Search

The paper develops a three-sector specific factor model with Harris-Todaro type unemployment to examine the consequences of economic recession in the skilled sector on the informal sector workforce. It finds that while a decrease in the price of high-skill commodity raises both the informal (rural) sector wage and unemployment of unskilled labour, a drop in emigration of skilled labour produces exactly the opposite effects. The effects of these policies on the welfare of unskilled workers in terms of the welfare measure of Sen (1974) have also been studied. The paper recommends a protectionist policy to the unskilled labour-intensive sector for protecting the interest of the vulnerable section of the working population.

The problems of employment have become a central global concern in recent times. This makes nearly all the governments and development partners to be fully engaged in finding a lasting solution to the problems. In the past, development planning efforts were concentrated on the development of a modern industrial sector. It was believed that this would serve the domestic market and facilitate the absorption of redundant or surplus workers in the urban economy. It was also the belief that rapid economic growth and development would be achieved. The study is structured into five chapters. While chapter one looks at the background to the study, the terms of reference and the structure of the report, chapter two focuses on copious relevant literature on skills development bringing out the conceptual definitions, theoretical and empirical issues in the informal sector of the economy. Chapter three presents the methodology of how training providers as well as the beneficiaries of the programs were surveyed in the study. Chapter four gives the inventory of the programs for the informal sector skills development and a detailed analysis of five most important non- state-run programs in the country. Chapter five forms the conclusions and recommendations of the work.

This paper has developed a three-sector general equilibrium framework that explains unemployment of both skilled and unskilled labour. Unemployment of unskilled labour is of the Harris–Todaro (1970) type while unemployment of skilled labour is caused due to the validity of the FWH in the high-skill sector. There are two types of capital one of which is specific to the primary export sector while the other moves freely among the different sectors. Inflows of foreign capital of either type unambiguously improve the economic conditions of the unskilled working class. However, the effects on the skilled–unskilled wage inequality and the extent of unemployment of both types of labour crucially hinge on the properties implied by the efficiency function of the skilled workers.

Agell and Lundborg (1995, Economica) have accommodated the fair wage hypothesis (FWH) in an otherwise 2×2 Hechscher-Ohlin-Samuelson model for examining the robustness of certain standard trade theorems. The present paper proposes to introduce the FWH in a three sector general equilibrium model with two types of labour: skilled and unskilled. Skilled labour is specific to the high-skill sector and receives the efficiency wage while unskilled labour in the other two sectors receives either the competitive wage or the high unionized wage. Using such a framework the consequences of international mobility of factors of production on the skilled-unskilled wage inequality and unemployment of skilled labour in a developing economy have been analyzed. Both foreign capital inflows and emigration of skilled labour improve the skilled-unskilled wage inequality under reasonable condition. Particularly, the result relating to emigration of skilled labour is counterintuitive.

We propose and solve a simple model of firm-level decisions to offshore production stages of lower skill intensity than that of activities that remain in the domestic location. In theory, offshoring is optimal only for the more productive among heterogeneous firms if it entails a fixed cost. In a large sample of Italian firms, offshoring - especially of intermediate production stages - is indeed more prevalent among firms that are larger and more productive, and is predicted by arguably relevant firm-level characteristics. We also document that offshoring decreases the share of unskilled employment in domestic production facilities as well as firms’ propensity to employ immigrant workers, and we discuss the possible determinants and policy implication of the latter finding.

The paper develops a four-sector general equilibrium model where the fair wage hypothesis is valid and there is agricultural dualism for analyzing the consequence of an inflow of foreign capital on the skilled-unskilled wage inequality and the unemployment of skilled labour in a developing economy. The unskilled workers are fully employed but there is imperfection in the market for unskilled labour. On the contrary, the skilled wage is set by the firms by minimizing the unit cost of skilled labour and their efficiency depends on the relative income distribution and the unemployment rate. The analysis finds that an inflow of foreign capital worsens the relative wage inequality but lowers the unemployment of skilled labour. It provides an alternative theoretical foundation to the empirical finding that inflows of foreign capital might have produced unfavourable effect on the wage inequality in the developing countries during the liberalized regime by increasing the relative demand for skilled labour.

