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Part 2: Design, Manufacturing and Production Management; International audience; The introduction of modules and product platforms implies a strategy where the scope should encompass not a single product, but a family or an assortment of products. Instead of searching for "an optimal design for an optimal product", the objective should be to create a flexible product design, allowing product variations without requiring changes in the overall product design every time a new variant is introduced. This flexibility in product design and customization has been regarded as a feasible way for leisure boat manufacturers in high-cost countries like Norway to be competitive in the increasingly tougher conditions of the leisure boat market. The incremental development process that we often find in e.g. craft manufacturing, which leisure boat manufacturing can be seen as, is well suited for modularization. A way to introduce a module-based product architecture could be to identify key parts of the products – parts, systems or components that enable the development of modules. This paper describes how modularization makes it easier to address improvement and development in the company. This paper also reports how the focus modularization enabled profound involvements from employees that reduced barriers to change. This, over time, also challenged the traditional “craftsmen culture” into a more change-oriented and proactive culture at shop floor level.

Part V: Product and Asset Lifecycle Management; International audience; Many leisure boat manufacturers have thrived on designing and building highly customized boats based on longstanding traditions of craftsmanship. The industry is to some extent moving towards the paradigm of “Mass Customization” in which the low cost of mass production is combined with customization.Existing research on performance measurement systems (PMS), covers in little extent the implementation process and use of PMS in SMEs (small and medium sized enterprises). In this article, important elements for implementing a PMS and how it relates to creating a learning environment have been identified.

Part IV: ICT and Emerging Technologies in Production Management; International audience; This paper highlights the important factors that influence the effectiveness of the event handling process in production control activity (PAC). Five key factors have been identified by the literature study. Production schedule generation and execution strategy under uncertainty, information and communication technology usage, coordination and feedback, human factor and interaction, and the performance measurement approach are the identified factors to be taken into account. Industrial interviews with three case companies, that are participating to the research program called The Norwegian Manufacturing Future (SFI NORMAN), have been carried out in order to gain practical insights as well as support and revise the findings by relevant empirical data.

Part IV: ICT and Emerging Technologies in Production Management; International audience; In the traditional sense, IT has often been viewed as a contributor to waste within lean production. However, as the business world changes and competition from low-cost countries increases, new models must be developed which deliver competitive advantage by combining contemporary technological advances with the lean paradigm. In order to make a contribution within this field of research, we evaluate the support functionality of Manufacturing Execution Systems (MES) for lean production. We address the fundamental principles of lean production and compare them to the functionality offered by MES, and by combining existing theoretical contributions with practical insights we develop a five-stage capability maturity model for MES support for lean production.

Part 1: Sustainability; International audience; Information and Communication Technology (ICT) tools to support design in terms of energy efficiency optimisation are beginning to come into the market, in particular for energy savings and management in buildings, however little has yet been developed for manufacturing. The work here described is related to the enhancement of existing manufacturing process design methodology and tools with a set of ICT components developed allowing process knowledge based design, simulation and optimisation in terms of energy efficiency. In particular the work described is focused on the heat treatment process of steel casting parts. This process design traditionally consists of a suitable predefined temperature-time curve selection based on personal experience and given customer requirements (material and mechanical properties), yet this curve can actually be optimised in terms of energy consumption and maintenance cost, while keeping required mechanical properties.

Part V: Product and Asset Lifecycle Management; International audience; Sustainable supply chain has received growing attention in recent years. Due to the lack of relevant data to permit a credible analysis of sustainable supply chain, it is quite hard to propose an analytic method to guide sustainable supply chain strategies. Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) has provided companies with useful software to manage information using product as a central element. It consolidates all the information about product but also about production and distibution. For this reason it is interesting to integrate specific information in PLM systems necessary to manage sustainable supply chain and define a methodology to implement it. The proposal is a methodology based on a four steps process to guide companies which want to start a sustainable development using the information from their PLM tools such as Enterprise Resource Planning and/or Product Data Management.

