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Surveys were carried out in five Nordic countries in 1995-1996, with between 1,500 and 2,000 registered unemployed young people surveyed in each country. Receipt of unemployment benefits was linked to lower re-employment rates, controlling for other factors such as length of unemployment, but other factors were also linked to lower re-employment levels, such as financial problems. It was surprising that financial problems were linked to lower re-emploment levels, since this could be seen as an incentive to find work, and further research is needed in this area.

The present study explored whether ideologically based attributions for why people need public assistance (a) emerge even in the context of an external-uncontrollable cause of need; (b) generalize across different levels of analysis, for example, across different,forms of assistance, as well as across different types of claimants (individuals or groups); and explored (c) the role of promised reform on willingness to help those with personal responsibility for their plight. Ideological and attributional differences in willingness to help emerged even in the context of a natural disaster. Liberals tended to suspend the, usual consequences of attributional analysis when making judgments about humanitarian aid by helping even the irresponsible; conservatives did not. Liberals and conservatives alike were more supportive of aid designed to meet primary than secondary needs, aid made contingent on future reform, and of help for communities over individuals.

A framework is developed to measure the welfare effects of individual quota reforms in multiproduct industries using the multimarket welfare measure techniques suggested by Just, Hueth, and Schmitz (1982) and the concept of virtual price in the production theory literature (Neary 1995; Squires and Kirkley 1996). Under joint in input production it is shown that quasi-rent under a single quota can be measured by the producer surplus either in the output market for quota output or in the quota market. Under multiple quotas the welfare effects of quota policies can be measured in one of the quota markets using inverse derived equilibrium demand curves. These results are obtained for a joint in input technology, where positive production of at least one of the quota outputs is necessary for the firm to continue to operate. Application of the inverse derived demand functions for welfare measurement is shown for both transferable and non-transferable quotas.

The extent to which levels of welfare receipt for immigrants and natives are sensitive to the use of household-, family- or individual units of analysis or presentation was studied using data from the 1990 and 1991 panels of the Survey of Income and Program Participation. Results showed that nativity differences are statistically significant only at the level of larger units. It was also shown that if immigrants and natives had identical living arrangements, immigrants' household-level receipt of Supplemental Security Income would exceed natives' receipt even more than it actually does.