Empirical evidence is compelling that large firms are more productive than small firms. The hypothesis in this paper is that the productivity differences between small and large firms are associated with two of the main determinants of a firm’s performance: the human and technological capital that firms incorporate. We suggest that the contribution of these factors in explaining the size of the productivity gap might not only be due to the fact that large firms make a more extensive use of them, but also because large firms obtain higher returns from their investment in human and technological capital. The evidence we obtain for a comprehensive sample of Spanish manufacturing firms (1990-2002) supports this hypothesis, which has important implications for the effectiveness of policies designed to improve productivity in SMEs by stimulating innovation and the use of more skilled workers.

The existing theoretical literature does not take into consideration the existence of non-traded goods and the nature of capital mobility between the traded and the non-traded sectors in analyzing the consequences of liberalized investment policies on the relative wage inequality in the developing countries. The present paper purports to fill in this gap using two four-sector general equilibrium models reasonable for a developing economy. We have found that inflows of foreign capital usually improve the wage inequality when the low-skill sector is capital-intensive. But, the relative wage gap may widen if the high-skill sector is capital-intensive. When the non-traded sector produces a non-traded final commodity wage inequality worsens if the low-skill sector is capital-intensive and employs only a very small proportion of the unskilled workforce and if the primary export sector is unskilled labour-intensive. Appropriate policy recommendations for improving the wage inequality have also been made.

The paper develops a three-sector specific factor model with Harris–Todaro type unemployment to examine the consequences of international factor mobility on the skilled–unskilled wage inequality and urban unemployment of unskilled labour in a small open dual economy. The theoretical analysis shows that the consequences of international factor mobility on wage inequality may not necessarily depend on the difference in the factor intensity condition. Only when the unskilled wage in the low-skill urban sector is positively related to the rural wage, factor intensity conditions do matter. An emigration of skilled labour or an inflow of foreign capital may move the wages in favour of the unskilled labour and lower the magnitude of urban unemployment only if the low-skill urban sector is capital-intensive (in a special sense). But, an immigration of unskilled labour produces exactly the opposite effects. The paper argues that provided the government undertakes supplementary measures to curb trade union power and prevent illegal immigration of unskilled labour, abundant inflows of foreign capital might be a solution to both deteriorating wage inequality and increasing unemployment of unskilled labour in the liberalized regime.

This paper contributes a theoretical model to study the effects of short-term movements of skilled labour on a country's economic growth. As traditional migration models emphasise the long-term effects of migration on factor endowments, they typically omit the analysis of gross labour flows. Gross flows however capture the volume of interactions and knowledge exchanges between workers living in different countries, which in turn affect the stock of knowledge available to their places of residences, and hence their ability to innovate and grow. A simulation based on available US, British and Australian data on international business visits reveals that short-term skilled labour movements have a positive and not insignificant effect on growth.

En aquest article s'analitzen els canvis que experimentà l'organització de les activitats de manteniment en els assentaments litorals i prelitorals del nord-est de la península Ibèrica, des del segle VIII fins el segle III aC, i el que implicaren aquestes transformacions en les pautes de mobilitat de les dones. Amb aquest objectiu, es considera l'evidència arqueològica dels assentaments del Bronze final i de l'Edat del Ferro al Vallès i l'Empordà. Aquests canvis es posen en relació amb el marc sociopolític del període, caracteritzat per la presència colonial, tant en la seva dimensió estrictament comercial com en la creació de models culturals/materials visualitzats en els establiments colonials grecs de la costa empordanesa., In this paper we analyze the changes in the organization of maintenance activities in coastal and precoastal settlements of northeast Iberia, between the 8th century and 3rd century bc and their implications for the mobility of women. Specifically, we examine the archaeological evidences from Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age settlements of the Vallès and Empordà regions. These changes are related to the socio-political background of that period, characterized by the colonial presence, both in its commercial dimension, and in terms of the creation of cultural model evidenced in the Greek colonial settlements of the Empordà coast., En este artículo se analizan los cambios que experimentó la organización de las actividades de mantenimiento en los asentamientos litorales y prelitorales del nordeste de la península Ibérica, desde el siglo VIII hasta el siglo III a.C., y lo que estas transformaciones implicaron en las pautas de movilidad de las mujeres. Para ello se considera la evidencia arqueológica de asentamientos del Bronce Final y de la Edad del Hierro en las áreas del Vallès y del Empordà. Estos cambios se ponen en relación con el marco socio-político del período, caracterizado por la presencia colonial, tanto en su dimensión estrictamente comercial, como en la de creación de modelos culturales/materiales visualizados en los establecimientos coloniales griegos de la costa ampurdanesa.