Part 1: Sustainability; International audience; In a manufacturing environment, managing limited resources has always been a main issue for engineers. Recently, the idea of managing limited resources without harming ecological environment adopted by manufacturing sector and sustainable manufacturing has become a key issue. While the concept of sustainability has been recognized, companies need to measure how sustainable they perform. Therefore, sustainability indicators are developed and used in order to assess companies’ production activities expediently to sustainable manufacturing. This paper presents a research indicating the application of TOPSIS method on sustainability indicators related to production for two different multi-criteria decision making problems in a sustainability conscious manufacturing company.

Part 2: Design, Manufacturing and Production Management; International audience; The disassembly line balancing problem is studied under uncertainty. Disassembly task times are assumed random variables with known probability distributions. An AND/OR graph is used to model the precedence relations among tasks. The goal is to assign the disassembly tasks to workstations while respecting precedence and cycle time constraints. The objective is to minimize the total line cost including the incompletion cost arising from task incompletion within the cycle time. A stochastic linear mixed integer programming formulation is developed.

Part VI: Services, Supply Chains and Operations; International audience; This paper provides a methodology to support researchers in the identification of SMEs needs encountered when establishing collaborative processes within non-hierarchical manufacturing networks. Furthermore, the methodology also determines the needs when non-hierarchical networks internationalise their processes and operations to overcome globalisation and competitive environments. The major goal of this study is to provide a methodology to enable researchers to underline factors of SMEs integration with particular emphasis on the internationalisation of operations and the establishment of collaborative processes with networked partners. The provided methodology is the first step to develop a future empirical study to explore the findings of the literature review applied to SMEs and to identify the enterprises needs appeared when internationalised and collaborative processes are established in non-hierarchical networks.

Part 3: Human Factors, Learning and Innovation; International audience; This paper introduces a learning scenario created for a serious game to develop competences in the domain of sustainable manufacturing, by applying a Lifecycle Assessment (LCA). A set of behavioral indicators is introduced to assess how particular competences do change while the player is engaged in playing the game scenario. It furthermore presents early evaluation results of the game scenario on a sample of master grade students at the University of Bremen.

Part IV: ICT and Emerging Technologies in Production Management; International audience; Companies and ERP editors show an increasing interest for the Web 2.0 technologies, aiming at involving the user of a web site in the creation of content. We summarize in this communication what these tools are and give an overview of recent examples of their use in companies. We show on the example of the most recent ERP of SAP, Business By Design, that if "2.0 tools" are now available in some ERPs, their integration in the business processes is not yet fully done. We suggest in that purpose the first draft of a methodology aiming at developing "2.0 business processes" using an ERP 2.0.

Part 3: Human Factors, Learning and Innovation; International audience; Despite improvements in educational tools, teaching some elements in the field of production engineering is difficult. In this context, teaching PLM systems remains difficult from a motivation point of view. The purpose of this paper is to propose a highly innovative approach around serious gaming. In the PEGASE project, we have realized an environment for coupling a gaming platform and a content platform in order to enact learning scenarios. This article presents this integration environment which is based on the characterization of business activities within the PLM. Then, we describe the design of scenarios in this platform particularly dedicated to learning PLM systems. We then present the validation of our approach based on different experiments performed with students and with industrial partners.

Part 1: Production Process; International audience; This paper addresses the Generic Materials and Operations Planning (GMOP) problem, a multi-site operations planning problem based on the “stroke” concept. The problem considers a multinational company subject to positive and negative backlogs imposed by using returnable racks that have to be filled by end products and transported to customers, alternative operations (purchase, transformation and transport), different BOM structures given the different operation types (injection operations, assembly operations) performed in the various factories of the supply chain, and capacitated production resources. This paper describes and defines the “stroke” construct that mathematically models the relationships between operations and materials. The mathematical modelling approach is provided, as is a brief description of an operations planning tool that has been implemented. Furthermore, some results obtained in a first-tier level supplier of the automotive industry have been introduced.

