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In this paper, an effective fracture toughness test which uses interface fracture mechanics theory is introduced. This method is ideally suited for determining fracture resistance of multilayered thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) consisting of ceramic and bond layers and, unlike other fracture experiments, requires minimal set-up over a simple tensile adhesion test. Furthermore, while other test methods usually use edge cracked specimens, the present test models a crack embedded within the coatings, which is more consistent with actual TBCs where failure initiates from internal voids or defects. The results of combined computational and experimental analysis show that any defects located within the ceramic coating can significantly weaken a TBC, whereas the debonding resistances of the bond coating and its interfaces are found to be much higher. In a separate analysis, we have studied fracture behavior of TBCs subjected to thermal loading in a high temperature environment. The computed fracture parameters reveal that when the embedded crack size is on order of the coating thickness, the fracture driving force is comparable to the fracture resistance of the coating found in the toughness test. In addition, the major driving force for fracture derives from the thermal insulating effect across the crack faces rather than the mismatch in the coefficients of thermal expansion. We have also investigated the effects of functionally graded material (FGM) within TBCs and found its influences on the fracture parameters to be small. This result implies that the FGM may not contribute toward enhancing the fracture toughness of the TBCs considered here.

A piston core taken from the Tasman Plateau in the Southern Ocean has been studied for organic compounds to reconstruct the late Pleistocene marine environments. Here we report paleo sea surface temperature (SST) for the last two deglaciations using the unsaturation degree of alkenones (U k 37' ) preserved in the marine sediments. The U k 37' record indicates that the SST was at least 4°C lower than the present SST at the last glacial maximum (LGM), and the amplitude of paleo-SST is at most 5.2°C from the penultimate glacial (MIS-6) to the last interglacial warm period (the Eemian). Our results also demonstrate that the Eemian warm period in the Southern Ocean lasted only 3,000 years followed by a sharp cooling at around 120 kyr BP. The sharp cooling in the Southern Ocean seemed to occur a few millennia (2-3 kyrs) before the beginning of continental ice-sheet growth.

A submarine active fault, the Toyooka-oki fault, located on the northwest end of Beppu Bay, northeast Kyushu, was investigated by observing the fault structure preserved in the submarine sediments using a seismic profiler, and by collecting 15–20 m long sediment cores using a piston corer, on both sides of the fault. A distinct accumulation of the vertical displacements induced by seismic events is recognized by correlating specific layers using the seismic profile data between the two cored sediments. Vertical displacements of offset horizons on both sides of the fault are larger for the deeper sediment layers as compared with the upper layers. AMS 14 C dating was performed on a total of 32 calcareous samples collected from both cores and two seismic events are clarified using the age-depth profiles of sediment samples on both sides of the fault. We estimate vertical displacement and timing of the events of ca. 2.8 m around 1900 Cal yr BP and ca. 2.0 m around 4800 Cal yr BP, for the Toyooka-Oki fault. AMS 14 C dating was applied to identify the previous activities of the Nojima fault, located on the northwest coast of Awajishima, Hyogo Prefecture, which was active during the 1995 Hyogoken Nanbu Earthquake. A trench survey conducted just after the earthquake confirmed that the Nojima fault has repeated displacements over in the past 2000 years. A definite one occurred about 2000 years ago and a possible one about 400 years ago, which may have been caused by the 1596 Keicho earthquake of estimated magnitude 7.5.

We report on the 14 C dating of sediment samples from Bavaria using the Erlangen AMS facility. The absolute time calibration of different sediment profiles together with pollen analyses should establish a better chronology of climate and vegetation during the Holocene in Bavaria. The methods to prepare AMS samples from both bulk sediments and pollen grains are discussed. Finally we report on the dating of volcanic sediment samples from Southern Kyushu (Japan) which is interesting for the eruptive history of the Sakurajima volcano and its predecessor.

Sakurajima volcano is located on the southern rim of Aira caldera, southern Kyushu, Japan. To establish the chronology of the Sakurajima tephra group, we perform AMS 14C dating mainly of soil samples closely relating to tephra layers. We point out that non-disturbed tephra layers can indicate good depositional conditions of the soil layers (continuity of soil accumulation, non-existence of bio-turbation), and can be a barrier to prevent movements of soil organic matter along the profile. The C N ratio can be a promising indicator of the soil decomposition. The first eruption of Sakurajima volcano occurred at 23 ka, shortly after the ignimbrite eruption of Aira caldera (24.5 ka). The first stage, “Old Kita-dake”, ended by 20 ka. After an 8 500 yr break, the “Young Kita-dake” stage started at 11.5 ka with the Satsuma eruption. This stage continued until 3.5 ka with repeated eruptions of an 800 ∼ 2000 yr recurrence interval. For historical eruptions in the “Minami-dake” stage, the calibrated year ranges are consistent with calendar dates based on historical documents.

