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Purpose: The maturity of technical communication merits a comprehensive, longitudinal analysis of the content published in its leading journals and the scholars who produce this research. Although reflexive research is common in the sciences and social sciences, few studies have analyzed the body of research in technical communication. Clarity on content and authorship patterns can help position the field for future relevance and sustainability. Method: We conducted a quantitative content analysis on 672 articles published in five leading technical communication journals from 1996-2017. Articles were coded on nine content variables related to primary topic, primary audience, and authorship. We subsequently conducted a correspondence analysis on the variables to identify how specific content areas associated with the journals. Results: Content and authorship patterns were near identical to the patterns found in the field 30 years prior. The journals published content primarily focused on rhetoric, genre, pedagogy, and diversity. In contrast, field-defining topics--usability/UX, comprehension, design, and editing and style--appeared in the sample less than expected. A majority of research was single-authored and written by female first authors; further, a majority of the first authors had academic affiliations in the United States. Conclusion: Scholars must consider if these content and authorship patterns are the products of deliberate choices and, if so, if this is the field's inevitable trajectory for the next 30 years. We argue that certain topics are being overproduced while other topics that established the field are being underproduced and, in some cases, being assumed by other disciplines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of presented study is to evaluate macroeconomic environment and to determine differences in perception of macroeconomic environment by entrepreneurs in Slovak Republic and Czech Republic. Data collection was done by questionnaire which was answered by 329 entrepreneurs from Slovak Republic and 312 entrepreneurs from Czech Republic. Topics treated concerning macroenvironment were the favourableness of macroenvironment for business activities, its support for starting an entrepreneurship, its support of innovation activities of companies and its capacity to promote entrepreneurship and to create interesting business opportunities. Answers are divided according to sector in which entrepreneurs doing business. Considered sectors are: transport, trade, construction, production, agriculture, services and other sectors. To analyse collected data, we use correspondence analysis. Results show that there exists systematic difference in perception of macroenvironment by entrepreneurs from SMEs in Slovak Republic and Czech Republic. It seems that entrepreneurs from Czech Republic percept macroenvironment more positively than Slovak ones. Moreover, we document different perception of macroeconomic situation depending on sector in which entrepreneurs operate. Presented research results bring findings for the creators of economic policies. Similarly, presented results form a platform for concepts of strategic and regional plans in order to provide sustainable business environment in the countries, and also their stable economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disturbances and successional dynamics shape the composition of tree communities, but data remain scarce for tropical forests of West Africa. We assessed the imprint of past disturbances on the composition of evergreen forests in an Ivorian National Park. We hypothesized that (i) Pioneer indices (PI) based on the relative proportion of pioneer and non-pioneer trees relate to changing floristic composition due to successional dynamics, (ii) local community richness peaks at an intermediate value of PI under the Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis (IDH) and (iii) early successional communities have higher beta diversity due to erratic founder effects. We performed a Correspondence Analysis of tree composition of 38 plots and examined how the main components of floristic variation related to environmental factors and PI. In addition, we tested the relationship between PI, local richness and beta diversity. The variation of PI better explained the main components of floristic variation than abiotic environmental variation, supporting a primary role of successional dynamics in shaping tree communities. We found a peak of richness at intermediate values of PI, supporting the IDH, with a mixture and earlier and later-successional species and more even abundances. The communities were very diverse and included many endemics and rare species. The results underline that the composition of early successional forests greatly varies depending on chance colonization events, while more similar old-growth communities are eventually observed after several decades. The findings should guide management practices for forest restoration, and for conservation of endangered species depending on their successional status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined perceptual dimensions of food texture using Japanese onomatopoeic words. Photographs of 56 foods were presented to the participants, and they reported onomatopoeic (mimetic) words suitable for the texture of the foods. The participants' responses were collated into a contingency table of photographs by onomatopoeic words. Correspondence analysis was applied to the table, and 15 dimensions were extracted. The biplot of the configurations was rotated by the technique of sparse coding. The obtained dimensions were smoothness/sounds in slurping noodles; adhesiveness; crumbliness/dryness/fluffiness of breads; popping/juiciness of spherical‐shaped foods; soft elasticity/smoothness of gel, wateriness/creaminess; bendability of sticky foods; crispness/crunchiness of snacks; crispness of fruits; elasticity; crunchiness of vegetables; breakability of rod‐like foods; sizzle (high temperature and oiliness); and two dimensions specifically expressing textures of lemon and pickled plum. These are considered to be basic food‐texture dimensions expressed by Japanese onomatopoeic words. