recent to result in an overall open linguistic attitude in all domains. However, thanks to pertinent criticism the state powers have been forced to yield in their overly nationalistic language policy; the need of foreign labour in the southern industries cleared the way also for linguistic tolerance in the north. Different contact patterns are discussed: North Germanic—Sami and Finnish—Sami. Also the rise of Europe's only pidgin (Russe Norsk)...

Since 1962 the Nordic Council has awarded each year a prize in literature to a writer in one of its member nations (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden). Each country selects two candidates, and the award is decided by a jury of l0 men (this is meant literally, since only one woman has ever sat on it). The prize is a coveted one. It gives a great deal of prestige to the winner and is usually a guarantee that the author's works will be translated into the other Scandinavian languages and spread to an international audience. Since its founding, however, the prize has never been awarded to a woman, despite the fact that a number of women who are considered leading authors in their own countries, and often have been internationally known, such as Karen Blixen, Tove Ditlevsen, Sara Lidman, Torbj6rg Nedreaas, Bj6rg Vik and Svava Jakobsd6ttir, have been among the candidates. At the second annual Research Conference on Women and Literature at Dr6bak, Norway in January of this year, it was decided to take action which would make both the reading public and the literary establishment aware of this fact, and ultimately help create an awareness that the work of women writers, although it often is concerned with other spheres of experience and problem areas than that of men, is important literature. Thus the Nordic Women's Prize in Literature was born, and it was decided to award the prize to the Finnish author M~trta Tikkaneno* The award was announced simultaneously with the announcement of the winner of the Nordic Council prize. The 26 women at the conference, among whom were representatives from all the Nordic countries except Finland, decided to go out to the reading public to collect money for the award, which was to be presented on February 20th. Despite the fact that there was only one month in which to collect money, the response was overwhelming. A sum of Nkr. 65,000 (ca £6500) was collected, which almost equalled the Dkro 75,000 (ca £7500) from tax funds which were awarded to the winner of the Nordic Council prize. Most donations were small sums given by private persons. M~rta Tikkanen was selected for her poetry collection, ,~rhundradets Kiirlekssaga (The Love Story o f the Century), published in 1978. The poems are concerned with the problems she has had combining the roles of wife, mother of four, and professional woman

It is a well-known fact that the bread term mentioned in the heading has displaced and superseded in Western Yiddish the universal word for “Sabbath bread” khale, over which the benediction for bread is commonly though not necessarily pronounced. It is likewise a universally accepted theory among serous scholars that the term berkhes, the older form, is connected with the Hebrew word for ‘benediction’, among Ashkenazim pronounced brokhe, plural brokhes. The nature of the connection is not clear, however, and the reason is twofold. First, neither of the two forms brokhe, brokhes seem to correspond very well to berkhes. There may have been metathesis of the r, but what about the e of the stressed syllable? A qamets cannot turn into an e without a plausible reason. No such reason can be discerned.

Maurud, 0. 1976. Reciprocal Compreheasion of Neighbour Languages in Scandinavia. An Investigation of How Well People in Denmark, Norway and Sweden Understand Each Other's Written and Spoken Languages. Scand. J. educ. Res. 20, 49‐72. Soldiers in the three countries were exposed to spoken and written texts in the two other Scandinavian languages and their comprehension was tested by asking them questions about the contents and by asking them to translate certain central words in the texts into their own language. Questions about certain important non‐linguistic factors such as education level, domicile, travels to the other Scandinavian countries, reading in the other Scandinavian languages, exposure to radio and television programs from the other Scandinavian countries, own estimation of other Scandinavian language comprehension and attitudes towards these languages were also included. The answers to these questions were used to throw light on the results of the language test.

Einar Haugen's historical survey o f the Scandinavian languages covers c. 1500 years of Scandinavian language history, from the Proto-Scandinavian/ North Germanic language of the earliest runic inscriptions (before c. 550 A.D.) to the present-day spoken variants of the six Scandinavian official standard languages: Danish, Faroese, Icelandic, Bokmal-Norwegian, Nynorsk-Norwegian, and Swedish. (Of the languages in Scandinavia only those of Indo-European descent are included in the survey.)

