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On May 21, 2021, a Mw 7.4 earthquake struck the Maduo County in Qinghai province of China. The earthquake was well recorded by the surrounding high-rate Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) stations. In addition to GPS, GLONASS and BDS2 observations, these stations also recorded the latest BDS3 and Galileo observations. The performance of high-rate single-GNSS and fusion of multi-GNSS on warning magnitude calculation, rapid centroid moment tensor inversion and static fault slip inversion are well investigated in this study. The results demonstrate that within a short period of time (5 min), Precise Point Positioning (PPP) displacements of BDS3 alone are better than those of BDS2 alone, while the individual displacement accuracies of BDS3, GPS and Galileo are comparable. When BDS3 and BDS2 data are combined, the combined BDS accuracy is slightly better than that of GPS or Galileo alone. Compared with the single-GNSS displacements, the fusion of GPS + GLONASS + Galileo + BDS3/2 (GREC) can achieve the highest accuracy with standard deviation values of 0.25 cm, 0.22 cm and 0.53 cm in north, east and up components, respectively. For the warning magnitude estimation, BDS3 alone, BDS2 alone, combined BDS3/2, combined GPS + BDS3/2, Galileo alone and GREC all show comparable performance. The results of centroid moment tensor inversion and static fault slip inversion are related to the station distribution. When the same stations are used, the inverted centroid moment tensors and static fault slips of a single GNSS are very similar to the multi-GNSS inversion results, but the multi-GNSS centroid moment tensor series and fault slips appear to be more stable when the observation quality of a single GNSS such as GLONASS, is relatively low. The results obtained in this study imply that GPS, BDS3, Galileo and combined multi-GNSS have the potential to be used for the earthquake early warning and rapid earthquake source modeling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• High-res 3D crustal deformation along ATF via InSAR and GPS. • Supports "Limited Extrusion Model" in northern Tibetan Plateau. • Asymmetric ATF strain linked to rigidity variations and southward offset. • Seismic risk assessment of entire ATF using high-res geodetic data. The Altyn Tagh Fault (ATF) plays a pivotal role in determining the structural deformation patterns of the Tibetan Plateau. However, our current understanding of present-day slip characteristics of the ATF remains limited by a lack of high-resolution geodetic observations. In this study, we employed ascending and descending InSAR data from Sentinel-1, combined with GPS observations, to construct a high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) crustal deformation field covering the entire ATF. We calculated the strain rates, slip rates, rigidity contrast, and interseismic coupling across the ATF based on spatially dense crustal deformation. Our findings have shown that shear strain rates gradually decrease from the western to the eastern extent of the ATF. The western end exhibits shear extension that extends toward the Guozha Co. Fault, whereas the eastern end manifests shear compression toward the Changma Fault. The consistent slip rates in the central segments, decreasing at both terminations, suggest limited eastward material movement within the northern Tibetan Plateau along the ATF. Our geodetic data substantiate the "Limited Extrusion Model" for the Northern Tibetan Plateau. The inversion results from the half-space model indicate that the observed asymmetric interseismic strain across the ATF results from a combined effect of decreased rigidity from the Tarim Basin to the Tibetan Plateau and a southward horizontal offset. Our research underscores the inherent seismic risk of the ATF, with most segments exceeding Mw6.5. The Xorkoli and Aksay segments (S10–S13) are areas with the potential to generate earthquakes surpassing magnitude Mw7.5. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Derive the deformation for the large aftershocks in Iwaki and Kita-Ibarake region. [•] Determine the fault trace from the azimuth offsets and InSAR. [•] Provide the source mechanism of two large aftershocks inverted from the InSAR data. [•] The Coulomb stress changes infer aftershocks triggered by the main event. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal rubber materials, formed by entangling single metal wires and also known as ESW-MR, have attracted widespread attention due to their unique non-linear load curves and excellent environmental adaptability. The mechanical behavior of these materials, which are created through the weaving or winding of pure metal wires, is influenced by the structural characteristics of semi-flexible fiber cross-linked fibers. This study delves deeply into the microstructure of ESW-MR, with the aim of establishing a numerical model that can accurately simulate and characterize its structure. A method based on arbitrarily defined baselines parametric equations in the global space was adopted, leading to the creation of a parametric model for a continuously wound wire with multiple spiral mechanisms. Finite element simulations based on explicit dynamics were conducted using LS-DYNA and could successfully simulate the cold stamping forming process of ESW-MR blanks. The model was validated through stamping and quasi-static tests, as well as computed tomography (CT) scan tests. The results demonstrate the model accuracy in describing the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of the material, showing excellent agreement with the actual material. Furthermore, the study successfully extracted the micro-topological features of the material, providing additional quantitative information on the topological characteristics of ESW-MR. This work offers a valuable tool for the study and application of ESW-MR and presents a novel perspective for the numerical simulation of a wide range of entangled materials. It paves the way for gaining a deeper understanding of the microstructure and mechanical behavior of such materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent development of imaging geodesy, an advanced technique with a high spatial resolution and large-scale coverage, has enabled researchers to obtain multiple high-quality surface displacement estimates at low labor-cost, thereby improving the capability to monitor and manage geological disasters. The different sources (e.g., radar, optical and LiDAR sensors) and analysis approaches (e.g., differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar, DInSAR; multiple-aperture InSAR; pixel offset tracking; and iterative closest point, ICP) in imaging geodesy used to derive displacement estimates have unique benefits and drawbacks. However, the inherent differences among these data sources and methods in the construction of three-dimensional (3D) deformation maps, particularly in the near field, remain poorly understood and require further discussion. In this study, we acquired three pairs of ALOS-2 stripmap mode images, two pairs of Sentinel-1 TOPS mode images and pre- and post-event LiDAR data for the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake to explore the 3D near-field displacements using various imaging geodesy techniques with different types of image information, i.e., SAR phase data, SAR amplitude data and LiDAR point cloud data. Our results show that each image type is independently capable of producing a high-quality 3D deformation map for the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake with an on-fault accuracy of <43 cm determined from field work measurement, and an off-fault accuracy of <14 cm determined from GNSS observations. The major contributors to the uncertainty in the 3D deformation estimates from the SAR phase, SAR amplitude, and LiDAR data methods are the effective Doppler bandwidth, pixel resolution and topographic roughness, respectively. In the near-field deformation region, more secondary fault ruptures were revealed by SAR amplitude and LiDAR information than by the SAR phase information, thereby overcoming the sensitivity of the SAR phase signal to incoherence. Finally, an integrated complete 3D map was generated to constrain the coseismic rupture behavior of the Kumamoto earthquake sequence associated with the Futagawa and Hinagu faults. Our slip model suggests the main slip rupture a length of 32 km and terminated near the rim of the Aso caldera; additionally, the slip pattern delineated by three asperities that was dominated by right-lateral strike-slip with a minor normal slip component at a depth of 7 km. Furthermore, the main rupture triggered two secondary faults with right-lateral strike-slip and normal slip. Our source model yields a geodetic moment of 5.77 × 1019 N·m, which corresponds to Mw 7.11. • The bandwidth, pixel size or terrain roughness can affect the imaging geodesy. • SAR phase or amplitude, or LiDAR data can derive high-quality 3D displacement. • SAR amplitude and LiDAR data are very useful for on-fault rupture displacement. • Main and secondary faults revealed by our integrated complete 3D displacement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Current afterslip models of the Mw 7.8 Gorkha earthquake contradict with the depth ranges of relocated aftershock distribution and inter-seismic locked-creeping transition zone. We use both GPS and interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) data to image the afterslip evolution in the first 189 post-seismic days, i.e., from 25 April to 1 November 2015. In the study region, 51 GPS stations are divided into three categories based on their observation time: (1) 25 stations with both pre- and post-seismic observations, (2) 16 stations with only post-seismic observations, and (3) 10 stations with only pre-seismic observations. The secular tectonic motion and seasonal variations are corrected carefully and directly using the fitted functions from the pre-seismic position time series. During the inversions, we adopt the widely accepted flat–ramp–flat geometrical model of the Main Frontal Thrust fault (MFT)–Main Himalayan Thrust fault (MHT). The preferred weight ratios between GPS and InSAR observations are elaborately determined through comprehensive analysis of model resolution and fitting residuals. In contrast to previous afterslip models, our preferred afterslip distributes on the crustal ramp of the MHT from depths of 11 to 29 km, which is verified by further inversions using only GPS data and checkerboard resolution tests. The seismic moment released by the afterslip in the first six months is 3.42 × 1019 N m, only approximately 4% of the mainshock moment. The rupture gap between the mainshock and the 12 May aftershock is filled up with post-seismic aseismic slip. Highlights • GPS observations in the study region are carefully sorted and corrected. • Afterslip occurred on the crustal ramp of the Main Himalayan Thrust from depths of 11 km to 29 km. • The rupture gap between the mainshock and the 12 May aftershock is filled up with afterslip. • The seismic moment released in first six months is about 4% of the mainshock moment. • Prominent afterslip occurred in the first two months accounts for 56% of the total moment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA), a critical enzyme involved in glycolysis, is broadly involved multiple biological functions in human cancers. It is reported that LDHA can impact tumor immune surveillance and induce the transformation of tumor-associated macrophages, highlighting its unnoticed function of LDHA in immune system. However, in human cancers, the role of LDHA in prognosis and immunotherapy hasn't been investigated. In this study, we analyzed the expression pattern and prognostic value of LDHA in pan-cancer and explored its association between tumor microenvironment (TME), immune infiltration subtype, stemness scores, tumor mutation burden (TMB), and immunotherapy resistance. We found that LDHA expression is tumor heterogeneous and that its high expression is associated with poor prognosis in multiple human cancers. In addition, LDHA expression was positively correlated with the presence of mononuclear/macrophage cells, and also promoted the infiltration of a range of immune cells. Genomic alteration of LDHA was common in different types of cancer, while with prognostic value in pan-cancers. Pan-cancer analysis revealed that the significant correlations existed between LDHA expression and tumor microenvironment (including stromal cells and immune cells) as well as stemness scores (DNAss and RNAss) across cancer types. Drug sensitivity analysis also revealed that LDHA was able to predict response to chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Furthermore, it was confirmed that knockdown of LDHA reduced proliferation and migration ability of lung cancer cells. Taken together, LDHA could serve as a prognostic biomarker and a potential immunotherapy marker.