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study interprets the forgiveness, pardon and apology formulas in pragmatic contexts. We focus on (a) their interpretation from the perspective of primary and secondary use and on (b) the discoursive success of verb-noun collocations, i.e. collocations of the apologetic verbs and nouns with a common attribute of 'transgression'. We start from the position of the speaker who presents himself/herself as either the offending or the damaged party. In the role of the offender, he/she either makes an apologetic utterance to the addressee, or asks/begs for an apology, pardon or forgiveness. In the role of the damaged, he/she conveys forgiveness and/or lack thereof, or excuse and/or lack thereof, to the interlocutor. The study focuses on the use of cooperation and politeness strategies (in particular the maxims of generosity and tactfulness) and the public face (we anticipate that the speaker awaits an 'egocentric' attitude). The formulas of secondary apologies will be interpreted as a specific politeness strategy that reflects the emphatic nature of the speaker toward the addressee and maximizes speaker's tactfulness. We will show that the Slovak language possesses these functionally supported formulaic and ritualized formulas: phatic and reconciliation formulas, formulas with the 'lack of understanding' function, reservations and warnings. The discoursive success of the verb-noun collocations will be identified through correspondence analysis, which renders a correspondence map showing the perimeters of mental apologetic zones in the Slovak language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Finance and financial markets are the engine of sustainability. Financial institutions are one of the main channels influencing entrepreneurs. By determining the conditions of access to financial services, the financial market affects the decisions and attitudes of entrepreneurs, including their business models. The purpose of this article is to diagnose whether (and to what extent) banks affect the decisions and business models of enterprises. The research material is based on data obtained by survey, supplemented by in-depth interviews with 60 Polish enterprises operating in ESG-sensitive sectors. The study uses correspondence analysis, a method of multivariate analysis. The results of the study indicate that financial institutions have an impact on enterprises that have a business model and such enterprises declare their will to co-operate with the bank and to implement the ESG risk reduction measures recommended by the banks. On the other hand, enterprises that do not have developed business models do not succumb to the bank's influence and co-operation with the bank is limited to a minimum; usually considering only account keeping and monetary settlements related to it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Problem statement: Football is the most widespread sport and entertainment worldwide. Football is enjoyed especially by men, but nowadays, we can say that the number of women visiting football stadiums is steadily increasing. We must state that this beautiful game is linked to visitor misbehavior (violence, racism, homophobia, and also corruption).Purpose: The goal of the paper is to analyze the conduct of female visitors in the example of SK Slavia Prague football club. Methods: The primary data were collected in a questionnaire survey carried out in the 2015/2016 and 2016/2017 seasons. The sample included 120 participants, aged 25.01 ± 10.20 years and every surveyed respondent attended the matches at a football end. The research mainly focused on respondents' experiences of unsportsmanlike behavior (whistling, booing, vulgar chants in the stand, firing pyrotechnics, etc.). Mathematical and statistical methods (e.g., Correspondence Analysis) were used. To evaluate the data, the program Statistica 13 EN was used. Results: We found that the surveyed spectators, fans, and supporters had no experience with demolishing stadiums and other riotous behavior. Similar results were noted for displays of racism. No groups were interested in this activity apart from 9.09% of fans, who sometimes used racist allusions. Conclusions: This case study brings a unique insight into the issue of female spectatorship in a selected top league football club. In Czechia, football matches are mainly attended by men, but we note that the number of women attending is gradually increasing -- 9% were women in the 1990s, 19% were women ten years later, and 20% are women today. On the other hand, women are often neglected in academic research. If any data are available, they are not fully explored, unlike the male population. We state that the results are adequate for female visitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The diversity of cultivars and variation in phytochemical components pose a great threat to the security of foods that contain walnut. The nutrient values of walnut are stipulated according to phytochemical components, which are driven by internal and external factors associated with fruit growth. The objective of this work was to investigate the effects of cultivar and climate zone on the phytochemical components of walnuts. First, differences and relationships of phytochemical components in eleven walnut cultivars harvested from northeastern China were analyzed. Almost all individual phytochemical components among cultivars showed significant differences (p <.05). The results were submitted to correspondence analysis followed by matrix transformation and factor analysis. Fatty