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This article discusses the role of Michelangelo Buonarroti in the Seventeenth-century art theory treatises of Cardinal Federico Borromeo De pictura sacra and Musaeum. In the referred text we can notice an ambivalent approach to the artistic genius of Buonarroti. In several cases Borromeo mentions Michelangelo as an artistic example who equalled or even exceled the great artists of Antiquity, albeit in other paragraphs the author criticises the artist for his aesthetic fallacy. A close reading of De pictura sacra and Musaeum, as well as an analysis of Borromeo’s didactic programme in the newly established Accademia del disegno in Milan allows to heed that Cardinal was rather an admirer of Michelangelo’s personality and talent. In De pictura sacra Buonarroti and other Renaissance Masters serve a rhetoric function and allow to conceptualise the theological and aesthetic framework for a post-Tridentine Catholic religious art.

“Nobility of the Robe” and “Nobility of the Sword,” two expressions commonly repeated in historiography of the nobility of the modern era, are not simple social descriptions. Their chronologically staggered appearance, and the development of their usage in the seventeenth century are the result of the transformations of the Second Estate, transformations which themselves stemmed from monarchical policy (development of the venality of offices, desire to control the definition of nobility) and from struggles for power among the elites of the realm. A social history of their uses should be confronted with an analysis of the social careers of Second Estate families. This would show to what extent these expressions are above all ascriptions referring to ideological confrontations, to value judgments about what the nobility should be, and, finally, to a desire to separate social spaces that were, nevertheless, porous. Such a history clearly shows how terms designating conditions become categories designating groups based on classification. These were changes that brought about great consequences as much for the future of noble families as for the concept of the nobility itself.

Transcendence and its interrelation with immanence play an important role in all religions. For a believer, the transcendent reveals itself through religious practices and can be communicated to others via various means. But when a religion is extinct, the only way of learning about its transcendence is via remaining sources, which often reveal only a biased image. This article deals with the analysis of the transcendent of an ancient Philippine religion and its distinction to the immanent. This article discusses ways of approaching the transcendent with the help of three examples dealing with the consequences of divergent understandings of transcendence and immanence, with liminality, soul concepts, and death.

Abstract: This dossier argues that the historical phenomena of the urban and the global have interacted in a dialogical fashion: urban dynamics sustained the creation of a modern and globally connected world while the global movement of people, goods, ideas, and practices helped to define urban realities and ideals. The perspective that emphasizes the interconnection between the city and globalization-the global city-is prevalent in urban studies that focus on the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. Applying the same analytical perspective to the early modern period using an implicit comparison between different urban centers and communities elucidates the role cities like Rio de Janeiro played in that era of globalization, as well as the impact that historical moment had on the city.

John Foxe’s Acts and Monuments (first English edition 1563) played a seminal role in the fashioning of a Protestant national identity. The nearly 300 victims who were burnt at the stake during the Marian Catholic years (1553-1558) were transformed in the crucible of the Foxeian narratives into heroes. Thanks to a reversal strategy the martyrs became victors in the ongoing fight against Antichrist and his supporters, the Catholics. Foxe’s purpose in this war for God was to create an enduring image of the enemy so as to fuel hatred to keep the fight going. The martyrologist left a long-lasting imprint in the English collective psyche as testified by the Catholic hysteria that raged during the post-Civil Wars era. The construction of an English Protestant identity was achieved thanks to a combination of self-definition and opposition. This construction partook in the pseudo-martyr debate: if both groups agreed on the definition and meaning of martyrdom, they disagreed on what they understood as true faith. Part of Foxe’s strategy to create the enemy image implied the analogical association between Protestants and apostolic and primitive figures, on the one hand, and between Catholics and evil forces through the commonplace recycling of biblical imagery that instantly evoked reminiscences of violence and barbarity, on the other. The martyrologist also resorted to the metaphor of the world as a stage to turn Catholics into puppets. The depriving of the opponents’ pith and life was brought to its logical consequence with the trope of animal-like creatures, eating the lambs of God. As expected in such a context of religious strife Foxe turned Catholics into cannibals. What was at stake with Foxe, as with all Protestant European narratives of the early modern period (Crespin, Van Haemstede), was the creation of an enemy image to survive to the persecutions that had taken such a toll, and was continuing to do so, onto their co-religionists. The discourses also naturally aimed at proselytizing as much as possible with familiar victims. With the fashioning of a “society of martyrs” Foxe constructed an “imagined community” (B. Anderson) whose mission was to weather the storms of violence and persecutions to uphold Christian values (the true Church) and national values (fighting against the Pope, the Spaniards and Mary, the semi-English Queen). Because the two sides of the religious divide shared the same roots uncanny resemblances can nevertheless be spotted, as with the frontispiece to Foxe’s work which creates a mirroring image between victims and victimizers. The erstwhile brothers had become ‘deformed imps of the devil’; what was familiar had become alien, other, external and frightening.

