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AbstractPeanut is the most important oil seed in the world and is becoming a valuable source of plant protein and other important functional ingredients. The present study was designed to explore the nutritional, microbiological, and sensorial properties of the functional cookies enriched with defatted peanut cake flour (DPCF). Peanut seeds were roasted in a microwave, and oil was extracted using a mechanical extruder. The leftover peanut cake residues were collected and utilized for the development of cookies. The mechanical grinder was used to grind the peanut cake into flour. Afterward, DPCF was added at different levels (0, 3, 7, 10, and 14%) to prepare functional and therapeutic cookies. The cookies were tested for their biochemical (proximate, mineral, and antioxidant), microbiological (Mold count), physical, and sensorial attributes. The results showed that the mineral content i.e. calcium, iron, magnesium, zinc, manganese, phosphorus, and potassium in the wheat and DPCF were 21, 1.21, 23, 0.80, 0.73, 137, 134.62 and 178.5, 3.81, 49.68, 5.28, 4.95, 730, 1266.50 mg/100 g, respectively. The antioxidant profile of functional cookies was found to be best in the T4 (14% peanut cake flour) TPC (4.33 ± 0.08 GAE mg/g) and DPPH (1.11 ± 0.06 AAE mg/g), whereas the Control sample has the lowest TPC (1.04 ± 0.02 GAE mg/g) and DPPH (0.18 ± 0.01 AAE mg/g). The thickness, diameter and spread ratio were 3.94–5.54, 31.09–24.98 and 7.82–5.1 mm, respectively. In conclusion, defatted peanut cake flour (DPCF) is a great option to be added in precise amounts (14% of the total) to fill the nutritional gap in cookies.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of solar drying and oven drying methods on the quality parameters of dried basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) leaves. The dried basil leaves were dehydrated at three different levels of temperature (T1, T2, and T3 = 50 °C, 55 °C, and 60 °C) using a solar tunnel dryer and an electrical oven dryer. Drying time, energy consumption, dehydration ratio, rehydration ratio, pH, and reducing sugar were observed after drying the basil leaves. The results showed that solar drying at 55 °C required the least energy (0.431 kWh) and took the shortest amount of time (110 min) to complete, whereas oven drying consumed more energy. Additionally, oven drying maintained a low pH (4.30) and reducing sugar level (2.24), extending the shelf life of the dried basil leaves, compared to solar drying. Based on energy consumption, drying time, and mineral contents, the solar drying using a solar tunnel dryer was deemed more suitable than oven drying. The best temperature for drying was determined to be 55 °C, which provided a short drying time, the least energy consumption and a statistically non-significant loss of mineral contents and dehydration ratio. Moreover, solar drying demonstrated a significantly higher speed, with a 6.7-times higher drying rate compared to oven drying, with significantly less energy consumption.

More than 40 species of lampreys (Petromyzontiformes) are known worldwide. Some of them are parasitic and feed on the blood of fish or other aquatic animals. Lampreys spawn once in their lifetime, after which they die. One of the representatives of the ichthyofauna of European rivers is the river lamprey, Lampetra fluviatilis. The river lamprey is now an endangered species due to loss and degradation of their habitats. The present study investigated gonadal development without hormonal stimulation in female river lampreys during puberty under controlled conditions for a period of seven months. Female river lampreys were kept in conditions that mimicked the natural environment. During the November–May period, samples were taken monthly to determine the extent of gonadal development and gastrointestinal and liver changes using histological examination. From the results obtained, the dynamical changes were determined for the following: gonadosomatic index (GSI; %), hepatosomatic index (his; %), and digestivesomatic index (DSI; %). With the gonadal development of female lampreys, an increase in GSI (7–23%; November–May) and a decrease in DSI (0.4–0.1%; November–May) histological changes were observed in the gonads (oocyte development), intestines (over time, decreased lipid vacuoles and enterocyte apoptosis), and in the liver (decreased lipid vacuoles and hepatocyte apoptosis over time) and in the digestive system resulting from its degradation. Also, it was observed that there was a change in the color of the liver to green in April. This study demonstrated the key role of the liver in the oocyte maturation process in this species.

The main purpose of this article is to construct a new class of multivariate Legendre-Hermite-Apostol type Frobenius-Euler polynomials. A number of significant analytical characterizations of these polynomials using various generating function techniques are provided in a methodical manner. These enactments involve explicit relations comprising Hurwitz-Lerch zeta functions and λ-Stirling numbers of the second kind, recurrence relations, and summation formulae. The symmetry identities for these polynomials are established by connecting generalized integer power sums, double power sums and Hurwitz-Lerch zeta functions. In the end, these polynomials are also characterized Svia an algebraic matrix based approach.

