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The ‘Learning Meta-Learning’ dataset presented in this paper contains both categorical and continuous data of adult learners for 7 meta-learning parameters: age, gender, degree of illusion of competence, sleep duration, chronotype, experience of the imposter phenomenon, and multiple intelligences. Convenience sampling and Simple Random Sampling methods are used to structure the anonymous online survey data collection voluntarily for LML dataset creation. The responses from the 54 survey questionnaires contain raw data from 1021 current students from 11 universities in Bangladesh. The entire dataset is stored in an excel file and the entire questionnaire is accessible at (10.5281/zenodo.8112213)In this article mean and standard deviation for the participant's baseline attributes are given for scale parameters, and frequency and percentage are calculated for categorical parameters. Academic curriculum, courses as well as professional training materials can be reviewed and redesigned with a focus on the diversity of learners. How the designed courses will be learned by learners along with how they will be taught is a significant point for education in any discipline. As the survey questionnaires are set for adult learners and only current university students have participated in this survey, this dataset is appropriate for study andragogy and heutagogy but not pedagogy.

Abstract Deceleration is considered a commonly practised means to assess Foetal Heart Rate (FHR) through visual inspection and interpretation of patterns in Cardiotocography (CTG). The precision of deceleration classification relies on the accurate estimation of corresponding event points (EP) from the FHR and the Uterine Contraction Pressure (UCP). This work proposes a deceleration classification pipeline by comparing four machine learning (ML) models, namely, Multilayer Perceptron (MLP), Random Forest (RF), Naïve Bayes (NB), and Simple Logistics Regression. Towards an automated classification of deceleration from EP using the pipeline, it systematically compares three approaches to create feature sets from the detected EP: (1) a novel fuzzy logic (FL)-based approach, (2) expert annotation by clinicians, and (3) calculated using National Institute of Child Health and Human Development guidelines. The classification results were validated using different popular statistical metrics, including receiver operating characteristic curve, intra-class correlation coefficient, Deming regression, and Bland-Altman Plot. The highest classification accuracy (97.94%) was obtained with MLP when the EP was annotated with the proposed FL approach compared to RF, which obtained 63.92% with the clinician-annotated EP. The results indicate that the FL annotated feature set is the optimal one for classifying deceleration from FHR.

Machine learning (ML), sensors networks, and Internet of Things (IoT) are the most important contributor in the newest revolution in the industry. It is going towards a fully automated industrial environment where all the components including post production, pre production, supply chain and quality control would be automatically managed. Human will work more with brain, where all the physical efforts would be replaced by ML enabled intelligent robots that will perform all the tasks, where sensor networks will collect live information from the environment. All the decision would be taken on the fly from the previous records. In this work, we have tried to shed some light on the current involvement of ML and IoT in industry 4.0 environment. 28 articles were reviewed in this work which were selected through a selection process and were published between 2017 and 2022. Different tools, protocols, algorithms and the latest technologies used in the industry 4.0 environment have been analytically discussed in this work. Research gaps were tried to found out and some recommendations were provided which can be a pathway to research advancement related to industry 4.0.

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a critical hormonal disorder of women that significantly impacts life. In this new generation, women are more prone to PCOS. It is the cause of various problems, including infertility. Early detection of PCOS can reduce complexity. Therefore, an early and proper PCOS detection system is essential to minimize complications. Among all the detection techniques Machine Learning (ML) has an excellent performance in detection for its feature extraction capability. Therefore, considerable research has been carried out to detect PCOS using ML. Various ML approaches like Convolutional Neural Network, Support Vector Machine, K-Nearest-Neighbors, Random Forest, Logistic Regression, Decision Tree, Naive Bayes, etc., are used in detecting PCOS. This research aims to call attention to the researchers by presenting a descriptive and contextual overview of all the existing technologies on PCOS detection by ML algorithms. A comprehensive analysis is carried out of how various ML approaches have been used in PCOS detection over the last few decades, and the techniques are discussed thoroughly. A complete examination was studied on different datasets used in PCOS detection. The performance of several algorithms is compared in quantitative and qualitative approaches. Finally, the significant difficulties and future research scopes are discussed to draw a conclusion.