Part 1: Production Process; International audience; Transport operations are vulnerable to many types of risks due to an increasing dynamic and structural complexity of today’s supply chain networks. Globally distributed sourcing and production lead to more transported goods in general but also to more high-value cargoes being shipped around the world. However, detailed information about the transport condition and integrity are not available in the end-to-end chain as transportation operations lack in full transparency. Therefore, this paper identifies causes and risks of cargo-related losses by an analysis of cargo insurance claims. Based on these results, appropriate preventive measures to improve the product quality during transportation are derived.

In this article, a conceptual model, called MRP IV, is proposed in order to serve as a reference to develop a new production technology that integrates material planning decisions, production resource capacities and supply chain transport for the purpose of avoiding the suboptimization of these plans which, today, are usually generated sequentially and independently. This article aim is twofold: (1) it identifies the advances and deficiencies in the MRP calculations, mainly based on the dynamic multi-level capacitated lot-sizing problem (MLCLSP); and (2) it proposes a conceptual model, defining the inputs, outputs, modeling and solution approaches, to overcome the deficiencies identified in current MRP systems and act as a baseline to propose resolution models and algorithms required to develop MRP IV as a decision-making system. © 2012 IFIP International Federation for Information Processing.

Part VI: Services, Supply Chains and Operations; International audience; We present in this paper some initial ideas of Revenue and Yield Management in the container shipping industry, namely a regression study of the behavior of the currently used indicator for measuring pricing and revenue performance in a leading shipping line. We consider the properties of the indicator used and discuss options of developing a better indicators of revenue or yield optimization, being either revenue or yield per available unit. At the end we also formulate implications for a future research work to be done on development of relevant measures for the industry.

Part 3: Strategy; International audience; Inspection, maintenance, and repair (IMR) operations of the subsea infrastructure off Norway’s coast are performed from specialized vessels by multiteam systems. A case study shows how leadership is organized and practiced to coordinate interdependencies, and to cope with the risks inherent in this type of complex and tightly coupled operation. Leadership redundancy is proposed as a mechanism that can contribute to the smooth and safe functioning of a multiteam system operating in a volatile environment.

Part 1: Production Process; International audience; This paper presents a game theoretic analysis of production structures including several stakeholders in the Japanese animation market and its related goods markets. We construct a decision-making model of the industry including players of four kinds: an animation studio, a broadcasting company, a related products manufacturer, and consumers. Additionally, we model two production structures: the conventional system and the production committee system. By analyzing the equilibrium states of this model, we conclude theoretically that the animation studio raises the effort level with decreasing marginal costs of related products and/or with increasing network externality effect and increasing royalties the studio receives. For the total profit and the effort level, we found that the production committee system is better than the conventional system.

Part 1: Production Process; International audience; The great attention toward environmental issues and especially on energy utilization, leads the European Union to implement the 2009/28/EC Directive, fixing three main goals to be achieved for 2020 by the EU member states: 20% reduction of the greenhouse gases emission, 20% increase of using renewable energy and 20% improving of energy efficiency. To achieve these objectives, new environmental and energy policies must be taken into account not only by governments but also by firms. This work focuses on the energy efficiency effects of production planning decisions in the die casting processes. We present a model based on related literature and on experimental data. The numerical model is based on the relationship between energy consumption of the machines and the production rate of the machines, with the aim to minimize the energy necessary to satisfy the demand of finished products. This model may support manager’s decisions so as to minimize energy consumption and consequently environmental impact of die-casting operations.

Part 2: Design, Manufacturing and Production Management; International audience; The performance of an Al alloy component when tested under dynamic conditions is defined on the basis of the amount of the absorbed energy during impact and the dampening rate of the striker. These tests can be complex and costly, and sometimes difficult to be realized for some specific components. An useful and “ideal” approach could be the use of numerical simulation tools for virtually testing, but this objective actually remains an ambitious approach, since it requires a deep research of the factors that determine the elasto-plastic material behavior up to fracture. Even more difficult is the characterization of the material in the case of Al alloy diecastings, where the mechanical properties strongly depend on casting defects.By linking mechanical results with numerical simulation data of filling and solidification, a through-process model is developed to predict the defects’ location and amount, thus the structural behavior of die cast components. Furthermore, with particular reference to one demonstrator component, an high pressure die cast steering housing, the innovative correlation between defects (e.g. air inclusion, shrinkage porosity etc.) and mechanical properties has been implemented in MAGMASOFT® simulation tool in order to transfer the realistic local ultimate tensile strength to LS-Dyna FEM code. The multi-objective optimization strategy has been applied to minimize the air entrapment and maximize the local mechanical properties of Al alloy. The final full integrated, and more realistic, approach permits to estimate the single effect of proper Al diecasting design, remaining defects and residual stress on the absorbed energy under impact condition.

