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We describe the calculation of a {beta} function for the {ital p}-adic string {sigma} model in a tachyonic background, and show that the vanishing condition of the {beta} function reproduces the tachyonic field equation obtained from {ital p}-adic amplitude calculations, up to the fifth order in the tachyonic field. By examining this {sigma} model in the presence of a soliton background, we show that a previously obtained soliton solution of the all-order tachyonic field equation follows from the requirement of discrete scale invariance.

A general framework is given for evaluating the contributions of as yet undiscovered heavy quarks to the gluonic decay rate of the Weinberg-Salam type Higgs boson. Since the Yukawa coupling of the Higgs boson to a quark pair is proportional to the quark mass, loop graphs involving heavy quarks have a non-vanishing effect on the gluonic decay width of the Higgs boson. This effect of heavy quarks with massesM j(j=t,...) much greater than the Higgs boson massm H is calculated in an effective gauge theory. The effects of two different kinds of large logarithms, lnM 2 /μ m 2 /μ 2 are separated and summed up by the renormalization group method. It is found that the higher order QCD corrections are large and that the gluonic contribution to the hadronic decay width is significant if there are more than three generations. The Higgs decay width can therefore be used to probe the number of generations of heavy quarks.

The reversibility of neuronal function (postsynaptic potential and level of high energy phosphates) during deprivation of oxygen and/or glucose at 37, 28 and 21 degrees C was studied using hippocampal slices. The resistance of the neurons per se against anoxia could be well determined in the brain slice free from post-anoxic circulatory disturbance. During deprivation of oxygen and glucose the survival time, the period of deprivation of oxygen and glucose during which neurons of the tissue slice can survive for recovery, was at 10, 15 and 45 min at 37, 28 and 21 degrees C, respectively. During deprivation of glucose only it was 1.5, 3 and 5 h at 37, 28 and 21 degrees C. During deprivation of oxygen only the survival time was 2.5, 5 and 15 h at 37, 28 and 21 degrees C. Deep hypothermia (21 degrees C) and the presence of glucose prolonged tremendously the survival time of the neurons of tissue slice during long-lasting anoxia.

We impose the constraint of the unitarity of the S -matrix on the theory of a closed bosonic string propagating in a background of some of its modes. The equations of motion for not only the massless but also for some of the massive modes of the string are thus consistently obtained in a weak field expansion. To a given order in the weak field expansion, they contain contributions to all orders in α′. We also show that conformal invariance guarantees that the S -matrix be unitary.

We investigate effective lagrangians in supersymmetric models broken spontaneously at an intermediate energy (∼ μ ⪡ M GUT ). It is shown to all orders in perturbation theory that the low-energy interactions of light particles are described by an effective lagrangian with explicit but soft supersymmetry breaking of order μ 2 / M GUT .

We discuss the constraints imposed by the unitary of the S -matrix on the theory of a closed basonic string propagating in a background consisting of a condensate of the string modes. The equations of motion for some of the low mass modes are thus obtained to all orders in α′ but to second order in a weak field expansion about a flat background.

For the p -adic bosonic string, a simple regularization procedure is applied to the four-particle adelic formula. Arguments that have been made against the validity of the five-particle adelic formula are criticised.

The N-point functions for the p-adic version of the bosonic open-string theory are derived and discussed. The cases N=5 and 6 are explicitly calculated, and lead to simple (factorizable) formulas from which the general N case can be formulated.

Tetracarbonylhydridoferrate in ethanol was found to be a regioselective reducing agent of α, β carbon-carbon double bond conjugated with carbonyl group of some components of essential oil. Especially (+) - and (-) -carvones and (+) - and (-) -carvotanacetones were converted with high stereoselectivity to (-) - and (+) -dihydrocarvones and (-) - and (+) -carvomenthones, respectively. But, α, β-unsaturated aldehyde did not give the corresponding product. The reaction mechanism is briefly discussed.

