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Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a heritable but poorly understood complication of diabetes. To identify genetic variants predisposing to DKD, we performed genome-wide association analyses in 19,406 individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D) using a spectrum of DKD definitions basedon albuminuria and renal function. We identified 16 genome-wide significant loci. The variant with the strongest association (rs55703767) is a common missense mutation in the collagen type IV alpha 3 chain(COL4A3)gene, which encodes a major structural component of the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) implicated in heritable nephropathies. The rs55703767 minor allele (Asp326Tyr) is protective against several definitions of DKD, including albuminuria and end-stage renal disease. Three other loci are in or near genes with known or suggestive involvement in DKD(BMP7)or renal biology (COLEC11andDDR1). The 16 DKD-associated loci provide novel insights into the pathogenesis of DKD, identifying potential biological targets for prevention and treatment.

Objetivo: determinar el efecto del tratamiento con arcilla medicinal (geoterapia) en pacientes con quemaduras de II grado pertenecientes al Hospital Nacional Alberto Sabogal Sologuren (HNASS), durante julio 2008 a abril 2009. Materiales y métodos: estudio preexperimental. Se realizó geoterapia con arcilla medicinal gris Luvus al ingreso y se siguió la evolución de la quemadura por cinco semanas. Se evaluó la edad y sexo de los pacientes; el agente que causó la quemadura; la situación de ocurrencia; el tiempo que demoró en llegar al hospital; variables clínicas de la quemadura como el lugar, los síntomas y signos; la extensión; las manifestaciones al primer día de tratamiento y la evolución visual del proceso inlamatorio. Resultados: se evaluó a 42 pacientes con una media de edad de 47,3±19.2 años. Un 61,9% de sexo femenino. El 81% de las quemaduras fueron clasiicadas como leves y las localizaciones más frecuentes fueron los miembros superiores e inferiores. El 95,2% tuvo una mejora en la piel quemada en la primera semana y el 4,2% a partir de la segunda semana. El 64,3% de los pacientes presentó piel en proceso de pigmentación y el 33,3% piel normal al inalizar el seguimiento. Ningún paciente presentó infección dérmica durante el seguimiento, y solo uno (2,4%) presentó cicatriz queloide. Conclusiones:el tratamiento con arcilla medicinal acorta el proceso inlamatorio de las quemaduras de II grado, disminuye los síntomas de dolor y ardor y no se presentaron infecciones en el sitio de la lesión.

This paper deals with education of graduate and undergraduate students in the field of classical and advanced controllers. A pilot scale binary distillation column is utilized to serve the teaching purposes. The emphasis of the paper is to practically teach identification, and widely used classical and advanced control schemes, such as Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) and Model Predictive Control (MPC), over a plant. MATLAB/Simulink-based Human Machine Interface (HMI) is used by students to implement these control strategies. Performance results of both controllers subject to reference tracking, constraints and disturbance handling are presented. Developed directives and control schemes can be used for effective process control education of chemical/process engineers.

This paper deals with description of learning objectives and activities for topics in automatic control, on a laboratory scale membrane separation unit. Students learn theoretically and practically various process loops and configurations. These are crucial in order to attain desired operation of membrane aided separation. Moreover, students need to design and implement human machine interface, local and remote operation, and to evaluate performance of basic and advanced control tasks.

Artikkelissa analysoidaan virtuaalitiimien vuorovaikutustehtäviä (engl. task), joilla tarkoitamme tiimin toteuttamia vuorovaikutustoimintoja, kuten tuen jakamista, ideointia ja päätöksentekoa. Ryhmäviestinnän tutkimustraditiossa vuorovaikutustehtävä on nähty merkittävänä tiimin vuorovaikutuksen rakentumisessa. Tiimin rakenteistumisen näkökulmien mukaan tiimi tuottaa ja uusintaa rakenteitaan – kuten vuorovaikutustehtäviään – vuorovaikutuksessa. Tavoitteena on selvittää, 1) millaisia vuorovaikutustehtäviä teknologisia alustoja käyttävien virtuaalitiimien tapaamisissa rakentuu ja 2) miten vuorovaikutustehtävät puolestaan rakentavat virtuaalitiimien tapaamisia. Laadullisessa tutkimuksessa tarkasteltiin kolmen asiantuntijatyötä tekevän virtuaalitiimin todellisia tapaamisia. Tiimit toteuttivat tapaamisissaan 21:tä vuorovaikutustehtävää. Tehtävät rakentavat tapaamisia järjestäytymällä eri suhteisiin toisiinsa nähden sekä muodostumalla tapaamisissa tai etukäteen määrätyn agendan mukaan. Tiimiä luonnehtivat sen vuorovaikutuksessaan tuottamat tehtävät, mutta virtuaalisuus ei itsessään ole tiimiä määrittävä piirre.