In order to stay competitive, European manufacturing companies need to enter new markets implementing innovative business processes based on networking economy. Through business processes and requirements analysis hold on some European SMEs, this work proposes a supply chain mapping of the most relevant processes, procedures and techniques comparing European fashion supply networks through multiple case studies. The innovative production model will be based on the integration of fashion companies towards both suppliers and customers to support sustainable production of small series addressed products for target groups like obese, disabled, elderly people. © 2012 IFIP International Federation for Information Processing.

Part 2: Supply Chain Management; International audience; The offshore oil industry in Norway has for decades required advanced special purpose equipment for its operations. Norwegian shipbuilders have supplied the offshore industry and specialized in producing customized and technologically advanced ships. Shipbuilding is a typical Engineer-to-Order (ETO) industry. While the ship concept and design continues to be developed in Norway, ship production is increasingly performed at foreign yards. This characteristic makes the industry an interesting case for studying integration between actors. This paper presents a typology of different integration alternatives for ship designers and shipyards. The three alternatives presented are ownership, partner yard and market yard. The paper also identifies and discusses industry-relevant business factors that are affected by the choice of integration level.

Part 3: Strategy; International audience; Using a change management perspective, this paper studies the implementation process of life cycle thinking and sustainable design in practice, based on empirical data from eight firms involved in product development. The data indicate that different firms take different trajectories and approaches towards implementation, which in turn depends on a number of human factors, including participation of employees, training, resistance to change etc. As a result of this study, a model for the implementation of sustainable design is presented. Firms can use the model and the insights for the improvement and adaptation of existing methodologies and for choosing a fitting approach for integrating life cycle thinking.

Part 3: Strategy; International audience; In order to secure collaborative business processes, we present a methodological approach that early integrates security and risk management throughout the design process of service-oriented architectures. We develop our methodology based on two complementary axes: the first being the business needs and the design of reusable services while the second, is ensuring a consistent security between partners at the runtime. The information security is globally applied to business needs, service specifications and infrastructure deployment. Finally, we extend the security policies with a semantic annotation mechanism as a way to guarantee relevant and coherent end-to-end security strategies.

Part 1: Production Process; International audience; Capacitated Lot Sizing Problem is a very important tactical level decision making problem that answers the questions of producing when and how many in dynamic demand environment. Solving Capacitated Lot Sizing Problem with Overtime decisions (CLSPO) and extensions derived from the fundamental structure optimally suffer from combinatorial nature of the problem. The aim of the study is to form a two-stage heuristic algorithm to solve related problem in polynomial time. In first part, characteristics of problem structure are presented. Dominance properties are presented to help algorithm obtain a bounded search area. Proposed algorithm directly utilizes such shortcoming. Performance of approach is tested by using different criteria. And finally, robustness test are applied to check how well algorithm performs against fluctuations in its data. Simulated annealing as improvement heuristic performs well for related problem. It is also observed that fluctuations of data directly affects performance outcome. Obtained results also reveal that performance of improvement heuristic highly depends on constructive heuristic. Algorithm is also applied to an industry case study to plan master production schedule with minimum costs.