The growing expansion of the economy and population has resulted in an increased inclination towards the utilization of groundwater resources. Conducting a geophysical survey is a widely employed method for subsurface mapping and the detection of groundwater. A geophysical study was conducted in Nanshan township, Huarong County, located in the Hunan province of the South-Central region of China. The investigation involved the utilization of a 2D electrical resistivity imaging technique employing forward and inverse pole–dipole electrode arrays. A total of six survey lines were established, each with an electrode distance from the nearest measuring point exceeding 800 m. The maximum current electrode separation was utilized in this setup. The spacing between the electrical resistivity sounding points was established at regular intervals. The findings from the exploration indicate the existence of multiple faults within the surveyed region. The study additionally identified two regions of structural failure, which occurred due to the convergence of faults oriented in different directions. This convergence led to the fracturing of rocks, an increase in water content, and a decrease in resistivity. The findings from the exploration were utilized in the formulation of five verification target boreholes. The results of this study offer significant insights that can inform future investigations into groundwater exploration endeavors within the region.

Increasing demand for functional materials crucial for advancing new technologies has motivated significant scientific and industrial research efforts. High-entropy materials (HEMs), with tunable properties, are gaining attention for their use in high-frequency transformers, microwave devices, multiferroics, and high-density magnetic memory components. The initial exploration of HEMs started with high-entropy alloys (HASs), such as CrMnFeCoNi, CuCoNiCrAlxFe, and AlCoCrTiZn and paved the way for a multitude of HEM variations, including oxides, oxyfluorides, borides, carbides, nitrides, sulfides, and phosphides. In this study, we fabricated the high-entropy oxide (HEO) compound Bi0.5La0.1In0.1Y0.1Nd0.1Gd0.1FeO3 through the solid-state synthesis method. Magnetic measurements at 300 K show ferromagnetic behavior with significant coercivity. At the same time, this novel composition exhibits excellent dielectric properties and shows potential for electronic applications demonstrating that a high-entropy approach can expand the compositional range of rare earth multiferroics and improve the multifunctional properties in multiferroic applications.

This paper presents a novel framework for introducing generalized 1-parameter 3-variable Hermite polynomials. These polynomials are characterized through generating functions and series definitions, elucidating their fundamental properties. Moreover, utilising a factorisation method, this study establishes recurrence relations, shift operators, and various differential equations, including differential, integro-differential, and partial differential equations.

The global challenge of air pollution’s adverse health effects, particularly highlighted in Dhaka, Bangladesh, underscores the significant impact of particulate matter (PM) exposure. This study aims to assess the current sources of PM2.5 emissions in different microenvironments around Dhaka and explore potential risk factors to assess individual 24 h exposure to PM2.5. A commercially available low-cost sensor was utilized for collecting data for 15 days under various environmental conditions. The average concentrations for PM1.0, PM2.5, and PM10 were 37.05 ± 24.36 µg/m3, 57.22 ± 40.75 µg/m3, and 69.22 ± 48.46 µg/m3, respectively. The highest PM2.5 concentrations were found (78.87 ± 53.69 μg/m3) in restaurants and residences (62.35 ± 41.70 μg/m3), while air-conditioned shopping malls exhibited the lowest concentrations (20.08 ± 15.57 μg/m3). Driving with windows closed and utilizing air conditioning resulted in a 33–52% reduction in PM2.5 concentrations inside the car. The Hazard Quotient (HQ) for PM2.5 varied by location, with a low level observed in the air-conditioned locations and a moderate level observed in restaurants and non-air-conditioned shopping malls. The significance of this study lies in its potential to inform public health strategies and urban planning initiatives aimed at reducing air pollution exposure in highly populated cities like Dhaka.

In this study, we derive multiple incomplete matrix Mittag-Leffler (ML) functions. We systematically investigate several properties of these incomplete matrix ML functions, which include some general properties and distinct representations of integral transforms. We further study the properties of the Riemann–Liouville fractional integrals and derivatives related to the incomplete matrix ML functions. Additionally, some interesting special cases of this work are highlighted. Finally, we establish the solution to the kinetic equations as an application.

Cardiovascular prosthetic devices, stents, prosthetic valves, heart-assist pumps, etc., operate in a wide regime of flows characterized by fluid dynamic flow structures, laminar and turbulent flows, unsteady flow patterns, vortices, and other flow disturbances. These flow disturbances cause shear stress, hemolysis, platelet activation, thrombosis, and other types of blood trauma, leading to neointimal hyperplasia, neoatherosclerosis, pannus overgrowth, etc. Couette-type blood-shearing devices are used to simulate and then clinically measure blood trauma, after which the results can be used to assist in the design of the cardiovascular prosthetic devices. However, previous designs for such blood-shearing devices do not cover the whole range of flow shear, Reynolds numbers, and Taylor numbers characteristic of all types of implanted cardiovascular prosthetic devices, limiting the general applicability of clinical data obtained by tests using different blood-shearing devices. This paper presents the key fluid dynamic parameters that must be met. Based on this, Couette device geometric parameters such as diameter, gap, flow rate, shear stress, and temperature are carefully selected to ensure that the device’s Reynolds numbers, Taylor number, operating temperature, and shear stress in the gap fully represent the flow characteristics across the operating range of all types of cardiovascular prosthetic devices. The outcome is that the numerical data obtained from the presented device can be related to all such prosthetic devices and all flow conditions, making the results obtained with such shearing devices widely applicable across the field. Numerical simulations illustrate that the types of flow patterns generated in the blood-shearing device meet the above criteria.