This is the first report of a primary mucinous cystadenoma (MCA) arising from behind the posterior peritoneum of the descending colon in a paediatric patient. A large intra-abdominal cystic lesion was found incidentally during renal ultrasonography in a 14-year-old girl. Imaging studies showed a 13 x 9 x 15 cm homogeneous cystic lesion with mild contrast enhancement of the wall. The cyst appeared to originate from the retroperitoneum, but was separated from the left kidney, ovary, and pancreas. At laparotomy, there was a cyst behind the posterior peritoneum of the descending colon. The cyst was successfully excised, and histopathology showed MCA. Although primary MCA in the retroperitoneum is extremely rare in children, it should be considered in the differential diagnosis of an intra-abdominal cyst, since it needs to be excised to eliminate the risk of infection, recurrence, and malignancy.

One hundred and eighty-five inpatients with ulcer in the gastric corpus and angle were treated with either 1 g cimetidine per day or with a combination of antacid and anticholinergic. At 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks after entry into the study, the ulcer had healed in 3.3, 30.4, 55.4 and 87.0 per cent of patients treated with cimetidine, as compared with 0, 12.9, 51.6 and 73.1 per cent of those treated with a combination of antacid and anticholinergic (NS., p less than 0.01, NS., p less than 0.05), respectively. Factors that had a delaying effect on ulcer healing were seen more frequently in the cimetidine group. Thus, cimetidine proved to be superior to a combination of antacid and anticholinergic, for the treatment of gastric ulcer.

Superior colliculus slices of sagittal section were prepared from the guinea pig. Postsynaptic potential (PSP) was evoked in the superficial grey layer (SGL) after the electrical stimulation to optic layer. Tetanic stimulation to the optic layer elicited long-term potentiation (LTP) in the PSP of the SGL. Tetanic stimulation of 20 s in duration and 50 Hz in frequency was most effective for the formation of LTP. The LTP formation was masked during application of 2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate (APV), a specific antagonist for N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, but LTP was observed when APV was removed from the perfusion medium.

Using the effective scalar field theory of the $p$-adic string, we show the equivalence of two previously derived sets of classical Feynman rules: one by the present authors, the other by Brekke et al. We use this equivalence to demonstrate a symmetry of the $p$-adic tree amplitude ${A}^{m}(p)$ under $p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\frac{1}{p}$. We then present a scalar field theory with a continuous parameter $\ensuremath{\xi}$ that reduces to the two previously discussed examples as special cases.

We investigate the theory of a closed bosonic string propagating in a background consisting of a condensate of its massless modes. At the classical level, the Virasoro operators and the Hamiltonian are identified and their Poisson-brackets algebra verified. The massless-mode vertex operators for a string in background fields are constructed from the requirement that they have the appropriate Poisson brackets with the Virasoro operators. In the quantum theory, a weak-field expansion of the Virasoro operators is used. The commutators of the Virasoro operators are explicitly evaluated to first order in the weak-field expansion using the Bjorken-Johnson-Low procedure. The equations of motion to first order in weak fields are seen to follow from the requirement of the closure of the Virasoro algebra on the two-dimensional world sheet.

Inferior colliculus (IC) slices from guinea pigs were prepared by cutting the IC parasagittally and incubating the obtained slices in the standard medium. Postsynaptic field potentials (PSFP) were recorded in the superficial layer of the pericentral nucleus (PN) by stimulating the deep layer of the PN. GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) and its agonists (muscimol and baclofen) and antagonist (bicuculline) were applied in the perfusion medium. GABA (1-12.5 mM), muscimol (1-200 microM) and (-)-baclofen (0.1-20 microM) reduced the amplitude of the PSFP in a dose-dependent manner. Bicuculline (1-10 microM) enhanced the amplitude of the PSFP and evoked the epileptiform burst discharge (EBD). The incubation of IC slices with methoxypyridoxin (100 microM) and 3-mercaptopropionic acid (100 microM) for 2 h reduced the GABA level of the slice to about 50% of the initial value, at which point a distinct EBD appeared. The application of GABA (5 mM) to the medium in this condition blocked the EBD completely. The removal of chloride from the medium as well as the application of furosemide (100 microM) enhanced the amplitude of the PSFP and also elicited the EBD; GABA application in this case did not block the EBD. These results indicate that GABA plays an inhibitory role in the IC, and that the reduction of GABA and the blockade of GABA function cause the appearance of EBD in the IC.