We measured radiocarbon ages of 11 pieces of ancient Japanese documents by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). The purpose of this study is to compare the relationship between the calibrated 14C age and the historical age of Japanese paper samples. Calibrated ages of nine pieces agree with their historical ages, indicating that Japanese ancient documents can be used for 14C dating in the recent historic period. On the other hand, the 14C age of paper that was used for reinforcement of a sutra is ca. 300 yr older than the historical age of the sutra. This shows that the sutra was repaired with old paper.

In the historic period, several large eruptions were recorded from Kirishima, Sakurajima and Kaimondake volcanoes in southern Kyushu, Japan. Estimated dates of volcanic activity were established on these volcanoes through historical documentation of major eruption events. This study presents the correspondence between these documents and the records of AMS 14C dating of soils underlying tephra layers. We conclude that AMS 14C dates of soil materials can be useful in correlating tephra layers with documentary records of eruption.

A rare case of adenosquamous carcinoma of the ascending colon is reported. A 64-year-old woman on hemodialysis for chronic renal failure was admitted to the hospital because of sudden onset of abdominal pain. Emergency laparotomy was performed with a suspicion of perforative peritonitis. Approximately 2.5 liter of serous ascites was present in the peritoneal space and a hard mass was palpable in the ascending colon. A diagnosis of colonic neoplasm causing ileus was made and a right hemicolectomy with regional dissection of lymph nodes was carried out. The histopathology of the tumor demonstrated adenosquamous carcinoma. It was advanced carcinoma infiltrating into the subserosal layer, but there was no lymph node metastasis. Previous reports, together with our case, demonstrated that adenosquamous carcinoma preferred to occur in the proximal colon and was more aggressive than common carcinomas. Therefore, adenosquamous carcinoma of the colon may require a strict follow-up.

Physical and chemical properties of two 100 m sediment cores (BDP-93-1, 93-2) obtained from the Buguldeika saddle of Lake Baikal in the eastern Siberia and a 14C-based age scale for the core show that the core bottom is about 400 000 years ago and that the changes in the sedimentological environment of the area during the interval were that comparatively coarse and high C/N ratio sediments accumulated in the lake during interglacial periods, and fine material and low C/N ratio during glacial periods. The tentative age scale suggests that the first excursion in the earth's magnetic field at about 26 m (BDP-93-1 and 93-2) from the sediment surface corresponds to the Blake event. Statistical analyses of the data-sets for the some properties show that the fluctuations have distinct periods; 20000 years, 40000 years and 100000 years, that are related to the Milankovitch parameters and support that the tentative age scale is approximately acceptable.

比較的薄い親水性の高分子{ポリアクリルアミド(PAA)}膜の中に生体機能物質あるいはこれに関連する物質を含有させ,大別して三つの種類の高分子被覆白金ディスク電極を構成し,これとアセトニトリル(AN)溶液とを組み合わせてセルを構成し,それぞれの系で得られるサイクリックボルタモグラムからそれら電極の機能を検討した.メチルビオロゲンを含むPAA膜電極でその酸化波及び還元波が得られた.チトクロームc,ヘモグロビン,カタラーゼ及びブレオマイシンのいずれかを含むPAA膜電極では,その種類及び含まれる鉄イオンの電荷の相違によって,酸素の酸化及び還元にかかわる波形に顕著な違いが現れた.NADH及びPQQを含むPAA膜電極ではAN中のシクロヘキサノール濃度に比例した還元波高が得られた.各々の電極で得られた電流ピーク高と電位掃引速度の関係を解析した.その結果これらの系によって生体機能物質が関係する酸化還元や電子移動に関する電気化学的情報が得られること,又,これらの系はセンサー開発のための有効な一方法となり得ることが分かった.

This paper reports on concentrations and carbon isotopic results of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in water samples collected at four locations and from several depths in Lake Biwa, central Japan, covering every season of the year, starting in the spring of 1995. Depth profiles of DIC concentration and DIC δ13C showed a strong seasonal pattern, as a result of vertical mixing of the lake water in winter and early spring, or lack of mixing in the other seasons. No seasonal change in DIC ∆14C depth profiles was recognizable, mainly owing to the wide scatter of DIC ∆14C. Values typically ranged from 0.47 to 0.65 mmol kg-1 for DIC concentration, and from -4 to -8‰ and from +10 to +80‰ for DIC ∆13C and DIC ∆14C, respectively, for the Lake Biwa water.

Nature Communications 4: Article number: 1748 (2013); Published: 23 April 2013; Updated: 7 November 2013. The original version of this Article contained a chronological error concerning the counting of tree ring layers. During reanalysis of the data after publication, a missing layer was discovered around AD 956, which meant that all dates derived from annual layer counts beyond this datum needed to be increased by 1 year.

SM-9164, a biologically active enantiomer of antifungal agent SM-8668, was prepared by asymmetric synthesis in 10 steps in 13% overall yield from commercially available 2-chloro-1-(2,4-difluorophenyl)ethanone. The crucial steps were Katsuki-Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation of the (E)-allylic alcohol and epimerization of the erythro-sulfone to the desired threo-isomer under basic conditions.