This paper focusses on historical climate impact research, one of the branches of historical climatology with an emphasis on the Little Ice Age. It provides examples of the theoretical concepts, models, and further structuring considerations that are used in historical climate impact research, which are especially fitting to the examined period. We distinguish between the impact of climate on society by time-scale in long-term, conjunctural or medium-term, and short-term impacts. Moreover, a simplified climate-society interaction model developed by Daniel Krämer is presented, as well as the concept of the Little Ice Age-type Impact (LIATIMP) by Christian Pfister and the vulnerability concept regarding climatic variability and extreme weather events. Furthermore, the paper includes a state-of-the-art application of the historical climate impact research and discussion of research gaps.

This paper studies the diocesan curia, focusing on the episcopal secretariat and the diocesan court. Although the two institutions specialized in different procedures, cooperation and exchange of information between them were usual. The role of the provisor encompassed both procedural and administrative responsibilities. This paper explores other roles in the diocesan court, including notaries and prosecutors. The secretary was linked to the bishop and his importance increased after the Council of Trent. The lack of official registries means that all extant records must be examined to shed light on the issues raised in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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One characteristic feature of the early modern media ensemble were the so-called 'small' and 'occasional' prints – a variety of pamphlet publications and single-sheet items that may be referred to as Flugpublizistik. In this article, one distinctive single-sheet variation, namely the early modern broadside with image and text parts, will be highlighted both as image transporting media and as a recycling product of the media ensemble. As is demonstrated using approaches from communication history and media economics, the early modern broadside with image and text parts is just another product of the most typical and constant processing of observed media-flows into new streams of media. Fliegende Blätter in allen Variationen sind ein wesentliches mediales Charakteristikum der beginnenden Neuzeit in Europa. In diesem Aufsatz wird eine medienökonomische und kommunikationshistorische Konturierung des frühneuzeitlichen Flugblattes als bildtragendes Mediengut und als Recycling-Produkt des Medienverbundes angestrebt. Strukturiert ist der Beitrag in zwei Bereiche: ein Kapitel zur Medienspezifik des Flugblattes, in dem die typischen kommunikativen Leistungen und medialen Charakteristika Betonung finden, und ein Kapitel zur Verankerung des Flugblattes innerhalb des Medienverbundes. Hier wird das Flugblatt als ein Mediengut perspektiviert, das spezifische, komplexe Organisationsleistungen der Herstellung erforderte. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sloth (Folivora) is a mammal from Central and South America that struck the early modern (c.1500–1800) European naturalists as especially odd. Hence, descriptions and depictions of this animal featured in many texts from this period. Apart from its physiognomy and its behaviour, the naming of the sloth was discussed in detail, and scholars came up with various names and etymologies for the animal. Several European and Amerindian languages were involved in this complex naming process, while Latin played a decisive role as the lingua franca in establishing a scholarly discourse. The paper focuses on written sources from the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries; it tries to reconstruct how the given names and their etymologies were connected to the perceived behaviour and the physiognomy, and what this might tell us about the conceptions behind these. The results are compared to similar findings from anthropology and ethnobiology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Archeologické Rozhledy is the property of Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Archaeology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Past plant food consumption has been studied diachronically and spatially for many Dutch settlements. However, research into the plant food consumption of Early Modern Dutch inhabitants of urban settlements is somewhat underrepresented in the scientific archaeobotanical literature. To fill this knowledge gap, archaeobotanical data from cesspits dating to the period ad 1500–1850 contained in the Dutch Relational Archaeobotanical Database were analysed. First, edible plant taxa were distinguished from medicinal plants and potentially edible weeds. Then, seeds and fruits were distinguished from pollen. Finally, the remains were quantified to form an overview of the plant taxa consumed per urban settlement and, from there, to provide insight into regional and temporal changes in plant food availability and preferences. The combined archaeobotanical dataset, consisting of cesspit material from 51 cities, comprised 97 edible plant taxa. Surprisingly, 20 of these taxa are consistently present in 50–100% of all settlements in the 350 years under study. Based on the archaeobotanical finds from the cesspits, we conclude that the overall plant food consumption of Early Modern Dutch urban inhabitants does not seem to have changed very much over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historians