The oxygen consumption of brain slices from 12 different regions of the guinea pig brain was measured and the effects of temperature on the consumption was investigated. At 37 degrees C the oxygen consumption in cerebral gray matter and inferior colliculus was higher than that of other regions, whilst the consumption in cerebral white matter and brainstem was approximately half of that in cerebral gray matter. In any region lowering the tissue temperature from 37 to 28 degrees C reduced the oxygen consumption by 6-8% of the value obtained at 37 degrees C per one degree. At 21 degrees C the consumption was decreased to 15% of the value obtained at 37 degrees C. It is notable that the consumption in hippocampal slices tested was remarkably increased by raising the temperature up to 50 degrees C and no consumption was observed at 55 degrees C.

The possible role of L-glutamic acid (GLU) as a neurotransmitter of the entorhinal pathway (Nadler et al. 1976, Storm-Mathisen 1977), and of the commissural fibers (Storm-Mathisen 1977), and of the mossy fibers (Crawford and Connor 1973) is widely discussed. The regional distribution of a transmitter candidate can enlighten the role of the substance in question, as for example demonstrated in the case of GABA (Okada et al. 1971, Okada and Shimada 1975). Therefore we developed a highly sensitive GLU assay method which enabled us to measure the GLU content of individual layers of the three subfields of the hippocampus: regio superior, regio inferior and dentate gyrus.

In the simplest bosonic p-adic string, a central role is played by an S/sub 3/ symmetry in the four-particle amplitude. Using an S/sub 3/ analysis of four-point dual amplitudes, we exhibit a general class of p-adic string amplitudes. All are shown to satisfy a factorization (adelic) property for the infinite product over p-adic amplitudes. Explicit examples are worked through for a p-adic string with spin-0 and spin-2 poles and no tachyon.

The regional distribution of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was determined in the central nervous system of the frog. The highest amount of GABA was found in the tectum (35.7 +/- 2.3 mmol/kg protein). A thin tectal slice (400-600 microns thick) preparation was developed in which the postsynaptic potential (PSP) could be elicited. The addition of GABA to the perfusion medium depressed the PSP in a dose-dependent manner in the concentration range 1-12.5 mM at 28 degrees C. Nipecotic acid, a GABA uptake inhibitor, at a concentration of 0.5 mM shifted the dose-response curve for GABA to the left. These results from the frog, a cold-blooded animal, were in good agreement with those for hippocampal slices from the guinea-pig.

Centrally active amino acids (GABA, glutamate, asparate) were assayed enzyme-fluorometrically in five brain regions of the rat after a 16-day administration of methamphetamine (2.5 mg/kg, i.p.) and haloperidol (2.5 mg/kg, i.p.), or both agents together. Methamphetamine caused no statistically-significant changes in the GABA contents in any brain areas, a significant decrease in the glutamate content of the striatum, hippocampus and midbrain and an increase in the aspartate content of the hypothalamus. Haloperidol treatment resulted in no changes in the GABA content, a significant decrease in the glutamate content of the striatum and a significant increase in the aspartate content in the frontal cortex. The treatment with both agents caused a significant decrease in the GABA content of the hypothalamus. The combined administration normalized a lowering of the glutamate levels in the striatum caused by methamphetamine and haloperidol, respectively, and increased the level of aspartate in the hypothalamus caused by methamphetamine and in the frontal cortex caused by haloperidol.

Tetracarbonylhydridoferrate was found to be effective for the selective reduction of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds to the corresponding saturated alcohols. The reactions proceeded stereospecifically and (−)- and (+)-neodihydrocarveol were obtained exclusively from (+)- and (−)-carvone respectively. The reaction mechanism is briefly discussed.

To investigate neural activity and cerebral energy metabolism during anoxia in neural tissue of different ages, hippocampal slices were prepared from 4-, 7- and 10-day-old, and adult rats. Using these slices, the postsynaptic potential (psp) was recorded in the pyramidal cell layer of the CA1 area. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), phosphocreatine (PCr) and lactate levels in the slices were measured during oxygen and glucose deprivation. The level of oxygen consumption was also measured for each slice in its resting state. After the onset of oxygen and glucose deprivation, the psp of slices from 4-, 7- and 10-day-old, and adult rats ceased completely in 22, 9, 5.6 and 4.6 min, respectively. Using initial changes in the levels of ATP, PCr and lactate during deprivation, the energy use rates of respective slices were calculated to be 1.09 ≈P mmol/g DNA/min in 4-day-old, 2.93 in 7-day-old, 3.42 in 10-day-old and 4.75 in adult rats. The oxygen consumption rates at rest for slices taken from 4-, 7- and 10-day-old, and adult rats were 0.13, 0.24, 0.47 and 0.80 ≈O2 mmol/g DNA/min, respectively. Thus, differences in rates of energy use and oxygen consumption between immature and adult brain tissues correlated well with those of psp decay time during oxygen and glucose deprivation. The levels of ATP at the time of psp cessation in 4-, 7- and 10-day-old and adult brain slices were