Some experiments are carried out in order to clarify the reason why the electrode prepared by coating a platinum disk with a non-plasticized membrane of polyacrylaminde polymer (PAA) coupled to cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPc) shows such a Nernstian response and a special selectivity for fluoride and cyanide ions in acetonitrile (AN). Special interactions between the ions and CoPc are observed spectrophotometrically. A complexing ability of the CoPc with only fluoride and cyanide ions works to respond in a Nernstian way for the ions at the electrode. Since the electrode shows quite poor response to chloride and bromide ions it can be understood that an ion exchange reaction of the ions in the solution at CoPc does not function to the response of the electrode. Furthermore, the PAA matrix of the membrane is found to produce the electrochemical masking effect on chloride and bromide ions. The PAA–CoPc electrode is confirmed as available for use of determining the solubility product constant of sodium fluoride i...

The effects of Kupffer cell blockade with gadolinium chloride (GdCl 3 ) on hepatic injury in the cold preservation with subsequent perfusion was investigated. The condition of the liver grafts which were cold-preserved in University of Wisconsin solution was evaluated by measuring the uptake rates of indocyanine green and hyaluronic acid (IUR and HUR), two indices of liver damage. Perfusion injuries after cold storage occurred in 24-hr-preserved liver and progressed further in 36-hr-preserved liver. GdCl 3 prevented the decrease in IUR and ameliorated perfusion injuries in the 36-hr-preserved liver, although GdCl 3 did not inhibit the decrease in HUR. The HURs were remarkably decreased in the livers stored even for 6 hr, for which the cold-preserved livers were quite viable, whereas IURs were significantly decreased in livers stored for 24 hr or more when perfusion injury was apparently developed. These results suggest that the IUR is an indicator of hepatic perfusion injury in preserved livers and that Kupffer cell blockade may be a promising strategy for the prevention of hepatic injury after cold preservation with subsequent perfusion.

There exists large scale ground ice, which locally called “Edoma”, in plains along the Arctic coasts of eastern Siberia and the New Siberian Islands. The Edoma is mainly composed of massive ground ice with pillar-shaped frozen soil. The massive ice is considered as syngenetic ice-wedge origin, which develops alternative accumulations of ice-wedge and sedimentation on ground surface. The soil pillars are arranged in regular intervals of several meters in the massive ice, and contain a lot of ice lenses and several peat layers.A geological and geochemical survey was carried out in the Bykovsky Peninsula near the Lena Delta (Loc. 1), Bolshoi Lyakhovsky Island, the southern part of the New Siberian Islands (Loc. 2) and Oiyagosky Yar facing the Arctic Sea in middle of eastern Siberia (Loc. 3). Results of grain size analysis and determinations of radiocarbon datings of the Edoma in these surveyed sites were summarized as follows : 1) Sediments of the Edoma in Loc. 1 are composed of dark gray silt to fine sand with a lot of organic matters. Compositional ratio of grain size varies vertically, and is characterized by bimodality in the grain size distribution. This suggests that the sediments were formed under two different transportation agents. Sediments of the Edoma both at Loc. 2 and Loc. 3 characterized by dark gray to brown silt, and also contains abundant organic matter. Grain-size distribution of these sediments is similar to the finer population in Loc. 1. Judging from the characteristics of grain size distribution, these sediments are considered as aeolian deposits.2) Radiocarbon ages at Loc. 1 scatter within a range from about 30, 000 to 20, 000 yr BP in upper part and about 11, 000 yr BP in uppermost. The ages at Loc. 2 are resulted in about 30, 000 to 40, 000 yr BP in case of the most parts and about 7, 000 yr BP at uppermost part in permafrost just under the active layer. At Loc. 3, most of the ages of the Edoma are determined over 40, 000 yr BP and that of uppermost is determined as about 22, 000 yr BP.Based on the results of radiocarbon dating mentioned above, it is suggested that the Edoma in eastern Siberia might have formed during Karginkiy Interstadial to Sartan Stadial in the Last Glacial stage, and especially main parts of the Edoma developed during Karginkiy Interstadial, in which period climate was more unstable than Sartan Stadial. Grain size distribution of sediments also suggest that the Edoma have accumulated under the sedimental condition at water flood plain or marsh, which were favorable locations to growth of syngenetic ice wedge as well as loess accumulation. Supply of sediments in Loc. 1 may have been stable because the main transport of sediments have been performed by fluvial activities of the Lena River and the wind action. On the other hand, since the sediments in Loc. 2 and Loc. 3 is probably derived from aeolian loess, the amounts of supplied sediments might have been less than Loc. 1. Therefore, flux of sedimentation, forming the Edoma in Loc. 1 maintained longer than those at Loc. 2 and Loc. 3.