Part 2: Supply Chain Management; International audience; The development of collaborative service ecosystem relies mostly on software services spanning multiple organisations so to provide agile support for business applications, extending the IT Cloud paradigm to the business level. Nevertheless, a lack of trust on such cloud organisation and the rather poor adaptability level of the current security policies are often seen as braking forces to such XaaS economy development. Removing this impediment involves re-thinking the security policy according to “due usage” requirements and setting security enforcement and regulations according to both the due usage and the runtime environment. To reach this goal, we propose a multidimensional resource protection framework depending on a policy model to manage “due usage” control in service/information aggregation, which provides compendious but comprehensive security governance for collaborative enterprise.

Part 3: Strategy; International audience; This paper describes research to examine the process of knowledge transfer between universities and industry, where the transfer of knowledge can be a valuable source of innovation for a company, in terms of new product development (radical innovation) but also as a source of knowledge for process or product improvement (incremental innovation). The view is adopted that the most useful knowledge for industry is knowledge that leads to action, known as tacit knowledge. However, tacit knowledge is seen as the most difficult type of knowledge to transfer. The paper builds on the research in this area of strategic knowledge management and uses case-study style research to review a framework that shows how knowledge can be codified for transfer, transferred and then assimilated. The paper concludes with comments about the use of the framework and directions for future research.

Part 1: Production Process; International audience; In the traditional sense, IT has often been viewed as a contributor to waste within lean production. However, as the business world changes and competition from low-cost countries increases, new models must be developed which deliver competitive advantage by combining contemporary technological advances with the lean paradigm. By applying an action research approach, this paper evaluates the support functionality of ERP systems for lean production. We address the fundamental principles of lean production in comparison with the functionality and modules of a contemporary ERP system.

Part 3: Strategy; International audience; To fit the ever-change business context, developing large scale networked and collaborative strategies involve increasing both enterprise and information system agility and interoperability. At the same time, lean and six sigma theories have also been used in industries to improve the industrial process itself so that profitability, quality and reputation are increased. In order to achieve these goals, an efficient and comprehensive governance method is necessary. However, mostly existing governance methods are isolated, they do not allow a dynamic composition of monitoring services, and they lack of a converging Business Process Management and Service Oriented Architecture as a holistic ecosystem. To overcome these limits, this paper propose an agile governance method for multi-tier industrial architecture, this architecture can couple the IT service principles with the Lean-6 sigma theories. This comprehensive governance architecture could eliminate monitoring blind spot lead to eliminate waste and defects.

International audience; This paper considers component supply planning for assembly systems where several types of components are needed to produce one finished product. The actual component lead times have random deviations. The aim of this study is to find the optimal MRP offsetting when the Periodic Order Quantity (POQ) policy is used. The proposed model and algorithms minimize the sum of the setup and average holding costs for the components, while satisfying a desired service level for finished product.

Part IV: ICT and Emerging Technologies; International audience; When products are engineered to order, meeting customers’ expectations requires efficient order management. Despite its importance, literature on order management in the engineer-to-order production situation is scarce. This paper contributes to filling this gap by presenting functional requirements for a collaborative order management tool for use in an engineering setting. The functional requirements were derived from theory and validated and expanded through interviews with two case companies. Feedback from the case companies supports the usefulness and validity of the proposed requirements.

Part 3: Smart City Interoperability and Cross-Platform Implementation; International audience; As the percentage of the total population living in urban regions is increasing, new challenges for the cities of the future arise. Smart Cities emerged as a solution to these challenges building on the strength of intelligent information, communication technologies and Internet of Things. In this work, we discuss the importance of semantic technologies as well as open IoT APIs for the future Smart Cities applications. Through an illustrative application, we demonstrate that both of the aforementioned technologies ease the computational burden of implementation, foster programming sustainability and create the necessary conditions so as to rapidly harness the available information and extract knowledge out of it. At the same time, the application’s implementation lies in accordance with the latest IoT architectural recommendations such as Visual Programming interfaces for Service Composition, conformance with Big Data technologies and the latest IoT programming paradigms.

International audience; Book Front Matter of AICT 397

Part III: Sustainable Services; International audience; Using a multiple case study approach, this paper studies how the boundaries of service systems that provide product-related services are shifting towards self-service and/or super-service configurations, as a consequence of the introduction of modern ICT.