1.1. This paper proposes to deal with the historical development of the distinctive function of vowel quantity in the Nordic languages. However, although the following analysis is intended to cover the entire Nordic-speaking area, it will be based almost exclusively on Icelandic. The reason is that, in olden times, only very little evidence, or none at all, bearing on vowel quantity is available for the Nordic languages other than Icelandic. And the little evidence there is seems to indicate far-reaching parallelism between the different Nordic languages in the structural development of this subsystem.

Since so few anthropologists are conversant with Scandinavian languages, it seems appropriate to bring to their attention a little-known publication that still has value for students of Greenlandic culture and perhaps even greater value for persons interested in the history of applied anthropology. This is a small pamphlet entitled "Om Aarsagen til Grönlaendernes og lingnende, af jagt levende, Nationers materielle Tilbagegang ved Beröring med Europaerne" ("The Reason Why Greenlanders and Similar People Living by Hunting Decline Materially Through Contact with Europeans") by H. J. Rink. It was first published in Dansk Maanedsskrift 1862, Ekstrahefte, Copenhagen. Selected portions of Rink's pamphlet have been translated and are presented in the following pages.

Aase, A. 1970. Geography and Society. Norsk geogr. Tidsskr. 24, 1-21. Samfunnsgeografi (samfunn = society) is a recent concept in the Scandinavian languages. It is not distinct from kulturgeografi but signifies the orientation toward general social science methods and planning problems. The article is concerned with trends and problems which the author finds important when describing the present state of this discipline.

Summary A survey was made of the source of literature citations in ten volumes of the Journal of Dairy Science . While the Journal provided nearly 25 per cent of the total references, citation of chemical journals occurred more frequently than did those from any other field. Citations from journals in the biological and medical sciences followed in order. German was the foreign language most frequently used in the citations, followed by French, Italian and the Scandinavian languages. However, only slightly over 10 per cent of the reference citations, exclusive of textbooks, were to journals published in a language other than English ; of these somewhat over one-half were published in German.

(1941). German and West Germanic. The Germanic Review: Literature, Culture, Theory: Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 3-20.

The back-ground of the Scandinavian computer journal B I T will be outlined, in particular with respect to computational demands in science, technology, industry and defense. The history of B I T will be described and related to the evolution of computers, numerical mathematics and computer science. Some contributed papers which have had an impact on the general development will be discussed briefly.The 19th century could perhaps be characterized as a period of preparation for the advent of the computer. It so happened that quite a few Swedish inventors played a role in this development. Scheutz, father and son, as well as Wiberg constructed mechanical devices for a somewhat automatized calculation for solving simple arithmetic problems by series of pre-determined operations. In fact, Wiberg was able to compute a logarithm table which even appeared in print. Later, Odhner built a robust mechanical, hand-driven calculator which around 1930 was followed by electromechanical calculators. All lengthy calculations had to be performed manually by this time. Let me mention a few examples from Sweden.One such problem was to find periods of so-called internal waves in the sea. These waves are huge, up to 20-30 meters in size, but nevertheless invisible. They are generated by the moon and observed as sharp changes in the salinity. The method used was numerical autoanalysis, that is a kind of Fourier analysis of the function by itself.During the war there was a great need for ballistie tables, and I belonged to a group involved in computing bomb tables for the Swedish Air Force. We used the classical Runga-Kutta method with air resistance represented graphically, and we had only electro-mechanical calculators at our disposal. After having computed a basic set of orbits we could produce the wanted tables by a suitable interpolation procedure. It is a sad fact that all our tables could probably have been computed in a couple of minutes on a fast modern computer. After the war I was involved in some rather lengthy computations on the deuteron concerning energy levels and quadrupole moment and also in problems on scattering.However, in 1946 some people in the Swedish Navy and in the Academy for Engineering Sciences got interested in the progress in the United States and after having visited the key projects they reported back with great enthusiasm. It was quickly decided to offer scholarships to four young students; they were selected in the spring of 1947. They arrived already in August or September; two of them went to Harvard and MIT while two, including myself went to Princeton. As far as I am concerned I enjoyed a phantastic hospitality, particularly from Herman Goldstine with whom I established a lifelong friendship. Back home in 1948 some of us got involved in the construction of a relay computer (BARK), completed in 1950. However, it was soon understood that there was a need for more computer facilities, and the construction of BESK under Erik Stemme was initiated. It was completed in 1953, and during a short period of time it was considered as one of the most powerful computers in the world. Clearly its structure was very much the same as that of the Princeton computer.In 1956 a simplified copy of BESK called SMIL was completed at Lund University, built with a minimum budget of some 20,000 $. This computer was used for a large variety of problems in nuclear physics (particularly eigenvalue problems), spectroscopy, mathematics (number theory, construction of tables), and also social sciences (geographical simulations). Several problems coming from industry and different research organisations were also treated.The interest in and use of computers created a very natural demand for conferences since the literature on the subject for obvious reasons was very scarce by this time. The first Scandinavian conference on computers was held May 1959 in Karlskrona, later known as the place where a Soviet submarine ran aground in 1981. One reason for this choice of site was the fact that the Swedish Navy played an important role in initiating the computer development, another that, especially in spring, it was a lovely place, situated on the Baltic. Preliminary discussions were held informally on the need for a Nordic journal on computer related problems, and at the next conference in Copenhagen in 1960 a more formal meeting was arranged. Niels Ivar Bech acted as chairman, and further Peter Naur of Denmark, Jan Garwick, Norway, Olli Lokki, Finland, and myself from Sweden were present. It was unanimously decided to start a Nordic journal within the computer area, to appear quarterly. The journal was intended to be international with papers published in English, German, or the Scandinavian languages. As it turned out, only about 4-5 papers have been published in German, and very soon papers in the Scandinavian languages gradually disappeared. Nowadays it is required that all papers be written in English.The name of the journal was a long one: Nordisk Tidskrift for Informationsbehandling, but playing around with the initials in a clever way we were able to form the name B I T. In fact, this name is most convenient because of its shortness which makes it very easy to quote papers printed in the journal. As is well known it is somewhat dangerous to suggest an activity including work since there is a great risk that the proposer is elected to carry through the project. This is exactly what happened in this case, and from the very beginning up to this time I have served as Editor of B I T. Naturally, we have also an Editorial Board with members from the Nordic countries. Peter Naur of Copenhagen has been a member right from the beginning in 1961 and Germund Dahlquist from 1962. We got financial support from the Danish company Regnecentralen under Niels Ivar Bech and from several official sources including the Nordic Research Organisations for Natural Sciences. Finally, just a few years ago we managed to become self-supporting, perhaps mostly through favorable exchange rates.During the first decade B I T tried to