Malignant lymphoma of the small intestine are relatively rare which lack in specific symptoms and are often found out in an advanced stage. This paper reports a rare case of primary malignant lymphoma of the small intestine which caused an incaceratedinguinal hernia. A 39-year-old man was admitted to the hospital bacause of a right lower abdominal tumor. He noticed the tumor about 7 months before and developed poor appetite and nausea 2 months before. On admission his abdomen was flat and soft, and an egg-sized tumor was palpated at the right inguineal region. No anemia nor jaundice was noted. There were no swollen superficial lymph nodes. CT-scan and selective contrast radiography of the small intestine indicated the incerated inguinal hernia of the small intestine. In laparotomy the ileum 5 cm to oral side from Bauhin valve was incarcerated in the right imternal inguinal ring. The patient underwent ileocecal resection and repair of the right inguinal hernia. The resected specimen showed that the incarcerated hernia was caused by the small intestinal tumor. Histological diagnosis was diffuse and large cell type of malignant lymphoma. Postoperatively CHOP regimen added and the patient is strictly followed up on an ambulant basis.

The influence of parameters in the Gurson's constitutive equation for porous plastic materials on ductile fracture at an interface crack under mixed mode loading is discussed based on a comparison of computational and experimental results. A simple method to estimate the parameters using the deformation data of tensile specimens and the Kalman filter is proposed. A finite element simulation is performed to demonstrate the usefulness of the proposal method. It is suggested that two different specimens (e.g., one is a rectangular plate with a center hole and the other is a side notched plate) are necessary to guarantee a correct estimation.

症例は68歳.男性で, 平成5年3月下腹部痛を主訴として入院した.下部消化管造影および大腸内視鏡にてS状結腸に全周性の腫瘍を認め, 生検にて高分化腺癌と診断されたが, 口側腸管の観察は不能であった.腹部CT検査にて多発性肝転移を認め, さらに右側結腸内にも腫瘍の存在が確認された.また上部消化管内視鏡にて胃角部後壁にII c病変を認め, 大腸多発癌および胃重複癌の診断にて, 大腸亜全摘および胃部分切除を施行した.切除標本では大腸に合計8個の癌腫を認め, 肉眼分類は口側より, 3型, II c型, I p型, 2型, I p型, 2型, 1型, 2型で, 組織学的にはいずれも高分化腺癌であり, 深達度は順にss, sm, m, ss, m, ss, ss, pmであった.さらに切除した大腸癌および胃癌において免疫染色を用い癌抑制遺伝子であるp53の異常発現を検索したところ大腸癌の8個中4個と胃癌にp53異常発現を認め, 同一個体内における発癌のメカニズムの多様性が示唆された.

It is of great interest to know how much the land expanded towards the ocean as the result of the sea-level decrease during the Wurm glacial stage. The existence of land bridges, that plays an important role in transporting human, animals and plants between the Eurasian Continent and the Japanese Islands during the Last Glacial, is still under debate. Geographical and geological studies have been performed to determine the location of shorelines at the Last Glacial maximum. Mammalian fossils collected from the sea bottom of continental shelf and along island arcs can provide decisive evidence of such expanded land areas, if the ages of those mammalian fossils agree with the accepted 14C age (around 18, 000 yr BP) of the Last Glacial maximum.We have conducted 14C dating, with a Tandetron accelerator mass spectrometer (AMS) at Nagoya University, on carbon from collagen fractions extracted from five mammalian fossil samples : (1) a whale bone collected from the Kerama Gap at a depth of 550 m; (2) a deer bone from the continental shelf in the East China Sea, at a depth of 122 m; (3) a water-buffalo horn core from the continental shelf in the East China Sea, at a depth of 100 m; (4) an elephant molar; and (5) a water-buffalo bone from the Penfu Channel between Taiwan and Continental China, at a depth of around 120140 m. Fossil samples, of 2 to 9 g, were demineralized with 1.2 N HCl in a cellulose tube to extract collagen. After demineralization, HCl was completely removed from the tube by dialysis. Then the solution fraction in the tube was separated by centrifuge, and freeze-dried to get a solution-collagen fraction. Solid remains were put in a Pyrex tube with 20 ml of distilled water and heated at 90 t for 10 hours to extract the water soluble gelatin-collagen fraction. Collagen was oxidized, using CuO to produce CO2, in a Vycor tube at 950 °C for an hour. A small aliquot of the CO2 was analyzed for its' stable carbon isotope ratio, δ13 CPDB, using a triplecollector mass spectrometer (MAT-252). To produce graphite, the remaining CO2 was reduced by hydrogen, with an Fe-powder catalyst, in a Vycor tube at 650 °C for several hours. The sample graphite was analyzed for its' 14C/13C ratio, relative to that of an oxalic acid standard (NBS-SRM-4990).To obtain reliable 14C dates for collagen fractions extracted from the fossil samples, the collagen fractions must be preserved from weathering in nature. However, experimental yields of collagen fractions were very low, except for sample no. 2, ranging from 0.01 to 0.11 %, presumably as a result of weathering. CO2 yields from the collagen fractions ranged from 2.2 to 17.4 %, considerably lower than the 4142 % for gelatin collagen extracted from fresh bone samples. This strongly suggests that the samples have suffered from contamination by other organic materials with low carbon contents and not only from weathering. Thus the 14C dates of 14, 640 to 19, 980 yr BP obtained for samples nos. 3, 4, and 5 should be considered unreliable, though these 14C dates are consistent with the age of the Last Glacial maximum. We suspect the 14C dates for samples nos. 3, 4 and 5 are considerably younger than the actual dates, as a result of sample contamination by younger carbon. The CO2 yield from the mixture of both collagen fractions was only 0.12 mg of carbon for sample no.1, being insufficient for 14C dating even with the Tandetron AMS. The yield of gelatin collagen of 4.38 % and the CO2 yield of 32.8-42.7 % for sample no. 2 were reasonably high, enough to give a reliable 14C date, of 25, 750 ± 220 yr BP.