tend to assume that in pre-modern Europe people avoided the water, as too unsafe, risky and generally unhealthy to drink. This assumption is clearly flawed: early modern Europeans knew, through experience, which waters were 'best' and to take certain precautions when it came to the consumption of water. Town councils enacted legislation to ensure water quality as well as more pro-active measures to keep water sources clean. Extensive and expensive water works in many larger towns and the presence of water-carriers suggests a demand for drinking water. And yet the history of both water control measures and drinking practices before the onslaught of Asian cholera and the bacteriological revolution in the nineteenth century have yet to be written. As a contribution towards filling this gap, this study seeks to understand the radically changing nature of medical advice on water consumption between 1450 and 1750, and what it can tell us about the place of water in early modern society. To do this, we consider printed dietary regimens and guides to good health and long life, a successful, varied and changing genre. They offer privileged access to the circulation of knowledge regarding water, in the context of the everyday regulation of food and drink in the maintenance of health. We explain why water went from being considered 'the vilest of beverages' in the mid-fifteenth century, the consumption of which, though necessary, had to be carefully regulated, to a 'universal medicine' three hundred years later, able to prevent and cure disease. In the process, wine gave way to water as the preferred healthy drink—at least, for medical authors. We relate the medical advice to the different local conditions (such as river water quality), practices (use of cisterns, boiling or filtering) and fashions (cold-drinking) discussed in the medical literature. If water's very banality means that it is often invisible in the written evidence, the regimens provide ample evidence of the importance of drinking water and of changing attitudes and practices over the course of the early modern period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presented paper deals with early modern findings from a rescue archaeological excavation conducted in connection with illegal construction of a family house in Olomouc-Slavonín. One of the house sections exposed a cultural layer containing a large collection of early modern ceramics and chamber tiles, including stove daub. The layer can be interpreted as landfill containing a destroyed stove. Based on an analysis of the findings, this situation can be dated back to the second half of the 17th century up to the beginning of the 18th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following article highlights various facets of the Medieval Crime Museum, which is located in the heart of the middle franconian town of Rothenburg ob der Tauber. In addition to a deep insight into the museum's history, which goes back to the end of the 19th century, the reader is given additional insights into the structure and functioning (operation) of the museum. So it is explained, how the permanent exhibition was redesigned after the turn of the century and also the important role of constantly changing special exhibitions for cost coverage. Furthermore, various new cultural mediation formats are shown, that enable the museum to compete in the leisure and wide-education offering. Finally, the article shows, which areas of tourism are covered by the Medieval Crime Museum and how these are reconciled in order to meet the wide-ranging clientele of visitors. As a tourist destination, the museum covers two fields of tourism: history tourism on the one hand and thanatourism on the other, whereby the focus is not on the „horror factor" but rather a balance between entertainment and education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes data from customs accounts in Transylvania from the middle of the sixteenth century to the end of the seventeenth on traffic in textiles and textile products from the Ottoman Empire. Cotton was known and commercialized in Transylvania from the fifteenth century; serial data will show that traffic in Ottoman cotton and silk textiles as well as in textile objects such as carpets grew considerably during the second half of the seventeenth century. Customs registers from that period also indicate that Poland and Hungary were destinations for Ottoman imports, but Transylvania was a consumer's market for cotton textiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The scope of the paper is to provide the overview of the methodological developments that contributed to the growing interest in the nexus of material culture, circulation, and social networks, as well as the place of early modern Southeastern Europe, within the wider historiographical trends. To this end, it examines the very notion of Southeastern Europe and its impact on historical research in the region, while also providing a short discussion of the studies included in the issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Hipogrifo: revista de literatura y cultura del siglo de oro is the property of Hipogrifo: revista de literatura y cultura del siglo de oro and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