acids, amino acids, and minerals (Ca, Na, Fe, Cu, P, and Zn) for the identification and discrimination of eleven walnut cultivars were authenticated. Furthermore, based on essential microelements, essential amino acids, unsaturated fatty acids, and antioxidants, the walnut cultivars realized the precision position in food application. Finally, we confirmed the effects of climate zones on the phytochemical components of walnuts, with variations up to 142%. The climatic factors precipitation and temperature influenced the formation and accumulation of monounsaturated fatty acids, tocopherols, and most minerals. The findings will open promising perspectives for oriented cultivation of walnuts and future application in the food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identifying and analysing large amounts of online product reviews (OPR) have become a critical challenge for product design due to their valuable and insightful content. Despite the potential of the OPRs, designers cannot benefit from this opportunity because the analysis of the interpretations requires knowledge of different areas. This study proposes a novel framework for designers by utilizing online reviews for product design depending on the real-world OPRs of a sample product in terms of clarity, comparability, and validity. The framework contains five steps – retrieval of customer text, mining text polarity and product aspects by Document-Level Sentiment Analysis (DLSA) and Aspect-Based Sentiment Analysis (ABSA), summarizing and visualizing review candidate patterns by Correspondence Analysis (CA) and discovering and predicting possible causes of candidate patterns by correlation analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the source of n-alkanes in sediments spanning 63 years since 1943 from Songhua Lake, using the method of correspondence analysis and geochemical index. The area of Songhua Lake is 554 km2, and its ecological problems affect hundreds of thousands of people in the basin. The concentration of total n-alkanes (C13–C36) in the sediments ranged from 20.39 to 168.35 μg/g, averaged at 72.58 μg/g, indicating that the Songhua Lake has an ecological risk of n-alkanes and should be taken seriously and protected. The analysis of geochemical indexes, including main carbon distributions (MH), LMW/HMW ratio, Paq, average chain length and so on, shows the n-alkanes in the Songhua Lake sediments are mainly derived from modern higher terrestrial plants, followed by human activities, and a small part from aquatic vascular plants and algae. Moreover, the source and sedimentary history of n-alkanes in Songhua Lake were carried out by corresponding analysis. And the correspondence analysis could be a feasible and effective means of source tracing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper illustrates the advantages of combining corpus linguistic methods and correspondence analysis when investigating sub-varieties within written languages that have codified variation. Through a study of a large-scale corpus of the written standard New Norwegian/Nynorsk, the paper demonstrates how correspondence analysis is a method that is well-suited to mapping norm clusters consisting of different sub-varieties in actual usage. The study reveals the existence of a norm cluster within the corpus consisting of a moderate sub-variety. Current Norwegian language policy is to base the official norms on developments in observed usage. The paper thus concludes that future standardisation of Nynorsk should be moving towards a narrower, moderate norm in order to be in accordance with the operative norm. The methods presented in this paper may be of value when investigating other written languages with codified variation, such as Irish, or languages without official norms, such as Shona. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The food security crisis is a serious worldwide predicament in developing countries but it is a relatively larger problem in Nigeria. We argued there was no solution for the Nigerian food security crisis because researchers had not customized theoretical models with data-driven priorities grounded on local agriculture subject matter expert knowledge. We collected data from local agriculture extension workers who had specialized knowledge of the problems. We applied the consensual qualitative research method with embedded nominal brainstorming and multiple correspondence statistical techniques at the group level of analysis to develop a proposed solution. Our final model highlighted strategically urgent ideas to increase agriculture productivity and appease the most severe constraints in rural Nigeria. The results extended what was already published in the literature and should generalize to rural farmers in Nigeria as well as to government policymakers in developing countries around the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ball screen is an offensive movement with quite high frequency of occurrence in elite basketball games. The aim of the present study was to clarify tasks performed and their predictors of success or failure related to offensive movements by a ball handler, differences of offensive moves between groups, differences of offensive moves among seven countries. The sample was composed of 2069 ball screens from the Basketball Champions League (2016-2017). Evaluating the teams according to their final ranking, it was found that in the teams of the positions 1-4 the ball handler used a short shot, in the teams 5-8 choose lay-up, while in teams 9-12 used step jump shot and in the teams of the positions 13-16 the greater success observed in case of crossover lay-up. Correspondence analysis revealed that the ball handler in teams of Germany, Turkey, Italy, Lithuania and France uses lay-up and step jump shot with a greater success. Greece and Spain are not clustered together with the other countries. The first uses crossover lay-up and step back in its offenses, whereas the second prefers the short shots. Our findings highlight the philosophy in the way of playing of different countries, and simultaneously the way of unfolding the offense. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ideathon has attracted attention in recent years but the results of ideathons are not stable; good ideas are not often generated. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze and support the idea creation process in the ideathon. This research focuses on group discussions and analyzes the idea creation process by visualizing the discussions. Visualization is performed by combining correspondence analysis with LDA (Latent Dirichlet Allocation). From the visualization results, divergence of the discussion is evaluated quantitatively using cosine similarity. It is also revealed that group discussion with better evaluation includes higher divergence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hedonic assessment and sensory characteristics of 13 Amaranthus genotypes, stewed with onions, tomatoes and potatoes, were evaluated. 50 consumers ranked their preference on a nine-point hedonic scale to determine overall acceptability of the stewed samples. In addition, 100 consumers were asked to select sensory characteristics that described the genotypes best, using the Check-all-that-apply question. Hedonic responses indicated significant differences (p < 0.001) between stewed samples. Significant differences were also found in the frequency with which consumers used 15 of the 23 terms generated to characterise the sensory profile of stewed Amaranthus leaves. Correspondence analysis illustrated differences in sensory characteristics between genotypes, describing 72.4% variance. Agglomerative hierarchical clustering indicated three consumer preference clusters, while external preference mapping showed the regions of maximum liking. There was no correlation between hedonic evaluation and sensory characteristics. In addition, no strong association between specific species, genotypes and sensory attributes was observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of this article is to analyse to what degree master's degree education in Norway enhances employability through enhancing or signalling generic competence, or through enhancing specialised competence. Using multiple correspondence analysison the links between educational group, economic activity and sector, educational groups with strong links to certain economic activities were categorised as specialised education, otherwise generic. In the next step, we analyse how the distinction between specialised and generic education affects the transfer to employment. The main data source for the analysis is the NIFU Graduate Survey for the period 1995–2015, where data on graduate numbers as well as detailed information about graduate employment are collected. According to a narrow definition, business administration, information and computer technology, electronic, mechanical and machine subjects and teacher training and pedagogy were specialized education. Using a broad definition, this also includied languages, humanities and arts other, psychology, health, welfare and sport, law and political science. The analysis found that generic education graduates had a more difficult transfer to the labour market than specialised education graduates and that this cannot be explained by generic education being less selective than specialised education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nonlife-threatening headaches account for 3% of emergency department (ED) admissions, with social and economic negative consequences. We aim to investigate clinical features and risk factors of nonlife-threatening headache patients referring to ED versus those referring to headache outpatient clinics. Methods: During 6 months, we promptly reevaluated in our headache unit (HU) patients discharged from ED. We compared the clinical characteristics of patients who referred to ED with those of HU outpatients visited in the same time interval. Discriminant Function Analysis and Correspondence Analysis were used to determine risk factors for ED referral. Results: We recruited 49 post-ED patients and 126 outpatients. The main reasons for ED admission were poor response to acute treatment and aura-related symptoms. Headache diagnoses made in ED were generally not confirmed later (overall concordance of 47%), except for cluster headache (CH) and migraine with aura (MA). ED patients complained higher headache intensity, longer duration, and prolonged aura compared to outpatients. Aura was the main risk factor associated with ED admission on statistical models, while less prominent risk factors were sex, age, and years from migraine onset. Conclusions: ED patients presented a more severe headache clinical phenotype compared with outpatients. Headache diagnosis remains difficult in the emergency setting and is more easily achieved for the headache forms with standout features, such as MA or CH. According to statistical models, the aura is the most important risk factor for ED admissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Croatia joined the Bologna process in 2001 and has been an active participant ever since. All study programmes have been aligned with the Bologna structure in 2005, and all students graduating in Croatia from these programmes receive ECTS credits and are entitled to diploma supplements. This article presents an analysis of the number of enrolled students of various study curricula at the Faculty of Forestry in Zagreb since academic year 2005/06. The base for these analyses are data of the number of students, gathered from the Information System of Higher Education Institutions (ISVU) for students of various undergraduate study curricula, and specially for two wood technology graduate programmes. Correspondence analysis was performed for