The complexing of lithium ion in propylene carbonate (PC) with glymes (H3CO(CH2CH2O)nCH3) of n = 1 to 4 was studied potentiometrically using a univalent cation-sensitive glass electrode. The lithium ion in PC was assumed to be solvated by four PC molecules. For monoglyme (DME), each of the two-step complexing was considered to be the replacement of two solvating PC molecules by one DME molecule. Complexing of up to two molecules was assumed for diglyme but of one molecule for tri- and tetraglymes. Equations were derived to relate the glyme concentration and the potential of the glass electrode, taking the effect of solvent dielectric constant into account, and complex formation constants were obtained. The values of β1 were 1.5, 15, 46 and 68 mol−1 L for mono-, di-, tri- and tetraglymes, respectively. The lithium ion activity in mixtures of PC-DME, PC-dimethyl carbonate (DMC), PC-diethyl carbonate (DEC) and PC-ethylmethyl carbonate (EMC) was also studied with the same electrode. In PC-DME, the lithium ion activity was lowest at around 60 (v/v)% DME. The variation in the lithium ion activity was explained considering the complexing of the lithium ion with DME and the effects of dielectric constant to the lithium ion solvation and ion association. In the mixtures of PC with DMC, DEC and EMC, the variation in the lithium ion activity was explained only by the effects of dielectric constant to the lithium ion solvation and ion association.

The project goal is the development of novel damage assessment devices for carbon fiber-reinforced composite structures utilizing carbon-fibers as self-sensing sensors. Two key components of this project are the fabrications of electrodes required for electrical inputs/outputs through the composites, and the development of data-processing scheme to diagnose the damage state. The former takes the advantage of new technology based on the thermal spray to directly deposit onto composite laminate surfaces to fabricate network of electrodes. Several conditions were tested and optimal process was identified. The latter task utilized simulations to develop the post-processing approach and preliminary results were promising.

Glycan is one of the major information-rich biomolecules. Alterations in N-glycans can be associated with many diseases including cancer, and are often observed in the serum of affected patients. As an example, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a glycoprotein secreted by prostatic epithelial cells. The serum PSA assay is widely used for detection of prostate cancer (PCa). Detection of altered PSA glycan is regarded as a precise diagnosis. However, the limited amount of serum PSA available makes it difficult to determine detailed glycan structures, as the PSA level in serum is very low. Mass spectrometry (MS) is a powerful tool for analyzing glycan structures. We have recently established a highly sensitive MS for both glycans and glycopeptides by pyrene derivatization. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionizationquadrupole ion trap-time of flight (MALDI-QIT-TOF) mass spectra of glycans derivatized with pyrene butanoic acid hydrazide (PBH) were compared with those of pyridylaminated (PA) glycans. Each derivatized glycan was prepared from the same amount of commercial PSA. PBH-labeled PSA glycans showed higher signal intensity with less fragmentation compared with PA-glycans, and gave spectra with high s/n ratio (in both positive- and negative-ion modes). For derivatization of the glycopeptides, pyrenyl diazomethane (PDAM) was used. The glycopeptide signals were greatly enhanced by this derivatization. PDAM-glycopeptides prepared from about 10 ng of PSA could be determined. In this study, we demonstrated that MS analysis using pyrene derivatization provides higher sensitivity and stability for both glycans and glycopeptides, compared with HPLC and lectin affinity chromatography; furthermore comparable results were obtained to those seen with the other methods. We therefore conclude that our method is useful for investigation of mammalian cell glycomics.

Production of novel damage sensor system for carbon fiber-reinforced composite structures is presented. It utilizes carbon fibers as self-sensing sensors. Two key components are the fabrications of electrodes required to measure electrical resistivity changes due to damage, and the development of robust data interpretation scheme to diagnose the damage stage. The former takes the advantage of new technology based on the thermal spray process in which molten copper are directly deposited onto composite laminate surfaces to fabricate network of electrodes. The latter task relies on the simulation study and the optimization/inverse analysis to estimate damage state through processing of measured data. The initial experimental measurements on composite laminates with artificially made damage indicate increased resistivity among thermal sprayed electrodes.