New estimates on the premodern economic growth of Japan, based on more concrete evidence, have been presented. We revise the estimates of Japan's gross domestic product (GDP) from the mid-eighth century to the mid-19th century and its population in the 12th century and describe the institutional transformations that correspond to the output changes. The revision of output and population results in updated estimates of per capita GDP for the medieval period and extension of the growth estimates in the early modern period to the annual series for 1651–1841. This study employs the techniques of quantitative inference and descriptive interpretation of the estimated performance. The findings show that: (a) Both the GDP and population significantly declined towards the 12th century, stagnated and experienced recovery from the 13th century onwards, and then continued to grow through the 17th century; (b) GDP growth accelerated in the 18th and 19th centuries; and (c) per capita GDP growth began to rise in the 13th century after a sharp decline from the 10th to 12th centuries. It continued to rise through the 16th century but declined again in the mid-17th century and finally rose again from the late 17th century onwards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Potestas: Estudios del Mundo Clásico e Historia del Arte is the property of Potestas Estudios del Mundo Clasico e Historia del Arte and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Prohistoria is the property of Prohistoria Ediciones and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In den populären Diskursen der Gegenwart scheint das Opfer omnipräsent. Auch in der Geschichtswissenschaft rücken Opfernarrative und Opferbilder zunehmend in den Fokus der Forschung, wobei sich die Forschungsansätze und Methoden der Frühneuzeitforschung von jenen der Zeitgeschichte stark unterscheiden. Der Beitrag stellt in einem ersten Abschnitt ein dreistufiges Analysemodell vor, mit dem die Entstehung und die sozialen Funktionen von Opferschaft vergleichend über Epochengrenzen hinweg analysiert werden können. Es ermöglicht zudem eine klare Unterscheidung zwischen beteiligten Akteursgruppen mit eigener agency und eigenen Partizipationschancen sowie zwischen unterschiedlichen Formen der Viktimisierung samt ihren Auswirkungen. Im Gegensatz zum eher statischen Begriff „Opfer" betont das Konzept der Viktimisierung das Prozesshafte jener Vorgänge, über die ein Opferstatus im Empfinden der Betroffenen selbst, in der Wahrnehmung anderer Akteursgruppen, von Institutionen oder der Öffentlichkeit erst hergestellt wird. Im Anschluss wird das Analysemodell am Beispiel der Salzburger Emigration von 1731/1732 exemplifiziert. Forschungen zur neueren und neuesten Geschichte haben betont, dass die theoretische Konzeption des „Opfers" als passiv leidender Mensch (victim) eng mit dem Ursprung der bürgerlichen Gesellschaft verbunden gewesen sei und vor allem durch den Ersten und Zweiten Weltkrieg gesellschaftlich wirkmächtig wurde. Die Fallstudie demonstriert, dass bereits in der Frühen Neuzeit über die Idee des sacrifice hinausweisende Dimensionen des Opfers nachweisbar und dass opferzentrierte Erinnerungskulturen keine Erfindung der Neuzeit sind. The „victim" plays a substantial role in contemporary medial discourse. Following debates in the social and human sciences, historians are increasingly investigating ideas and narratives of victimhood. While the term „victim" rather describes a condition, the term „victimization" emphasizes the complex processes of interpretation leading to this condition. In order to be able to analyze processes of victimization across historical periods of time, the first part of the paper introduces a three-stage model, that opens up the possibility to distinguish between certain actors (affected people, stakeholders, institutions, the public, etc.) concerning their agency and their ability to socially participate as well as between certain forms of victimization and their impact. By doing so, the sometimes surprising relation between the level of suffering and the level of victimization might be explained, too. Subsequently, I exemplify the application of this model in the light of an outstanding sacrificial event of the early modern period: The Salzburg Emigration (1731/32). After outlining the media event of the Salzburg Emigration as a factor that was shaping the dynamics of victimization, the third part examines the semantic connotations and social functions of specific images and narratives of the victim that can be found in this context. Recent historical research has emphasized, that the theoretical conception of the „victim" as a passively suffering human being was closely linked to the origin of modern civic society and was only gaining social momentum as a result of the First and Second World War. The following case study illuminates, that already in early modern times diverse dimensions of victimhood beyond the idea of sacrifice were common, however, and that victim-centered cultures of remembrance are not an invention of modern times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we study the first phase of existence of the Confraternity of the Holy Sepulchre from Lebrija (Seville). Namely, from an analysis of brief documentary references, it has been possible to establish the year it was founded, the composition of its governing board, the granting of papal bulls and certain peculiarities, such as its nature of blood fraternity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the knowledge of meadows and pastures in the southeastern Alps in the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. It analyses the court records of one seigneury, rent-rolls (Urbare) of five seigneuries, and personal notes of one landlord. By placing this information into the context of additional