La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo diseñar una propuesta técnica de mejora en la planificación del mantenimiento preventivo de la flota de cargadores Komatsu WA800-3EO en la mina Bayóvar, ubicada en Sechura-Piura; para esto se analizaron los reportes de producción, de gestión y el historial de intervenciones de la flota de cargadores en los últimos 24 meses, permitiendo diagnosticar el comportamiento actual del servicio de mantenimiento mediante el análisis de sus indicadores claves de rendimiento, así también analizar el impacto de la disponibilidad de estos equipos en la producción, asimismo diseñar un sistema de planificación y programación de operaciones de servicio de mantenimiento, permitiendo de esta manera realizar la programación maestra de producción realizando la distribución de los servicios por semana y la planificación de requerimiento de materiales para la cantidad de insumos que serán requeridos para cumplir adecuadamente los servicios pronosticados. Se evidencia que reduciendo la cantidad de mano de obra actual de 09 a 08 técnicos, y cubriendo las horas faltantes en alta demanda de servicios con horas extras y temporales, permitirá ahorrar un 10.04% ó USD 10264.8 en los próximos 12 meses.

Significance While most mammalian genes are expressed from both chromosomal copies, many autosomal genes randomly express only one allele in a given cell, resulting in somatic cellular mosaicism. To better understand the mechanisms, developmental aspects, and evolution of autosomal monoallelic expression (MAE), we used nucleotide polymorphism differences between hybrid mice to analyze MAE of clonal neural stem cell lines as they differentiated to astrocytes. We found that genes showing MAE are highly enriched among developmental stage-specific genes. Genes showing strong skewed expression are similarly enriched. We also found evidence suggestive of balancing selection not just for genes with MAE but also, for developmental stage-specific genes., Cellular mosaicism due to monoallelic autosomal expression (MAE), with cell selection during development, is becoming increasingly recognized as prevalent in mammals, leading to interest in understanding its extent and mechanism(s). We report here use of clonal cell lines derived from the CNS of adult female F1 hybrid (C57BL/6 X JF1) mice to characterize MAE as neural stem cells (nscs) differentiate to astrocyte-like cells (asls). We found that different subsets of genes show MAE in the two populations of cells; in each case, there is strong enrichment for genes specific to the respective developmental state. Genes that exhibit MAE are 22% of nsc-specific genes and 26% of asl-specific genes. Moreover, the promoters of genes with MAE have reduced CpG dinucleotides but increased CpG differences between the two parental mouse strains. Extending the study of variability to wild populations of mice, we found evidence for balancing selection as a contributing force in evolution of those genes showing developmental specificity (i.e., expressed in either nsc or asl), not just for genes showing MAE. Furthermore, we found that genes showing skewed allelic expression (SKE) were similarly enriched among cell type-specific genes and also showed a heightened probability of balancing selection. Thus, developmental stage-specific genes and genes with MAE or SKE seem to make up overlapping classes subject to selection for increased diversity. The implications of these results for development and evolution are discussed in the context of a model with stochastic epigenetic modifications taking place only during a relatively brief developmental window.

Urinary albumin excretion is an early sign of diabetic kidney disease, affecting every third individual with diabetes. Despite substantial estimated heritability, only variants in the GLRA3 gene have been genome-wide significantly associated (p-value −8) with diabetic albuminuria, in Finnish individuals with type 1 diabetes; However, replication attempt in non-Finnish Europeans with type 1 diabetes showed nominally significant association in the opposite direction, suggesting a population-specific effect, but simultaneously leaving the finding controversial. In this study, the association between the common rs10011025 variant in the GLRA3 locus, and albuminuria, was confirmed in 1259 independent Finnish individuals with type 1 diabetes (p = 0.0013), and meta-analysis of all Finnish individuals yielded a genome-wide significant association. The association was particularly pronounced in subjects not reaching the treatment target for blood glucose levels (HbA1c > 7%; N = 2560, p = 1.7 × 10−9). Even though further studies are needed to pinpoint the causal variants, dissecting the association at the GLRA3 locus may uncover novel molecular mechanisms for diabetic albuminuria irrespective of population background.