Four recent studies in the authors' laboratory on the use of electrochemical sensors in nonaqueous solutions are reported. (1) Si3N4- and Ta2O5-type ISFETs proved to be useful in nonaqueous solutions as sensors for pH and for proton solvation, because of their more rapid response than a conventional glass electrode. They were used to study the acid–base equilibria in γ-butyrolactone and to determine the proton transfer activity coefficients between different solvents. (2) A univalent cation-sensitive glass electrode was used to study the solvation of lithium ions in mixed solvents applicable to lithium batteries. (3) A membrane of polyacrylamide coupled to a cobalt phthalocyanine complex and coated onto a platinum electrode functioned as a sensor for fluoride and cyanide ions in aprotic solvents. It was used to determine the solubility products of alkali and alkaline earth metal fluorides and cyanides in acetonitrile and propylene carbonate. (4) A new method is proposed for the estimation of the liquid junction potential between different solvents, and a comparative study has been made between the new method and some conventional methods.

Effective computational procedures are established and used to characterize dynamic crack propagation along material interfaces between isotropic and orthotropic materials. We first simulate a dynamic fracture experiment in which crack propagation occurs along an interface between PMMA and steel in a dynamically loaded bend specimen. In the analysis, the dynamic energy release rate and mixed-mode stress intensity factors are extracted from finite element field solutions using suitably formulated conservation integrals. These variables form the basis for defining an interface fracture criterion under dynamic conditions. In order to propagate the crack according to such a criterion, an iterative procedure is utilized to determine the correct crack tip velocity history. An important computed result, which is consistent with experimental observation, is that the energy release rate decreases as the crack propagation accelerates. The physical interpretation of this result is that less energy is absorbed by the moving crack as its velocity increases. In the second part of our study, the computational procedures are modified for the dynamic fracture analysis of a thin composite panel consisting of differently oriented orthotropic laminae. Here we investigate the interplay between delamination and buckling of the more complex structure. It is assumed that the panel contains an initial finite interlaminar crack and is subjected to a uniaxial compressive load. Without any crack extension, two buckling modes are observed under quasistatic conditions. One is characterized by an overall panel buckling and the other is dominated by a local ligament buckling near the crack. Coupling of the two modes produces not only a lower critical buckling load but also an unstable post-buckling behavior. Therefore, an embedded delamination is seen to create imperfection sensitivity, leading to limit load type behavior. Such a condition is potentially troublesome for compression loaded thin composite panels. In addition, the large compressive load may also trigger a dynamic propagation of the embedded delamination. We have simulated this unstable dynamic crack growth using the iterative method and a simplified delamination criterion. In the simulation, the energy release rate, the mixed-mode stress intensity factors and the resulting crack tip speed are obtained. These results predict that an existing embedded delamination can weaken and significantly alter the post-buckling behavior of composite panel.

The following equations are proposed for the cadmium distribution coefficient between sea water and foraminifera (D∗) in the Pacific, Antarctic, and Indian Oceans: [1000 m depth ∗ = 1.3 + ( depth − 1000)(1.0/3000) [4000 m depth ] D ∗ = 2.3 . These are slightly lower than the distribution coemcient in the Atlantic. We also propose the 13C distribution coefficients in the Atlantic and other oceans to be 0.99995 and 1.00015, respectively. If these new distribution coefficients are adopted for previously analyzed data (Boyle, 1992), these two tracers corroborate the theory that glacial deep water (water depths between 2000 and 4000 m) was more nutrient-rich than today. We also provide benthic foraminifera Cd Ca records for several sediment cores recovered from the western equatorial Pacific. They suggest that deep water (water depth of 2500 m) cadmium concentration in the glacial Pacific was 30% higher than that of the present-day and that it fluctuated strongly during the period of deglaciation.

Threo-2-aryl-2-[1-(methylthio)ethyl]oxiranes (1a—d) were reacted with acetic acid to give two types of unexpected ring-opening products, threo-1-acetoxy-2-aryl-3-methylthio-2-butanols (4a—d) and mo...

In the present study to demonstrate the relationship between cytokines and liver regeneration we investigated by Northern blot hybridization the cytokine gene induction in the regenerating liver and several other organs (spleen, lung, and kidney) in the rat after partial hepatectomy (PH). We also examined whether Kupffer cells and the spleen are involved in the induction of cytokine mRNA in the regenerating liver. Both IL-1α and β mRNA increased transiently 1 2 to 1 hr after PH in nonparenchymal cells (NPC) of the regenerating liver; they reached a maximum before the peak of hepatocyte DNA synthesis. PH also induced a slight, but significant, gene expression of IL-1 in lung and kidney in the early postoperative period. TNF-αmRNA increased gradually in the spleen, but not the liver, of partially hepatectomized rats at 3 to 12 hr and then reached a peak at 24 hr after PH. IL-6 transcripts were not detected in the regenerating liver, spleen, lung, or kidney during liver regeneration. In contrast, no cytokine gene expression was induced in any of these four organs during the first 3 days after sham operation or unilateral nephrectomy. When Kupffer cell activity was suppressed by gadolinium chloride pretreatment, or when splenectomy was performed 24 hr before PH, the constitutive IL-1α and β mRNA expressions in NPC of the normal rat liver were completely suppressed. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates, for the first time, the specific kinetics of cytokine gene expression in the liver, spleen, lung, and kidney after PH. Further studies on the role of cytokine gene induction should contribute to an understanding of the pathophysiology of liver regeneration.