Gains from productivity and knowledge transmission arising from the presence of foreign firms has received a good deal of empirical attention, but micro-foundations for this mechanism are weak. Here we focus on production by foreign experts who may train domestic unskilled workers who work with them. Gains from training can in turn be decomposed into two types: (a) obtaining knowledge and skills at a lower cost than if they are self-taught at home; (b) producing domestic skilled workers earlier in time than if they had to rediscover the relevant knowledge through ‘reinventing the wheel’. We develop a three-period model in which the economy initially has no skilled workers. Workers can withdraw from the labour force for two periods of self study and then produce as skilled workers in the third period. Alternatively, foreign experts can be hired in period 1 and domestic unskilled labour working with the experts become skilled in the second period. We analyse how production, training, and welfare depend on two important parameters: the cost of foreign experts and the learning (or ‘absorptive’) capacity of the domestic economy.

ÖZET Bu çalışmada eğitimin işgücüne ve bilgi toplumu için sosyal değişime etkisi analiz edilmiştir. Üç önemli nokta bulunmaktadır, birincisi; bilgi toplumu, ikincisi; istihdam, üçüncüsü; eğitimdir. Halen bilgi toplumu seviyesine ulaşma çalışmaları yapan üç ülke İsrail, İrlanda ve Hindistan da bu çalışmada değerlendirilmiştir. Avrupa Birliği'nin rekabet gücünün `e-Avrupa+`a bağlı olduğundan bahsedilmektedir. Teknolojik gelişmenin özellikle, Bilgi Teknolojileri ve internetin hayatımızı değiştirdiği ki bunlar Devlet işleri(e- Devlet), Sağlık(e-Sağlık), İş(e-İş) vb, vurgulanmıştır Dört gruba ayrılan bu tezin adı `e-Türkiye'ye Geçiş Sürecinde işgücünün Niteliği ve Eğitimi.`dir. Bölümler: Birincisi kavramsal çerçeve ve teorik yaklaşımdır. İkicisi, dünyada e-Topluma geçiş tartışmaları. Üçüncüsü, e-Türkiye'ye geçiş aşamasında eğitim ve işgücü Dördüncü, sonuçtur. İstihdam yaratmak güçlü bir eğitim politikası ile olur. Halkın eğitimin faydalarını kazanması hükümet politikaları tarafından sağlanır.Eğitimin en önemli faydası ekonomiye ve sosyal değişime etkisidir,çalışmalar Türkiye'de eğitimden kaynaklanan sosyal faydaların sınırlı olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Türkiye'de eğitimin ekonomik deiğişime etki etmesi,evrime yardım etmesi için, ekonomik büyüme ve eğitim arasındaki ilişki açıkça belirlenmelidir. ABSTRACT İn this thesis, the effect of education on manpower and social development for information society was analyzed. There are three impotant points of this study. First; information society, second; employment, third;education. And this study was examed three country that are Israel, Irland and India when still working to reach level of the information society. Competition power of the Europen Commision was depented on `eEuropa+`. It has been emhasized that Tecnological development, especially IT and internet changes our life that has goverment (E-Goverment), healt (e-Healt), business(e- Business), etc. This study name is `During Process of the Transition to e-Turkey, Characteristic and Education of Manpower`that were grouped into fourth. Chapters: First, conceptial frame and theory approach. Secound, Discussion of the