The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic is provoking a prevalent consequence on mental health because of less interaction among people, economic collapse, negativity, fear of losing jobs, and death of the near and dear ones. To express their mental state, people often are using social media as one of the preferred means. Due to reduced outdoor activities, people are spending more time on social media than usual and expressing their emotion of anxiety, fear, and depression. On a daily basis, about 2.5 quintillion bytes of data are generated on social media. Analyzing this big data can become an excellent means to evaluate the effect of COVID-19 on mental health. In this work, we have analyzed data from Twitter microblog (tweets) to find out the effect of COVID-19 on people’s mental health with a special focus on depression. We propose a novel pipeline, based on recurrent neural network (in the form of long short-term memory or LSTM) and convolutional neural network, capable of identifying depressive tweets with an accuracy of 99.42%. Preprocessed using various natural language processing techniques, the aim was to find out depressive emotion from these tweets. Analyzing over 571 thousand tweets posted between October 2019 and May 2020 by 482 users, a significant rise in depressing tweets was observed between February and May of 2020, which indicates as an impact of the long ongoing COVID-19 pandemic situation.

Epilepsy is a neurological condition affecting around 50 million individuals worldwide, reported by the World Health Organization. This is identified as a hypersensitive disease by clinical associations. The unique characteristics of Electroencephalography have proven to be stable and universal; therefore, researchers have a lot of credibilities. So, it is the most used test for Epileptic Seizure detection and prediction. This study examines the contributions that have so far been made utilizing Electroencephalography technology to detect, predict, and monitor Epileptic Seizures. We have reviewed around 56 research articles, and those papers are selected from different academic databases. The studies explored various approaches, including Machine Learning, Deep Learning, and the Internet of Things framework. A comprehensive discussion of different classification algorithms is analyzed, and their performances are explored. Furthermore, various open issues of the stated approach are discussed, and potential future works are addressed.

COVID-19 has affected many people across the globe. Though vaccines are available now, early detection of the disease plays a vital role in the better management of COVID-19 patients. An Artificial Neural Network (ANN) powered Computer Aided Diagnosis (CAD) system can automate the detection pipeline accounting for accurate diagnosis, overcoming the limitations of manual methods. This work proposes a CAD system for COVID-19 that detects and classifies abnormalities in lung CT images using Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) optimised ANN (ABCNN). The proposed ABCNN approach works by segmenting the suspicious regions from the CT images of non-COVID and COVID patients using an ABC optimised region growing process and extracting the texture and intensity features from those suspicious regions. Further, an optimised ANN model whose input features, initial weights and hidden nodes are optimised using ABC optimisation classifies those abnormal regions into COVID and non-COVID classes. The proposed ABCNN approach is evaluated using the lung CT images collected from the public datasets. In comparison to other available techniques, the proposed ABCNN approach achieved a high classification accuracy of 92.37% when evaluated using a set of 470 lung CT images.

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a prominent neurodegenerative disease that damages the neurons of the substantia nigra, causing irreversible impairments leading to involuntary movements. As this disease disrupts patients’ daily activities in a mature stage, early detection of the disease is crucial. Several methods based on nature-inspired (NI) algorithms have been proposed for PD detection and patient management. As there are several NI algorithms for feature selection, a mapping with an individual machine learning (ML) classifier is necessary to obtain optimal performance of the detection pipeline. To fill this gap, in this work, 13 NI algorithms and 11 ML classifiers were selected, and critical comparisons were performed regarding their combined performance in detecting PD. Each NI algorithm was employed to select an optimal feature set which was then classified by the 11 ML classifiers keeping the same parameters. This generated 143 NI-ML pairs, which were carefully compared to find the best-performing pairs considering several assessment criteria such as accuracy, cross-validation mean score, precision, recall and F1-score. The results of the extensive comparative analysis allowed the ranking of the algorithms in the 50th, 75th and 95th percentile to identify the best-performing pairs. The analyses revealed that 12 NI-ML models obtained a testing accuracy of over 91%, which is above the 95th percentile value. The Flower Pollination Algorithm and Extreme Gradient Boost Algorithm pair obtained the highest testing accuracy of 93%. This study revealed the remarkable performance of the boosting algorithms promoting explainable machine learning in PD detection.