We present here the current status of AMS dating of iron artifacts at Nagoya University. We initially developed a “wet” method of carbon collection from iron samples, consisting of a resistance furnace and a “wet” trapping of the evolved CO2 with a saturated Ca(OH)2 solution, in which overall collection efficiency of carbon ranged from 50 to 60%. To improve the carbon-collection efficiency, we more recently constructed a “dry” system, consisting of an induction furnace followed by “dry” separation of the produced CO2 from combustion gases and conversion of the CO2 into a graphite target. We describe here mainly the performance of the “dry” separation system, tested using standard steel samples. We also report previously determined 14C dates on three ancient Oriental artifacts using the earlier “wet” procedure.

We collected pore waters using an in situ pore water-squeezer for a submersible Shinkai 2000 at six depths beneath the sediment surface within a deep-sea “cold seep” giant clam community off Hatsushima Island, Sagami Bay, Japan. A box core sample was also collected ca. 4.5 km east of the community and pore waters were separated. Dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) was extracted and purified in a vacuum line and 14C concentration was determined with a Tandetron accelerator mass spectrometer at Nagoya University after conversion to graphite targets using a batch Fe-catalytic hydrogen reduction method. ∆14C values decreased with increasing depth to −938‰ at the sulfate concentration minimum. This indicates that methane used for the active reduction of sulfate and formation of hydrogen sulfide, which is used by symbiotic chemoautotrophic bacteria in gills of the giant clams, is almost dead and is likely supplied from the deep. ∆14C values of DIC vary linearly with δ13C values along a mixing line between that in the bottom water and that produced by the oxidation of dead methane. The δ13C value of DIC oxidized from dead methane is estimated to be ca. −45‰.

邑知潟平野北西縁の羽咋市宿屋付近においてボーリング調査を実施し,リニアメントと断層について,次のことが判明した.1.邑知潟平野北西縁の地下において,新第三紀層に花崗岩が衝上する断層が伏在する.この断層は上載層の第四紀層を切っていない.第四紀層の下部に挾在する腐植土層の加速器質量分析法による14C年代値は≥56,200年BP(NUTA-230)である.2.邑知潟平野北西縁の眉丈山塊南東斜面中腹のリニアメントには,断層の存在を示唆する証拠は見出せなかった.滝礫岩層と花歯岩との岩質や地下水分布に起因して進行し,差別的な浸食の結果として形成された組織地形であると考えられる.

日本海隠岐堆の2本のピストン・コアについて,8層準で加速器質量分析計(Accelerator Mass Spectrometer, AMS)による14C年代値が得られた.今回の測定では,試料としてコアに含まれる浮遊性有孔虫の一種(Globigerina umbilicata)の殻だけを用いた.その結果,AMS法による年代値は,従来の方法(堆積物に酸を加えて発生した二酸化炭素を回収して14C年代を測定した手法)より,最終氷期最寒期において約4,500年も若い年代を与えた.その差が生じた原因は,最終氷期最寒期に日本海の堆積物に,おそらく風成塵起源のdead carbonを炭酸塩含有量の約40%も含んでいたためと考えられる.AMS法による新たな14C年代値に従うと,日本海表層水が最も低塩分化した時代は約1.5万年前である.

1950年頃にLibby(1955)によって開発された14C年代測定法は,現在,地質学,地球科学,環境科学,考古学,文化財科学などさまざまな分野で利用されている.この45年の歴史をもつ放射能測定(14Cの放射壊変で放出されるβ線を検出し,14C濃度を知る方法)による14C年代測定法に対し,加速器技術を取り入れた新しい14C年代測定法(加速器質量分析法)が約15年前に開発され,現在全世界で活躍している.ここでは,名古屋大学タンデトロン加速器質量分析計を用いた14C年代測定の現状を概観し,測定される14C年代値の信頼度をさらに向上するための検討課題について,すなわち,試料の採取,試料調製,加速器質量分析法による14C濃度測定などの14C測定上の問題,および14C濃度から14C年代値の算出,その暦年代への較正に至るデータ処理上の問題点について議論する.さらに,14C年代測定法と他の年代測定法との比較について紹介し,タンデトロン分析計の利用の実情と将来計画について概説する.

We made accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) 14C measurements on terrestrial macrofossils from the Late Pleistocene/Holocene of the annually laminated sediments of Lake Suigetsu (central Japan). The AMS 14C dates of terrestrial macrofossils showed agreement between varve counting years and calibrated ages (tree rings and U/Th on coral) in the interval of 10.5 and ca. 11.5 ka cal bp. Beyond 11.5 ka cal bp, the age difference between 14C and varve counting years gradually diminish, contradicting published data on corals dated by U/Th and 14C.