Transition to e-Society in World Third, Process of the Transition to e-Turkey,Education and Manpower Fourth, Conclusion Creating an employment depends on the strongly educationpolicy. The educational benefits for public were gains by Government policy. Studies regarding the social benefits of education are very limited for Turkey.The most important benefit of education is its effect on economic and society development. For the aim of evaluating the effect of education to economic development in Turkey make clear relationship between education and economic growth. ÖZET Bu çalışmada eğitimin işgücüne ve bilgi toplumu için sosyal değişime etkisi analiz edilmiştir. Üç önemli nokta bulunmaktadır, birincisi; bilgi toplumu, ikincisi; istihdam, üçüncüsü; eğitimdir. Halen bilgi toplumu seviyesine ulaşma çalışmaları yapan üç ülke İsrail, İrlanda ve Hindistan da bu çalışmada değerlendirilmiştir. Avrupa Birliği'nin rekabet gücünün `e-Avrupa+`a bağlı olduğundan bahsedilmektedir. Teknolojik gelişmenin özellikle, Bilgi Teknolojileri ve internetin hayatımızı değiştirdiği ki bunlar Devlet işleri(e- Devlet), Sağlık(e-Sağlık), İş(e-İş) vb, vurgulanmıştır Dört gruba ayrılan bu tezin adı `e-Türkiye'ye Geçiş Sürecinde işgücünün Niteliği ve Eğitimi.`dir. Bölümler: Birincisi kavramsal çerçeve ve teorik yaklaşımdır. İkicisi, dünyada e-Topluma geçiş tartışmaları. Üçüncüsü, e-Türkiye'ye geçiş aşamasında eğitim ve işgücü Dördüncü, sonuçtur. İstihdam yaratmak güçlü bir eğitim politikası ile olur. Halkın eğitimin faydalarını kazanması hükümet politikaları tarafından sağlanır.Eğitimin en önemli faydası ekonomiye ve sosyal değişime etkisidir,çalışmalar Türkiye'de eğitimden kaynaklanan sosyal faydaların sınırlı olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Türkiye'de eğitimin ekonomik deiğişime etki etmesi,evrime yardım etmesi için, ekonomik büyüme ve eğitim arasındaki ilişki açıkça belirlenmelidir. ABSTRACT İn this thesis, the effect of education on manpower and social development for information society was analyzed. There are three impotant points of this study. First; information society, second; employment, third;education. And this study was examed three country that are Israel, Irland and India when still working to reach level of the information society. Competition power of the Europen Commision was depented on `eEuropa+`. It has been emhasized that Tecnological development, especially IT and internet changes our life that has goverment (E-Goverment), healt (e-Healt), business(e- Business), etc. This study name is `During Process of the Transition to e-Turkey, Characteristic and Education of Manpower`that were grouped into fourth. Chapters: First, conceptial frame and theory approach. Secound, Discussion of the Transition to e-Society in World Third, Process of the Transition to e-Turkey,Education and Manpower Fourth, Conclusion Creating an employment depends on the strongly educationpolicy. The educational benefits for public were gains by Government policy. Studies regarding the social benefits of education are very limited for Turkey.The most important benefit of education is its effect on economic and society development. For the aim of evaluating the effect of education to economic development in Turkey make clear relationship between education and economic growth. 180