Abstract This special issue editorial introduces the latest development in emerging technologies of biomedical engineering, including big medical data, artificial intelligence, cloud/fog computing, federated learning, ubiquitous computing and communication, internet of things, wireless technologies, and security and privacy. In this special issue, nine manuscripts are published related to advanced learning and computing systems for biomedical engineering.

Recent technology has modeled VANET (vehicular adhoc network) communication well in terms of privileges to derive vehicular communication technologically to save time, energy, and money. Due to the increase in powerful technology in modern times, VANETs play a vital role in uplifting daily concerns across vehicles and vehicular identities. Hence, to tune VANETs to become compatible with traditional technologies and increase demand, VANETs require upgrading. The severity and frequency of unwanted occurrences have become a considerable concern for our day-to-day lives relating to vehicular position. Thus, verily updated methodologies or working procedures are needed for the future VANET interplay to eradicate such problems occurring through vehicular identities. This article outlines in technology related to VANETS, future developments, and coping issues by deriving comprehensive frameworks, workflow patterns, upgrading procedures including big data, fog computing, SDN (software defined networking), and SIoT (social Internet of Things). This article provides a high-level overview of a complete VANET upgrade solution to address future problem management issues under a range of acceptable scientific themes, indicators, and combinations.

A mortality prediction model can be a great tool to assist physicians in decision making in the intensive care unit (ICU) in order to ensure optimal allocation of ICU resources according to the patient’s health conditions. The entire world witnessed a severe ICU patient capacity crisis a few years ago during the COVID-19 pandemic. Various widely utilized machine learning (ML) models in this research field can provide poor performance due to a lack of proper feature selection. Despite the fact that nature-based algorithms in other sectors perform well for feature selection, no comparative study on the performance of nature-based algorithms in feature selection has been conducted in the ICU mortality prediction field. Therefore, in this research, a comparison of the performance of ML models with and without feature selection was performed. In addition, explainable artificial intelligence (AI) was used to examine the contribution of features to the decision-making process. Explainable AI focuses on establishing transparency and traceability for statistical black-box machine learning techniques. Explainable AI is essential in the medical industry to foster public confidence and trust in machine learning model predictions. Three nature-based algorithms, namely the flower pollination algorithm (FPA), particle swarm algorithm (PSO), and genetic algorithm (GA), were used in this study. For the classification job, the most widely used and diversified classifiers from the literature were used, including logistic regression (LR), decision tree (DT) classifier, the gradient boosting (GB) algorithm, and the random forest (RF) algorithm. The Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care III (MIMIC-III) dataset was used to collect data on heart failure patients. On the MIMIC-III dataset, it was discovered that feature selection significantly improved the performance of the described ML models. Without applying any feature selection process on the MIMIC-III heart failure patient dataset, the accuracy of the four mentioned ML models, namely LR, DT, RF, and GB was 69.9%, 82.5%, 90.6%, and 91.0%, respectively, whereas with feature selection in combination with the FPA, the accuracy increased to 71.6%, 84.8%, 92.8%, and 91.1%, respectively, for the same dataset. Again, the FPA showed the highest area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) value of 83.0% with the RF algorithm among all other algorithms utilized in this study. Thus, it can be concluded that the use of feature selection with FPA has a profound impact on the outcome of ML models. Shapley additive explanation (SHAP) was used in this study to interpret the ML models. SHAP was used in this study because it offers mathematical assurances for the precision and consistency of explanations. It is trustworthy and suitable for both local and global explanations. It was found that the features that were selected by SHAP as most important were also most common with the features selected by the FPA. Therefore, we hope that this study will help physicians to predict ICU mortality for heart failure patients with a limited number of features and with high accuracy.

Abstract Neuronal signals generally represent activation of the neuronal networks and give insights into brain functionalities. They are considered as fingerprints of actions and their processing across different structures of the brain. These recordings generate a large volume of data that are susceptible to noise and artifacts. Therefore, the review of these data to ensure high quality by automatically detecting and removing the artifacts is imperative. Toward this aim, this work proposes a custom-developed automatic artifact removal toolbox named, SANTIA (SigMate Advanced: a Novel Tool for Identification of Artifacts in Neuronal Signals). Developed in Matlab, SANTIA is an open-source toolbox that applies neural network-based machine learning techniques to label and train models to detect artifacts from the invasive neuronal signals known as local field potentials.