We experienced two cases of splenic artery aneurysm each arising from a different cause. The first case was a 48-year-old man complaining of left upper abdominal pain. An abdominal computed tomography revealed a 6×4.8cm mass including the contrast medium at the dorsal pancreas. An abdominal angiography revealed a 2.2×1.9cm aneurysm at the splenic artery. Resection of the pancreatic body and tail with splenectomy including the splenic artery aneurysm was carried out. The existence of a pseudoaneurysm ruptured into the pancreas caused by arteriosclerosis was confirmed histopathologically. Case 2 was a 37-year-old woman. Angiography during an examination for a polycystic kidney, revealed two aneurysms at the central and distal splenic arteries, 0.8×0.7cm and 2×1.7cm in size respectively. Resection of the splenic artery and spleen was performed. The histopathologic finding revealed a true aneurysm without arteriosclerosis. This paticular ailment should be taken into consideration by physicians establishing what diseases are characterised by left abdominal pain. Abdominal angiography is useful when deciding upon the proper course of treatment.

Previously, we have observed that the atmospheric (14)C content measured in tree rings showed a strong increase from AD 774 to 775. Although the cause of this event can be explained by a large solar proton event or a short gamma-ray burst, a more detailed discussion of the cause is difficult because the rate of occurrence of such rapid (14)C events remains unknown. Here we report new (14)C measurements from AD 822 to 1020, and the discovery of a second rapid increase of (14)C content from AD 992 to 993. The (10)Be flux in the Antarctic ice core shows peaks corresponding to these two (14)C events. The proportions of flux increase ((14)C/(10)Be) of the two events are consistent with each other. Therefore, it is highly possible that these events have the same origin. Considering the occurrence rate of (14)C increase events, solar activity is a plausible cause of the (14)C increase events.

Residual stresses generated in coatings during thermal spraying plays an important role on the interfacial adhesion. Furthermore, their magnitude and distributions are affected by both materials and processing parameters. Thus, it is of interest to evaluate their evolution and influence on the adhesive behavior of thermally sprayed coatings. Given the complexity in both the process and dimensions, it is difficult to extract both residual stresses and adhesion strength from a single specimen. In this study, the residual stresses were determined using an in situ thermo-elastic curvature method which not only provides a non-destructive method of characterizing stress but also allows for its layer by layer evolution during deposition. Concurrently, the interfacial indentation test is proposed to characterize the adhesion strength of plasma-sprayed coatings. Through a combination of these experiments, the interfacial fracture toughness of the plasma-sprayed ZrO2 coatings deposited on Al substrates were evaluated. In order to study the effects of the residual stresses, samples were sprayed under various processing conditions while the indentation tests on resultant coatings were also compared to the standard tensile adhesion tests. These test results indicate a certain correlation between the residual stresses and the interfacial fracture toughness of thermally sprayed coatings.

A83 -year-old man was admitted to our hospital for the treatment of advanced ascending colon cancer with liver metastases. He had initially undergone an ileocecal resection for ascending colon cancer. Subsequently, we started oral administration of UFT/LV(UFT 400mg/day, LV 75 mg/day, and 4 weeks of therapy followed by a week suspension of treatment). After 3 courses, his tumors responded well to treatment, and CT showed marked regression of liver metastases. After 10 courses, liver metastases had almost disappeared. Two years passed without any adverse events since UFT/LV therapy was started. These findings suggest that UFT/LV therapy is very safe and effective for elderly patients with unresectable colorectal cancer.

Hepatocellular adenoma (HCA) is a benign liver tumor that most frequently occurs in young women using oral contraceptives. We report a rare case of HCA in a 29 years old female with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). The first proband was her sister, who underwent a total colectomy and was genetically diagnosed as FAP. A tumor, 3.0 cm in diameter, was detected in the right lobe of the liver during a screening study for FAP. A colonoscopy and gastroendoscopy revealed numerous adenomatous polyps without carcinoma. The patient underwent a total colectomy and ileo-anal anastomosis and hepatic posterior sectoriectomy. The pathological findings of the liver tumor were compatible with HCA. The resected specimen of the colon revealed multiple colonic adenomatous polyps. Examination of genetic alteration revealed a germ-line mutation of the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene. Inactivation of the second APC allele was not found. Other genetic alterations in the hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 alpha and β-catenin gene, which are reported to be associated with HCA, were not detected. Although FAP is reported to be complicated with various neoplasias in extracolic organs, only six cases of HCA associated with FAP, including the present case, have been reported. Additional reports will establish the precise mechanisms of HCA development in FAP patients.

Takuma Murakami1,6, Nagayoshi Katsuta2, Takejiro Takamatsu3, Masao Takano1, Koshi Yamamoto1, Toshio Nakamura4 and Takayoshi Kawai5 1Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, 2Faculty of Education, Gifu University, 3National Institute for Environmental Studies, 4Center for Chronological Research, Nagoya University, 5Association of International Research Initiative for Environmental Studies, 6Low Level Radioactivity Laboratory, Institute of Nature, Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Japan