oz ENFORMASYON TEKNOLOJİSİ, İŞYERİ ÖRGÜTLENMESİ VE YENİ VASIF ÇEŞİTLERİNE TALEP GÜRSOY, Serkan Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Bilim ve Teknoloji Politikası Çalışmaları Tez Yöneticisi: Yrd. Doç. Dr. Erkan Erdil Haziran 2003, 130 sayfa Bu çalışma, enformasyon teknolojisi, işyeri örgütlenmesi ve kalifiye işgücü talebi arasındaki ilşkileri incelemektedir. Son zamanlarda, kalifiye işgücü talebi nısbi olarak arttı. Bu büyük artışın nedenlerinden biri vasıf-eğilimli teknik değişimdir. Yoğun İT kullanıcısı olan firmalar, karar verme yetkisinin dağıtımını ve vasfa ve insan kaynaklarına büyük şekilde bağımlılığı ihtiva eden örgütlenme uygulamarının tamamlayıcı biçimlerine uyum sağlama eğilimidedirler. IT'nin vasıf ve firmanın örgütsel mimarisi üzerindeki etkilerini Şişecam Şirketler Topluluğu' ndan topladığım detaylı verileri kullanarak araştırdım. İT ve yeni örgütlenmenin birçok değişik yolla ölçülmüş olan işçi vasıflan ile tümleyen oluşu ile birlikte, İT kullanımının geniş iş sorumlulukları, daha fazla dağıtılmış karar mekanizması ve daha yetkili takımları içeren yeni bir iş örgütlenmesini tamamlayıcılığım veya ikame etkisini sınadım. Keywords: Enformasyon, Teknoloji, Fordism, Kitle Üretimi, Esnek Üretim, Vasıf, Bilgisayarlaşma, Vasıf Talebi, Vasfa Dayalı Teknik Değişim, Örgütsel Değişim, Cam Sanayi, Şişecam. iv ABSTRACT INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, WORKPLACE ORGANIZATION AND DEMAND FOR NEW KINDS OF SKILL GÜRSOY, Serkan M.Sc. in Science and Technology Policy Studies Supervisor: Asst.Prof.Dr. Erkan Erdil June 2003, 130 pages This study examines the relations among information technology (IT), workplace organization and the demand for skilled labor. Recently, demand for skilled labor has relatively increased. One of the causes of this great increase is skill- biased technical change. Firms that are intensive users of IT tend to adopt a complementary set of organizational practices that include: decentralization of decision authority and a greater reliance on skill arid human capital. I have explored the affects of IT on skill and organizational architecture of firm by using a detailed data which was collected from the Şişecam Group of Company. I have tested that IT usage is complementary or substitutionary to a new workplace organization which includes broader job responsibilities, more decentralized decision-making and more self-managing teams together with IT and new organization are complements with worker skill measured in variety of ways. Keywords: Information, Technology, Fordism, Mass Production, Flexible Specialization, Skill, Computerization, Demand for skill, Skill-biased Technical Change, Organizational Change, Glass Industry, Şişecam. m 141

Australian manufacturing is a picture of diversity and contrasts. This is the main finding of this paper which examines trends in the Australian manufacturing sector over the last two decades. Manufacturing output has quadrupled since the mid-1950s. The fastest growing activities have been those with links to Australia^Rs n atural endowments and products that are more differentiated, with higher skill levels and R&D intensities.

177

Arbeidsbegroting (arbeidsfilm in 13 perioden van vier weken), arbeidsbehoefte en arbeidsorganisatie (los of vast personeel) in de biologische akkerbouw- en vollegrondsgroenteteelt, voor bedrijfsopzetten (bouwplan) die representatief zijn voor vijf regio's in Nederland: de grotere akkerbouwbedrijven in Noord-, Noordoost-, Zuidwest-Nederland en Noord-Holland, en het kleinere tuinbouwbedrijf met intensieve vollegrondsgroenten in Zuidoost-Nederland.

Shortages of skilled labour in Canadian industry require decisive nation wide action. If remedial action is not taken immediately, future ensuing reduced levels of production in Canadian manufacturing industries will restrict financial growth of Canada, and weaken the Canadian position in the global marketplace. Skill labour shortages in urban areas are exacerbated in rural areas and managers of rural industries are expressing concerns that with the shrinking size of the rural industrial skilled labour pool it is rapidly becoming increasingly difficult to run manufacturing operations. A case study method was chosen to describe the development and implementation of the 'Fast Track' vocational training programme, to evaluate the extent to which the stakeholders' expectations had been met, and to determine the perception of the programme held by the stakeholders. All graduates of the 'Fast Track' programme received offers of employment as industrial maintenance personnel by companies participating in the programme.