Mr. Paul F. Bruggemann, Fellow of the Arctic Institute of North America and a former Editor of Arctic, died in Ottawa on 18 August 1974 after a prolonged illness. He was born on 28 February 1890 in Germany, where he received his formal education and graduated in mechanical engineering. His lifelong devotion to natural history began during his early years before the First World War, a period when he also developed an enthusiasm for aeronautics (he flew one of the early Wright machines) and succeeded in becoming a champion figure skater. His capacity for individual initiative showed itself in exploits as a motorcycle despatch rider during his war service in the German army. In 1926, he emigrated to Canada. He lived for 25 years in Lloydminster, Alberta, where he set up a small business for the repair of automobiles and farm machinery. During these years he also formed an extensive collection of moths, butterflies and plants from the surrounding region. He spent one winter alone in a small cabin in the forest country of northern Saskatchewan making a special study of English and the Scandinavian languages. In the spring of 1949, Paul Bruggemann joined the staff of the Entomological Research Institute of the Canadian Department of Agriculture as a field worker with the Northern Insect Survey. He continued in that capacity until 1954, conducting insect and plant surveys in the Dawson region of the Yukon Territory, and in the Northwest Territories in the region of Repulse Bay, Melville Peninsula, Alert and Eureka on Ellesmere Island, and Mould Bay on Prince Patrick Island. While at the latter location he discovered a new species of grass which became known as Puccinella bruggemanni. During his winter breaks from field work he photographed type specimens of Lepidoptera for the International Union of Biological Sciences. Following his retirement from the service of the Canadian Government, he edited Arctic with distinction for the eight years 1956-64. He then broke new ground by becoming a free-lance translator into English, mainly of papers on biological subjects in German, French, Norwegian, Swedish and Portuguese - work which he continued until shortly before his death. Paul Bruggemann was a member of the Entomological Society of Canada and the Lepidopterists' Society, a contributor to an annotated list of the Lepidoptera of Alberta, the joint author of three publications on arctic botany and entomology, and the editor of a work on the flora of Alaska.