Fall causes trauma or critical injury among the geriatric population which is a second leading accidental cause of post-injury mortality around the world. It is crucial to keep elderly people under supervision by ensuring proper privacy and comfort. Thus the elderly fall detection and prediction using wearable/ non-wearable sensors become an active field of research. In this work, a novel pipeline for fall detection based on wearable accelerometer data has been proposed. Three publicly available datasets have been used to validate our proposed method, and more than 7700 cross-disciplinary time-series features were investigated for each of the datasets. After following a series of feature reduction techniques such as mutual information, removing highly correlated features using the Pearson correlation coefficient, Boruta algorithm, we have obtained the dominant features for each dataset. Different classical machine learning (ML) algorithms were utilized to detect falls based on the obtained features. For individual datasets, the simple ML classifiers achieved very good accuracy. We trained our pipeline with two of the three datasets and tested with the remaining one dataset until all three datasets were used as the test set to show the generalization capability of our proposed pipeline. A set of 39 high-performing features is selected, and the classifiers were trained with them. For all the cases, the proposed pipeline showed excellent efficiency in detecting falls. This architecture performed better than most of the existing works in all the used publicly available datasets, proving the supremacy of the proposed data analysis pipeline.

An earthquake is a tremor felt on the surface of the earth created by the movement of the major pieces of its outer shell. Till now, many attempts have been made to forecast earthquakes, which saw some success, but these attempted models are specific to a region. In this paper, an earthquake occurrence and location prediction model is proposed. After reviewing the literature, long short-term memory (LSTM) is found to be a good option for building the model because of its memory-keeping ability. Using the Keras tuner, the best model was selected from candidate models, which are composed of combinations of various LSTM architectures and dense layers. This selected model used seismic indicators from the earthquake catalog of Bangladesh as features to predict earthquakes of the following month. Attention mechanism was added to the LSTM architecture to improve the model’s earthquake occurrence prediction accuracy, which was 74.67%. Additionally, a regression model was built using LSTM and dense layers to predict the earthquake epicenter as a distance from a predefined location, which provided a root mean square error of 1.25.

The Internet of Things (IoT) has emerged as a technology capable of connecting heterogeneous nodes/objects, such as people, devices, infrastructure, and makes our daily lives simpler, safer, and fruitful. Being part of a large network of heterogeneous devices, these nodes are typically resource-constrained and became the weakest link to the cyber attacker. Classical encryption techniques have been employed to ensure the data security of the IoT network. However, high-level encryption techniques cannot be employed in IoT devices due to the limitation of resources. In addition, node security is still a challenge for network engineers. Thus, we need to explore a complete solution for IoT networks that can ensure nodes and data security. The rule-based approaches and shallow and deep machine learning algorithms– branches of Artificial Intelligence (AI)– can be employed as countermeasures along with the existing network security protocols. This paper presented a comprehensive layer-wise survey on IoT security threats, and the AI-based security models to impede security threats. Finally, open challenges and future research directions are addressed for the safeguard of the IoT network.

Predicting the time, location and magnitude of an earthquake is a challenging job as an earthquake does not show specific patterns resulting in inaccurate predictions. Techniques based on Artificial Intelligence (AI) are well known for their capability to find hidden patterns in data. In the case of earthquake prediction, these models also produce a promising outcome. This work systematically explores the contributions made to date in earthquake prediction using AI-based techniques. A total of 84 scientific research papers, which reported the use of AI-based techniques in earthquake prediction, have been selected from different academic databases. These studies include a range of AI techniques including rule-based methods, shallow machine learning and deep learning algorithms. Covering all existing AI-based techniques in earthquake prediction, this article provides an account of the available methodologies and a comparative analysis of their performances. The performance comparison has been reported from the perspective of used datasets and evaluation metrics. Furthermore, using comparative analysis of performances the paper aims to facilitate the selection of appropriate techniques for earthquake prediction. Towards the end, it outlines some open challenges and potential research directions in the field.

Connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs) have witnessed significant attention from industries, and academia for research and developments towards the on-road realisation of the technology. State-of-the-art CAVs utilise existing navigation systems for mobility and travel path planning. However, reliable connectivity to navigation systems is not guaranteed, particularly in urban road traffic environments with high-rise buildings, nearby roads and multi-level flyovers. In this connection, this paper presents TAKEN-Traffic Knowledge-based Navigation for enabling CAVs in urban road traffic environments. A traffic analysis model is proposed for mining the sensor-oriented traffic data to generate a precise navigation path for the vehicle. A knowledge-sharing method is developed for collecting and generating new traffic knowledge from on-road vehicles. CAVs navigation is executed using the information enabled by traffic knowledge and analysis. The experimental performance evaluation results attest to the benefits of TAKEN in the precise navigation of CAVs in urban traffic environments.

Current developments in nanotechnology make electromagnetic communication possible at the nanoscale for applications involving body sensor networks (BSNs). This specialized branch of wireless sensor networks, drawing attention from diverse fields, such as engineering, medicine, biology, physics, and computer science, has emerged as an important research area contributing to medical treatment, social welfare, and sports. The concept is based on the interaction of integrated nanoscale machines by means of wireless communications. One key hurdle for advancing nanocommunications is the lack of an apposite networking protocol to address the upcoming needs of the nanonetworks. Recently, some key challenges have been identified, such as nanonodes with extreme energy constraints, limited computational capabilities, terahertz frequency bands with limited transmission range, and so on, in designing protocols for wireless nanosensor networks. This work proposes an improved performance scheme of nanocommunication over terahertz bands for wireless BSNs making it suitable for smart e-health applications. The scheme contains - a new energy-efficient forwarding routine for electromagnetic communication in wireless nanonetworks consisting of hybrid clusters with centralized scheduling; a model designed for channel behavior taking into account the aggregated impact of molecular absorption, spreading loss, and shadowing; and an energy model for energy harvesting and consumption. The outage probability is derived for both single and multilinks and extended to determine the outage capacity. The outage probability for a multilink is derived using a cooperative fusion technique at a predefined fusion node. Simulated using a nano-sim simulator, performance of the proposed model has been evaluated for energy efficiency, outage capacity, and outage probability. The results demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed scheme through maximized energy utilization in both single and multihop communications; multisensor fusion at the fusion node enhances the link quality of the transmission.

The use of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) hybridization to detect disease-related gene expression is a valuable diagnostic tool. An ion-sensitive field-effect transistor (ISFET) with a graphene layer has been utilized for detecting DNA hybridization. Silicene is a two-dimensional silicon allotrope with structural properties similar to graphene. Thus, it has recently experienced intensive scientific research interest due to its unique electrical, mechanical, and sensing characteristics. In this paper, we proposed an ISFET structure with silicene and electrolyte layers for the label-free detection of DNA hybridization. When DNA hybridization occurs, it changes the ion concentration in the surface layer of the silicene and the pH level of the electrolyte solution. The process also changes the quantum capacitance of the silicene layer and the electrical properties of the ISFET device. The quantum capacitance and the corresponding resonant frequency readout of the silicene and graphene are compared. The performance evaluation found that the changes in quantum capacitance, resonant frequency, and tuning ratio indicate that the sensitivity of silicene is much more effective than graphene.

The first case in Bangladesh of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) was reported on 8 March 2020, with the number of confirmed cases rapidly rising to over 175,000 by July 2020. In the absence of effective treatment, an essential tool of health policy is the modeling and forecasting of the progress of the pandemic. We, therefore, developed a cloud-based machine learning short-term forecasting model for Bangladesh, in which several regression-based machine learning models were applied to infected case data to estimate the number of COVID-19-infected people over the following seven days. This approach can accurately forecast the number of infected cases daily by training the prior 25 days sample data recorded on our web application. The outcomes of these efforts could aid the development and assessment of prevention strategies and identify factors that most affect the spread of COVID-19 infection in Bangladesh.