Recent evidence shows that the returns to labor and the skill premium both increase in developing countries after trade liberalization, despite the low skill content of their exports. The author explains this apparent puzzle by arguing that trade increases technology transfers from industrial to developing countries and that the transfer technology is biased in favor of skilled labor. The relative demand for skilled labor increases during the transition following liberalization, and so the gains enjoyed by skilled labor are temporary, even in the absence of supply responses. The gains become longer lasting when the transferred technology is also skill-biased. 11 17 32 17-32

The paper investigates the shift in demand towards more skilled labour in Swedish manufacturing during the last two decades. Two competing hypotheses to explain this shift are examined: skilled-biased technical change and increased international competition.

University of Technology, Sydney. Faculty of Education. The Skillmax Program was launched by the New South Wales State Government at the end of 1988 as a result of concern about the underutilisation of the skills of overseas qualified and experienced immigrants in the labour force. The program is administered by the NSW Adult Migrant English Service. The aim of this study is to evaluate how well the Skillmax Program is achieving its aim of assisting non-English speaking background immigrants to maximise the use of their overseas experience and skills within the NSW labour market. The main source of data for the evaluation was a questionnaire distributed to all students who had studied in the program from July, 1993 to June, 1994. Those in the final program intake surveyed had just completed courses, those in the first intake surveyed had completed courses nine months previously. The questionnaire was sent to 458 ex-students in August, 1994 and 217 questionnaires were returned. Additional data was obtained from a literature search, a survey distributed to Skillmax program staff and a focus group meeting of the Skillmax Program's teachers, educational and vocational counsellor and program manager. Key research findings are: 71.9% of all respondents had found employment since enrolling in the Skillmax Program and 67.7% were still employed when the study was conducted; 84.9% of those respondents who had completed or partially completed courses ending from six to nine months before the study was conducted had found employment and 78.5% were still employed when the study was conducted; 66.7% of those respondents in employment had found employment at the same occupational level as in their countries of birth; 52% of all respondents were either unemployed (28.1%) or underemployed (23.9%); 85.9% of those respondents in employment considered that the Skillmax Program had contributed significantly to their success in finding employment. The study compares the findings of the current study to those from a previous Skillmax Program evaluation concluded in 1992 (Mograby & Eddie, The Skillmax Program Evaluation Report, 1992). Employment outcomes of participants in the current study are significantly better than those in the previous study. The study argues that improvements in employment outcomes can primarily be attributed to program improvements made since the 1992 evaluation. The study concludes that the Skillmax Program is achieving its aims. Recommendations for program improvement and future directions for the program are made.

This new model of international trade patterns is based on differing relative labor costs derived from differing endowments of skilled and unskilled labor, when labor is in elastic supply because of social support systems. All factors other than labor are assumed to be mobile across frontiers; constant returns to scale prevail. The model predicts that (1) high wage countries will export goods intensive in skilled labor (a hierarchy is proposed from 'expensive', skilled-labor-intensive, and often new products or services, all the way to 'cheap', unskilled-labor-intensive, often old products capable of mass manufacture); (2) wage equalization across borders for the same labor type can be frustrated by social support, notably for unskilled workers in high wage countries, who will be unemployed; (3) mercantilism has a pay-off in the form of lower unemployment. The theory is tested empirically in three ways. First, assuming unit value indices (uvis) are an index of 'expensiveness', country uvis are regressed on country wages for SITC 3-digit groups in textiles, machinery, and electrical apparatus. Second, country net exports in expensive and cheap labor commodity groups are regressed on country wages. Finally, country net exports are regressed on an index of skilled-labor-intensiveness for high-wage, low-wage and intermediate-wage countries.