students enrolled in undergraduate programmes. Time series data analysis was performed for three wood technology study programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vehicle interior roominess is one of the key factors for buyers' satisfaction. Principal component analysis, principal component regression, and correspondence analysis are applied to understand the modes of variation for interior roominess among 15 dimensions from 76 passenger vehicles, to predict buyers' satisfaction and to identify dimensions with unique proportions. Three variation modes are found: (1) the interior plan-view variation mode (plan-view = vehicle length × width) shows the largest difference between small and large vehicles, (2) the vehicle height variation mode exposes the difference between the short and tall vehicles, and (3) the greenhouse-shape variation model reveals the difference between sleek and boxy vehicles. Domestic brands are found to receive lower satisfaction even though they are similar in the 15 dimensions. The knee clearance for the second-row shows the largest difference in proportion followed by the diagonal head clearances for the first and the second-rows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Theoretical Educational Science / Kuramsal Eğitimbilim Dergisi is the property of Afyon Kocatepe University, Faculty of Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Arheološki Vestnik is the property of Scientific Research Centre of Slovenian Academy of Sciences & Arts and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Research background: Improving business conditions and SME development are signs of a country's macroeconomic stability. The issue of identifying and removing barriers to the development of firms in the SME segment is a priority in all countries with developed economies and its importance is currently increasing. Purpose of the article: The main aim of this paper is to explore possible differences in entrepreneurs' perception of the business environment based on the industry in which the company operates. The analysis contains also a national view, where a comparison between the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic is performed. Methods: Correspondence analysis was used to achieve the research objectives in order to examine the relations between the categorical variables. Its application is beneficial in cases where the graphic output is clearer than the numerical one. Findings & Value added: The presented research makes it possible to identify problematic aspects of doing business in each sector and to create support mechanisms for the creation of effective structural policies. Entrepreneurs from the Czech Republic's Production and Transport sectors agree with the statement that the business environment in the country is suitable for starting a business. As for business environment's suitability for doing business, neither Slovak nor Czech entrepreneurs sector-wide agreed with the given statement. Czech entrepreneurs from the Services, Trade and Construction sectors ,respectively, agree, fully agree with the statement that the business environment in the country is reasonably risky and allows for doing business. In the case of entrepreneurs from Slovakia, no significant correspondence is observed. Findings regarding the statement that the business conditions in the country have improved over the past five years are the following: In the Czech Republic, there is a perfect correspondence of the Transport sector and the agreement with the given statement. In the Slovak Republic, agreement was found with the given statement in the Transport sector and neutral position in the Production sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to evaluate online product categories (electronics, apparels, personal care, kitchen appliances and stationery & school/offices supplies) association with key purchase criteria to illustrate the relative positioning of five product categories across specific purchase criteria. The study includes a sample of 600 respondents from three tier 2 cities of north India-Kota, Agra, and Jalandhar. Correspondence analysis was used to depict purchase criteria based comparative analysis of the top selling online product categories. The findings of the paper helps to reflect on three aspects - (i) similarity in the positioning of product categories, (ii) specific purchase criteria association with product categories and (iii) dominant purchase criteria. This study provides meaningful insights for multi-category players and market space aggregator to create an efficient/effective marketing programs for obtaining sustainable competitive advantage. The study also presents an opportunity to reflect on the efficacy of its current strategy and optimally reposition itself. Also, the study presents a meaningful ground for future researchers who wish to investigate the growing potential of e-tailing in small town India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is truism to say that for an archaeologist the question of chronology is particularly important. In relation to Tarnobrzeg Lusatian Culture, this topic was frequently raised, which in the case of its early and late stages gave satisfactory results. There are numerous determinants of these phases, and they can also be divided into smaller periodical stages. The dynamics of change is well understood. However, phase II is far more problematic. Basically, it is represented by one type of vessel. In addition, the 150–200 year phase is very compact in terms of inventory and it is almost impossible to identify older or younger materials. The problem of its decline also needs to be emphasized, where when treated through the prism of the San River style as it usually is, it should be prolonged to HaD. The author, using the correspondence board, tries to indicate materials which can be related to the older and younger episode of the