The concentration of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and the activity of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) in rat and human pancreas were measured by sensitive assay methods. The GABA concentration in rat pancreas was 2.51 millimoles per kilogram (dry weight) and GAD activity was 2.58 mmoles per kilogram per hour. The GABA concentration and GAD activity in rat Langerhans' islets were 18.9 mmole kg-1 and 66.7 mmole kg-1 hour-1, whereas those in the exocrine acini were 1.97 mmole kg-1 and 4.67 mmole kg-1 hour-1, respectively. In an insulinoma region of human pancreas the GABA concentration was 25.5 mmole kg-1 and the GAD activity was 138.2 mmole kg-1 hour-1, but in the surrounding nontumor region these values were only 2.81 mmole kg-1 and 2.01 mmole kg-1 hour-1, respectively, similar to the values in normal rat pancreas.

The postsynaptic potential (PSP) was recorded from thin slices of the olfactory cortex of the guinea pig. Application of adenosine and adenine nucleotides such as 5′-ATP, 5′-ADP and 5′-AMP in the incubation medium, depressed the amplitude of the PSP without altering the presynaptic fiber potential. The other purine and pyrimidine derivatives had no inhibitory effect. The inhibitory action of adenosine and adenine nucleotides on the PSP were manifest at concentrations of 5 μM-1 mM. Adenosine, 5′-ATP, 5′-ADP and 5′-AMP were equipotent in evoking depression of PSPs. Inhibition occurred within 10–20 sec after administration of the agents and the depressant effect disappeared rapidly after the removal of the compounds from the medium. Theophylline reversed and prevented the inhibition produced by adenosine and adenine nucleotides. To test the structure-activity relationships of these compounds, adenosine analogs and adenine nucleotide derivatives were applied to the medium. The 6-aminopurine riboside (adenosine radical) was found to the essential for an inhibitory action on the PSP. Among adenosine analogs, the presence of at least one hydrogen atom in the amino group at the 6-position of the purine, and the OH group at the 2′-position of the ribose was essential for inhibitory activity.

The laminar distribution of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was studied in certain structures of the visual system of the adult cat. A microassay method to measure GABA (10(-12) mol) was established using enzymatic cycling of NADP-NADPH. In the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, GABA concentration was highest in lamina A (average concentration 23 mmol/kg dry weight) and lowest in lamina C. In the visual cortex (Areas 17 and 18), the concentration of GABA was 10-12 mmol/kg dry weight in layers I-IV and 5-8 mmol/kg dry weight in layers V and VI. No significant difference was found in the GABA distribution in Areas 17 and 18. In the superior colliculus, the highest level of GABA was found in the upper part of the superficial gray layer (40 mmol/kg dry weight), whereas the deep layers contained GABA at a concentration of 23-28 mmol/kg dry weight. The results of the GABA distribution measurements revealed an orderly, layer-specific disposition of the neurotransmitter in the cat visual system. GABA may play an important role in the function of the visual system.

The distribution of L-glutamic acid in single layers dissected from freeze-dried sections of the rabbit hippocampus was estimated by means of an enzymatic cycling procedure. Although the regional variation in glutamate content is less than that of other transmitter candidates, there were present significant differences in it between the projection fields of certain fiber connections. Glutamate concentration was highest in the termination areas of commissural fibers and Schaffer's collaterals.