Identification of sequence variants robustly associated with predisposition to diabetic kidney disease (DKD) has the potential to provide insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms responsible. We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of DKD in type 2 diabetes (T2D) using eight complementary dichotomous and quantitative DKD phenotypes: the principal dichotomous analysis involved 5,717 T2D subjects, 3,345 with DKD. Promising association signals were evaluated in up to 26,827 subjects with T2D (12,710 with DKD). A combined T1D+T2D GWAS was performed using complementary data available for subjects with T1D, which, with replication samples, involved up to 40,340 subjects with diabetes (18,582 with DKD). Analysis of specific DKD phenotypes identified a novel signal near GABRR1 (rs9942471, P = 4.5 × 10-8) associated with microalbuminuria in European T2D case subjects. However, no replication of this signal was observed in Asian subjects with T2D or in the equivalent T1D analysis. There was only limited support, in this substantially enlarged analysis, for association at previously reported DKD signals, except for those at UMOD and PRKAG2, both associated with estimated glomerular filtration rate. We conclude that, despite challenges in addressing phenotypic heterogeneity, access to increased sample sizes will continue to provide more robust inference regarding risk variant discovery for DKD.

En el presente art?culo, el autor nos habla de la bella obra del puente de Titihuapa del cant?n Llano de La Hacienda (San Isidro Caba?as). Adem?s nos describe su elegancia, la simpleza y durabilidad de su construcci?n, la que a pesar de las inclemencias del clima, el abandono institucional, a?n sigue en pie. Cabe se?alar que presenta la obra como ?un enlace con el mundo cl?sico romano?, un v?nculo hist?rico con otras construcciones que siguen principios b?sicos de la arquitectura romana y que f?cilmente se pueden encontrar en la pen?nsula ib?rica y otros pa?ses como Francia e Italia. Una aseveraci?n bastante atrevida, pero s?lo por el simple hecho de no existe documentaci?n al respecto, nos invita a adentrarnos en el tema y a teorizar al respecto. Universidad Tecnol?gica de El Salvador

The investigation of reactor pressure vessel (RPV) material from the decommissioned Greifswald NPP representing the first generation of Russian type WWER-440/V-230 reactors offers the opportunity to evaluate the real toughness response. The paper presents test results measured on trepans taken from the multilayer beltline welding seam SN0.1.4. and forged base metal ring 0.3.1. located in the reactor core region of the Unit 4 RPV. This unit was shut down after 11 years of operation and represents the irradiated condition. The characterisation of the irradiation response is based on the measurement of the hardness, the yield stress, the Master Curve reference temperature, T0, and the Charpy-V transition temperature through the thickness of multi-layer beltline welding seam SN0.1.4 and the forged base metal ring 0.3.1. For the beltline welding seam we observed a large variation in the through thickness T0 values. The T0 values measured with the T-S-oriented Charpy size SE(B) specimens cut from different thickness locations of the multilayer beltline welding seam strongly depend on the intrinsic weld bead structure along the crack tip. In general, the fracture toughness values at cleavage failure, KJc-1T, measured on SE(B) specimens from beltline welding seam follow the Master Curve description, but more than the expected number lie outside the curves for 2 % and 98 % fracture probability. In this case the test standard ASTM E1921 indicates the investigated multi-layer weld metal as not uniform. The multi modal Master Curve based approach describes the temperature dependence of the specimen size adjusted KJc-1T values well. The KJc values measured on L-S oriented Charpy size SE(B) specimens from defined thickness locations of the forged base metal ring 0.3.1. strongly scatter. The progression of the T0 values through the thickness lies in the range from 121 °C to 130 °C and indicate no irradiation induced embrittlement within the through the thickness fluence range from 5.38 to 1.20 ∙ 1019 n/cm2 (E > 0.5 MeV). The application of the multi modal extension [Wallin 2004, Viehrig 2006, Scibetta 2010] on the summarised dataset does essentially improve the situation. More than allowed 2% of the specimen size adjusted KJc-1T values lie below the fracture toughness curve for 2% fracture probability. The reason for the occurrence of very low KJc values is seen in intergranular planes detected on the fractured surfaces of the specimens. The application of modified MC based evaluation methods indicates the material as non-homogeneous. The investigation show that Master Curve, T0, and Charpy-V, TT47J, based ductile-to-brittle transition temperature progressions through the thickness of the multi-layer welding seam and the forged base metal ring of the decommissioned Greifswald WWER-440 first generation RPV do not correspond to the forecast according to the current Russian code.