second phase of Tarnobrzeg Lusatian Culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The accounting for goodwill under the International Financial Reporting Standard 3 has become generally accepted as a basis for providing useful information to users of financial statements. However, the International Accounting Standards Board has conducted a review of the International Financial Reporting Standard 3, the focus of which is on the revision of the accounting for goodwill. Aim: This article adds to the discussion on the accounting for goodwill by examining its characteristics and considering how these can be used to inform changes to its recognition and measurement. Setting: The principles of neoliberalism and stewardship, widely regarded as key drivers of developments in financial reporting, are used to frame the accounting for goodwill. Method: The research method makes use of correspondence analysis which is a method used to explain complex relationships in a simple diagrammatic manner. In the case of this article, the correspondence analysis is used to show how characteristics of goodwill interact with principles of neoliberalism and stewardship to reveal different perspectives on the accounting for goodwill. The sample selected was 55 chartered accountants, chartered financial analysts and business owners. The chartered accountants are in practice and academia. The reason for this is to give both an academic and practical perspective on the appropriateness of the accounting for goodwill. The reason for the inclusion of the financial analysts and business owners was to enrich the opinions received. Results: The research finds that the accounting for goodwill needs revision. Conclusion: A hybrid accounting model is revealed that proposes that goodwill be recognised as an asset in its own right (neoliberalism) and that it be amortised and the recognition of the effect of inefficient negotiation of the purchase price be recognised in profit or loss (stewardship). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maximizers represent a subclass of degree modifiers that convey the highest degree to which a property can be carried out. This paper studies five Croatian near-synonymous maximizers (all meaning "completely, totally"), viz. posve , potpuno , sasvim , skroz, and totalno , as a part of construction. It is assumed here that analysed pairings act as (semi)-prefabricated units with maximizers that impose particular modes of construal. To analyse the subtle semantic differences of examined maximizers, we shall turn to the distributional hypothesis and examine contexts in which maximizers occur. Using a combination of analytical statistics (collostructional analysis) and multifactorial methods (hierarchical agglomerative cluster analysis and correspondence analysis), we aim to examine similarities (proximities) and differences (distances) between analysed constructions in order to understand intricate relationships among maximizers, fostering valuable insights into their semantics. The findings of this study provide insight into the interplay of the Croatian maximizers and adjectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brewer and Campbell showed that stereotypes fall along dimensions of achievement and evaluation. This study examines individuals' personal beliefs about their own and other ethnic groups, along with indicators of in-group bias. Three hundred fifty-one college students who were members of six ethnic groups selected 4 traits from a list of 30 traits that best described each group. The six ethnic identities and the traits were represented in two dimensions using correspondence analysis. An achievement dimension emerged that we termed Collectivist Achievement Ethic, which contrasted three high-achieving Asian identities with three lower achieving non-Asian identities. The second dimension was linked with the socioeconomic status of the ethnic identities and had variable relationships with favorability ratings of the traits. In-group bias was found in five out of six cases; however, White Americans exhibited in-group derogation. © 2005 Sage Publications.

Suppose K1 , … ,Km are convex cones in a Hilbert space H, with unit sphere S and inner product ‹ . | . ›. For a particular choice of quantifications, transformations, or representations of a variable xj in Kj ∩ S we can compute the correlation matrix R(x1 , … , xm ) by the rule rij (x1 , … , xm ) = (xi | xj ). Now suppose φ is a real-valued objective function, defined on the space of all correlation matrices. In this paper we study the class of techniques that choose the xj in their feasible regions Kj ∩ S in such a way that φ(R(x1 , … , xm )) is maximized. We discuss typical cases, including linear and nonlinear principal component analysis, canonical correlation analysis, regression analysis. It is shown that correspondence analysis and the Breiman-Friedman ACE-methods are both special cases of this class of techniques. We discuss some choices for the cones Kj , and we indicate that the results simplify greatly if all bivariate regressions can be linearized. A class of iterative projection techniques is suggested, that produces convergent algorithms of simple structure.

Two quite different forms of nonlinear principal component analysis have been proposed in the literature. The first one is associated with the names of Guttman, Burt, Hayashi, Benzécri, McDonald, De Leeuw, Hill, Nishisato. We call it multiple correspondence analysis. The second form has been discussed by Kruskal, Shepard, Roskam, Takane, Young, De Leeuw, Winsberg, Ramsay. We call it nonmetric principal component analysis. The two forms have been related and combined, both geometrically and computationally, by Albert Gifi. In this paper we discuss the relationships in more detail, and propose an alternative algorithm for nonlinear principal component analysis which combines features of both previous approaches.