sources, it manages to offer a partial reconstruction of the traditional ecological knowledge of farmers in the past as well as the knowledge of landlords or seigneury officials about grasslands, although the knowledge analyzed was predominately communicated orally. The article also addresses the dynamic development of farmers' traditional ecological knowledge, evidence for landlords' or seigneury officials' familiarity with agricultural publications, and the interest of these last two groups in agricultural practices, environmental conditions, and the changes they underwent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the affinities between Socinian and Unitarian materialism. Based on different philosophical traditions, the Socinian Christoph Stegmann and the Unitarian Joseph Priestley developed a strong "system of materialism" which fit very well with Christian doctrines and the Bible. The conviction that the whole man is material and therefore mortal became the common basis for these radical thinkers. Stegmann formulated within the Aristotelian tradition a "non-reductive" materialism in which matter, not form, became the fundamental principle of all living things. Priestley, on the other hand, created his "absolute" materialism by developing a new understanding of the concept of matter according to the philosophical rules of Isaac Newton. The paper will discuss the affinities and differences between these two different concepts of materialism. The idea of a thinking matter, most prominently formulated by John Locke, will serve as a link between them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines long‐term labour productivity change in Japan from the early seventeenth century to the nineteenth century. We constructed sectoral labour force estimates based on the methodology presented in a previous study, who provided a sectoral GDP series covering the Tokugawa period. Our results show the industrial structure in the Tokugawa period remained relatively stable in comparison with the economy after the Meiji Restoration. Nevertheless, the estimates of sectoral labour productivity suggest expansion of the market economy in Tokugawa Japan influenced the development of industrialisation after the Meiji Restoration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates the migration of the Austrian aristocrat Esther von Starhemberg to the city of Regensburg in the time of the Counter- Reformation in the Habsburg Monarchy. The main source of this case study is Countess Starhemberg's voluminous correspondence with her family. The article examines the socio-spatial ties of Esther von Starhemberg in her transregional social space, which included the new place of residence, her region of origin and her friends and relatives. The focus is placed on social practices related to the transfer of everyday things, luxury goods, servants and services and their impact on social ties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between the Spanish and the Muslim inhabitants of the Philippines and Borneo has always been difficult and depicted as one of enmity. This article, based on a series of published and unpublished sources, sheds light on a more peaceful facet of this relationship and demonstrates episodes of commerce between both sides from 1565 to 1800. Thereby, it challenges the traditional perspective of Manila as exclusively part of the China-New Spain trade axis and advocates viewing the Philippines as part of the polycentric, globally-connected commercial system of Southeast Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In light of the recent research on religious alterity that has been flourishing in recent years, we want to make a new contribution on otherness in the Kingdom of Toledo during the 16th and 17th centuries. This article deals with analyzing the image of the "other" (Muslims, Moors, Turks, Protestants, etc.) in the religious festivals of Madrid, Alcalá de Henares and Toledo held between 1565 and 1622. Through them we intend to deepen and contributing to give renewed vision in the analysis of the ephemeral art produced in the canonizations, beatifications and translations of relics, which allows us to understand how the vision of the enemy evolved and shaped through the messages transmitted by the ruling classes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Elegías de varones ilustres de Indias (1589) by Juan de Castellanos are closely related to the contemporary Economy of Mercedes: a system in which deserving individuals (beneméritos) in the Americas aspire to a merced (reward, privilege) by means of an autobiographical report. In the Elegías we observe the transformation of a catalogue of beneméritos of the Kingdom of New Granada into an epic poem. The source of authority of this text is not the individual but the collective of the veterans. Castellanos found the model for his role as a spokesman of the "nobility" in Fernán Pérez de Guzmán, author of the Generaciones y semblanzas (ca. 1460). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the paleoenvironmental reconstruction of a mire sequence near the village Blatuša, with a focus on changes in vegetation composition, hydrological regime and fire history of the Banovina/Kordun area during the last two millennia. For this purpose, pollen, non-pollen and charcoal analysis were done. By the application of CONISS statistical analysis three different pollen assemblage (sub)zones could have been distinguished: a dominance of alder-beech/oaks from the 2nd to the middle of the 7th century, followed by a prevalence of grasses-beech/oaks till the end of the 13th century. Finally, an assemblage of grasses-hornbeam/oaks populated the area from the 14th to the beginning of the 20th century. The high abundance of peat mosses (sphagnum) from the 11th to the end of the 14th century must indicate increased precipitation and higher frequencies of rainfall during the Medieval Climate Anomaly. Transition from an ombrotrophic to minerotrophic phase of mire evolution during the Little Ice Age is caused by changing in moisture level, with somewhat wetter period prevailing till the middle of the 17th century followed by drier conditions till the beginning of the 20th century. Although cereal pollen grains first appear from the layers dated to the late 14th century and the proportion of secondary anthropogenic indicators were low during the entire Middle Ages, a large number of charcoal particles suggests stronger anthropogenic activity than indicated by observed changes in vegetation composition. Still, a sharp rise of non-arboreal pollen during the Migration period most likely reflect a general natural succession process on mire surface than persuable proof of Avaric-Slavic impact on vegetation. Direct anthropogenic pressure indicated by weeds and cereal pollen can be tracked from the Late Middle Ages onwards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excavation research was conducted in 2015--2017 on multicultural site No. 12 at Kędzierzyn, Koszalin district. Majority of the finds are associated with the settlement of the Pomeranian culture. This article, however, presents other material connected with the Mesolithic and Neolithic settlement represented by the Corded Ware groups as well as the Early Middle Ages and early modern period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Croatica Christina Periodica is the property of Croatica Christiana Periodica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Journal of the University of Latvia. History / Latvijas Universitātes Žurnāls. Vēsture is the property of University of Latvia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Historical weather data from Chronicon Conventus Franciscani Brodii in Savo (1706--1932) consists of numerous entries regarding weather patterns, such as storms, hail, extreme pluvial episodes, drought and cold periods, flooding and periods of Sava river freezing, grape harvests etc. Franciscan monastery in question is situated on the left bank of the Sava river, in a region specific for its microclimate conditions while in the wider region, it is situated at a very sensitive spot between hydrologically active regions of northern Balkan Peninsula and the Alps. The data is analysed and compared to reconstructed Old World Drought Atlas (OWDA) and other available climate data such as temperature, precipitation and consequently flooding episodes. Influence on daily life is considered. Regardless of strong bias in quality of entries Chronicon is a highly valuable source of information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Angles: French Perspectives on the Anglophone World is the property of Societe des Anglicistes de l Enseignement Superieur and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper is devoted to the application processing procedure for granting wedding permission to the Jewish population after the introduction of the Familiant Law of 1726. The study concentrates on the written material of the administration with the competence for Bohemia. The agenda was in the competence of the Jewish Commission that was established in 1714 in connection with attempts to restrict the Jewish population. The issuance of the Familiant Law was accompanied by a number of measures, which were reflected in the written production not only of the Jewish Commission but of other offices as well. Examples of these documents and those directly related to the processing of applications for wedding permission, from submission to conclusion, document the whole process of implementing the law and the practical course of the approval procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Middle Ages and early modern period, a specific accounting system was used in the Czech lands, known as so-called administrative accounting. The accounting categories and principles of this system were not the same as those used by single-entry and double-entry bookkeeping. The aim of the article is to show with selected accounting terms and categories their semantic variability and thereby start a discussion on accounting terminology that has been thus far absent in the Czech environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the causes of insufficient reflection of written production in the early and late modern period. It identifies the amount of documents and the issue of their division as the main obstacles to research insofar as they are a prerequisite for mastering the written material. Other problems relate to terminology issues (giving the same document different names), diplomatic terminology's over reliance on archival practice and the uneven depth of development in the various areas of early and late modern diplomatics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Acta Universitatis Carolinae Historia Universitatis Carolinae Pragensis is the property of Charles University Prague, Karolinum Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Universitatis Carolinae Historia Universitatis Carolinae Pragensis is the property of Charles University Prague, Karolinum Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)