The effect of furosemide on the obstructed kidney was studied in dogs. In control kidneys (n = 4) the renal blood flow (RBF) was increased transiently after intravenous infusion of 20 mg of furosemide; from 12.9 +/- 1.2 to 14.8 +/- 1.4 ml/min/kg.B.W. No change in the renal pelvic pressure was observed. Urine flow increased from 0.47 +/- 0.12 to 4.98 +/- 1.15 ml/min at 20 minutes after furosemide administration. Increases in the fractional fluid excretion rate (V/GFR), the fractional sodium excretion rate (FENa) and the fractional potassium excretion rate (FEK) were observed and the maximum values were obtained at 20 minutes after furosemide administration. In two-week unilateral incompletely obstructed kidneys (incomplete UUO; n = 5), RBF was lower than that of the control kidney, whereas a tendency of transient increase was also noticed after furosemide administration; from 8.4 +/- 1.9 to 10.5 +/- 2.3 ml/min/kg.B.W. The renal pelvic pressure increased immediately and transiently after furosemide infusion. Increase in the urine flow was significant, but the value was lower than that of control, and the maximum value was marked at 20 minutes after furosemide administration. V/GFR, FENa and FEK were also increased in incomplete UUO, but the peak values were lower than those of control. In two-week unilateral completely obstructed kidneys (complete UUO; n = 5), RBF was markedly decreased (3.14 +/- 0.38 ml/min/kg.B.W.), and no significant increase was noticed after furosemide administration. The renal pelvic pressure was gradually and continuously increased after furosemide infusion. The fractional excretion rate of pelvic urine components was variable. In particular, V/GFR was significantly increased 60 minutes after furosemide administration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

The effects of intravenous injection of cholinergic or anticholinergic agents in inducing the PS state were studied in acute cats with the midbrain transected. Preparations were made by precollicular decerebrations (mesencephalic cat) and by transsection at the prepontine level (prepontine preparation). The intravenous administration of physostigmine sulfate (0.05–0.1 mg/kg) induced PS state in the mesencephalic cat and prepontine preparation. The PS state appeared with a delay of 1.5–7 min after injection, and continued for about 20 min. TEPP (0.05 mg/kg), DDVP (0.5 mg/kg) and pilocarpine hydrochloride (0.2 mg/kg) were also effective for induction of PS state in these preparations. On the other hand, acetylcholine chloride, neostigmine methylsulfate and bethanechol chloride had no effect. Atropine sulfate suppressed the effect of physostigmine, TEPP, DDVP and pilocarpine in inducing PS state, while atropine methylnitrate had no such suppressive effect. Intravenous injection of physostigmine or TEPP provoked EEG arousal in the forebrain of prepontine preparation. The mechanisms of PS state induction are discussed.

Motivated by the large mixing angle solutions for the atmospheric and solar neutrino anomalies, flavor changing neutral current processes and lepton flavor violating processes as well as the muon anomalous magnetic moment are analyzed in the framework of SU(5) SUSY GUT with right-handed neutrino. In order to explain realistic mass relations for quarks and leptons, we take into account effects of higher dimensional operators above the GUT scale. It is shown that the supersymmetric (SUSY) contributions to the CP violation parameter in $K^0-\bar{K}^0$ mixing, $\epsilon_K$, the $\mu \to e \gamma$ branching ratio, and the muon anomalous magnetic moment become large in a wide range of parameter space. We also investigate correlations among these quantities. Within the current experimental bound of $\text{B}(\mu \to e \gamma)$, large SUSY contributions are possible either in the muon anomalous magnetic moment or in $\epsilon_K$. In the former case, the favorable value of the recent muon anomalous magnetic moment measurement at the BNL E821 experiment can be accommodated. In the latter case, the allowed region of the Kobayashi-Maskawa phase can be different from the prediction within the Standard Model (SM) and therefore the measurements of the CP asymmetry of $B\to J/\psi K_S$ mode and $\Delta m_{B_s}$ could discriminate this case from the SM. We also show that the $\tau \to \mu \gamma$ branching ratio can be close to the current experimental upperbound and the mixing induced CP asymmetry of the radiative B decay can be enhanced in the case where the neutrino parameters correspond to the Mikheyev-Smirnov-Wolfenstein small mixing angle solution.

Tetracarbonylhydridoferrate was found to be effective for the selective reduction of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds to the corresponding saturated alcohols. The reactions proceeded stereospecifically and (−)- and (+)-neodihydrocarveol were obtained exclusively from (+)- and (−)-carvone respectively. The reaction mechanism is briefly discussed.