The antiferromagnetic mixed valence ternary oxide $��$-CoV$_{3}$O$_{8}$ displays disorder on the Co$^{2+}$ site that is inherent to the $Ibam$ space group. The zero field structural and dynamic properties of $��$-CoV$_{3}$O$_{8}$~have been investigated using a combination of neutron and x-ray diffraction, DC susceptibility, and neutron spectroscopy. The low temperature magnetic and structural properties are consistent with a random macroscopic distribution of Co$^{2+}$ over the 16$k$ metal sites. However, by applying the sum rules of neutron scattering we observe the collective magnetic excitations are parameterized with an ordered Co$^{2+}$ arrangement and critical scattering consistent with a three dimensional Ising universality class. The low energy spectrum is well-described by Co$^{2+}$ cations coupled $via$ a three dimensional network composed of competing ferromagnetic and stronger antiferromagnetic superexchange within the $ab$ plane and along $c$, respectively. While the extrapolated Weiss temperature is near zero, the 3D dimensionality results in long range antiferromagnetic order at $T\rm{_{N}}\sim$ 19 K. A crystal field analysis finds two bands of excitations separated in energy at $\hbar ��$ $\sim$ 5 meV and 25 meV, consistent with a $j\rm{_{eff}}=\frac{1}{2}$ ground state with little mixing between spin-orbit split Kramers doublets. A comparison of our results to the random 3D Ising magnets and other compounds where spin-orbit coupling is present indicate that the presence of an orbital degree of freedom, in combination with strong crystal field effects and well-separated $j\rm{_{eff}}$ manifolds may play a key role in making the dynamics largely insensitive to disorder., 25 pages, 8 figures, 1 figure in Appendix

The investigation of reactor pressure vessel (RPV) material from the decommissioned Greifswald nuclear power plant representing the first generation of Russian-type WWER-440/V-230 reactors offers the opportunity to evaluate the real toughness response. The Greifswald RPVs of 4 units represent different material conditions as follows: • Irradiated (Unit 4), • irradiated and recovery annealed (Units 2 and 3), and • irradiated, recovery annealed and re-irradiated (Unit1). The recovery annealing of the RPV was performed at a temperature of 475° for about 152 hours and included a region covering ±0.70 m above and below the core beltline welding seam. Material samples of a diameter of 119 mm called trepans were extracted from the RPV walls. The research program is focused on the characterisation of the RPV steels (base and weld metal) across the thickness of the RPV wall. This report presents test results measured on the trepans from the beltline welding seam No. SN0.1.4. and forged base metal ring No. 0.3.1. of the Units 1 2 and 4 RPVs. The key part of the testing is focussed on the determination of the reference temperature T0 of the Master Curve (MC) approach following the ASTM standard E1921 to determine the facture toughness, and how it degrades under neutron irradiation and is recovered by thermal annealing. Other than that the mentioned test results include Charpy-V and tensile test results. Following results have been determined: • The mitigation of the neutron embrittlement of the weld and base metal by recovery annealing could be confirmed. • KJc values of the weld metals generally followed the course of the MC though with a large scatter. • There was a large variation in the T0 values evaluated across the thickness of the multilayered welding seams. • The T0 measured on T-S oriented SE(B) specimens from different thickness locations of the welding seams strongly depended on the intrinsic structure along the crack front. • The reference temperature RT0 determined according to the “Unified Procedure for Lifetime Assessment of Components and Piping in WWER NPPs - VERLIFE” and the fracture toughness lower bound curve based thereon are applicable on the investigated weld metals. • A strong scatter of the fracture toughness KJc values of the recovery annealed and re-irradiated and the irradiated base metal of Unit 1 and 4, respectively is observed with clearly more than 2% of the values below the MC for 2% fracture probability. The application of the multimodal MC-based approach was more suitable and described the temperature dependence of the KJc values in a satisfactory manner. • It was demonstrated that T0 evaluated according to the SINTAP MC extension represented the brittle fraction of the data sets and is therefore suitable for the nonhomogeneous base metal. • The efficiency of the large-scale thermal annealing of the Greifswald WWER 440/V230 Unit 1 and 2 RPVs could be confirmed.

Polycrystalline samples of Fe2BiMO7 (M = Sb, Ta) compounds with pyrochlore-type structure were synthesized for the first time by the molten salts method. The compounds were obtained in one hour at 950 C. The structures were determined by Rietveld refinement. Through M��ssbauer spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, the site occupancies and ionic states of the cations in the pyrochlore structure were investigated.Polycrystalline samples of Fe2BiMO7 (M = Sb, Ta) compounds with pyrochlore-type structure were synthesized for the first time by the molten salts method. The compounds were obtained in one hour at 950 C. The structures were determined by Rietveld refinement. Through M��ssbauer spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, the site occupancies and ionic states of the cations in the pyrochlore structure were investigated., 18 pages, 8 figures, 4 tables