This paper introduces the operational rule for 2-iterated 2D Appell polynomials and derives its generalized form using fractional operators. It also presents the generating relation and explicit forms that characterize the generalized 2-iterated 2D Appell polynomials. Additionally, it establishes the monomiality principle for these polynomials and obtains their recurrence relations. The paper also establishes corresponding results for the generalized 2-iterated 2D Bernoulli, 2-iterated 2D Euler, and 2-iterated 2D Genocchi polynomials.

Snow leopards (Panthera uncia) are elusive predators inhabiting high-altitude and mountainous rugged habitats. The current study was conducted in the Yanchiwan National Nature Reserve, Gansu Province, China, to assess the habitat suitability of snow leopards and identify key environmental factors inducing their distribution. Field data collected between 2019 and 2022 through scat sampling and camera trapping techniques provided insights into snow leopard habitat preferences. Spatial distribution and cluster analyses show distinct hotspots of high habitat suitability, mostly concentrated near mountainous landscapes. While altitude remains a critical determinant, with places above 3300 m showing increased habitat suitability, other factors such as soil type, human footprint, forest cover, prey availability, and human disturbance also play important roles. These variables influence ecological dynamics and are required to assess and manage snow leopard habitats. The MaxEnt model has helped us to better grasp these issues, particularly the enormous impact of human activities on habitat suitability. The current study highlights the importance of altitude in determining snow leopard habitat preferences and distribution patterns in the reserve. Furthermore, the study underscores the significance of considering elevation in conservation planning and management strategies for snow leopards, particularly in mountainous regions. By combining complete environmental data with innovative modeling tools, this study not only improves local conservation efforts but also serves as a model for similar wildlife conservation initiatives around the world. By understanding the environmental factors driving snow leopard distribution, conservation efforts can be more efficiently directed to ensure the long-term survival of this endangered species. This study provides valuable insights for evidence-based conservation efforts to safeguard the habitats of snow leopards amidst emerging anthropogenic pressure and environmental fluctuations.

The automotive sector faces escalating security risks due to advances in wireless communication technology. Expanding on our previous research using a sensor pairing technique and machine learning models to evaluate IoT sensor data reliability, this study broadens its scope to address security concerns in Connected and Autonomous Vehicles (CAVs). The objectives of this research include identifying and mitigating specific security vulnerabilities related to CAVs, thereby establishing a comprehensive understanding of the risks these vehicles face. Additionally, our study introduces two innovative pairing approaches. The first approach focuses on pairing Electronic Control Units (ECUs) within individual vehicles, while the second extends to pairing entire vehicles, termed as vehicle pairing. Rigorous preprocessing of the dataset was carried out to ensure its readiness for subsequent model training. Leveraging Support Vector Machine (SVM) and TinyML methods for data validation and attack detection, we have been able to achieve an impressive accuracy rate of 97.2%. The proposed security approach notably contributes to the security of CAVs against potential cyber threats. The experimental setup demonstrates the practical application and effectiveness of TinyML in embedded systems within CAVs. Importantly, our proposed solution ensures that these security enhancements do not impose additional memory or network loads on the ECUs. This is accomplished by delegating the intensive cross-validation to the central module or Roadside Units (RSUs). This novel approach not only contributes to mitigating various security loopholes, but paves the way for scalable, efficient solutions for resource-constrained automotive systems.

This research aims to introduce and examine a new type of polynomial called the Δh Legendre–Appell polynomials. We use the monomiality principle and operational rules to define the Δh Legendre–Appell polynomials and explore their properties. We derive the generating function and recurrence relations for these polynomials and their explicit formulas, recurrence relations, and summation formulas. We also verify the monomiality principle for these polynomials and express them in determinant form. Additionally, we establish similar results for the Δh Legendre–Bernoulli, Euler, and Genocchi polynomials.

Bassia indica (Wight) A.J. Scott is an Indian origin plant with documented medicinal and nutritional value, but has not been fully characterized yet. The present study was designed to establish pharmacognostic standards for the proper identification of the B. indica plant and its chemical characterization. The plant was standardized with World Health Organization (WHO) standardization tools and chemically characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis. Antibacterial potential was assessed by the zone of inhibition and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and molecular docking studies were also performed. Pharmacognostic evaluation established the macroscopic and microscopic parameters for the identification of whole plant and its powder. Physicochemical parameters were also set forth while quantitative phytochemical analysis showed that the ethyl acetate fraction had the highest quantity of phenols, flavonoids, and tannins. FTIR analysis showed several functional groups such as phenols, alkanes, and alcohols while 55 phytochemicals were identified in the GC-MS analysis of the crude fraction. The crude extract and other fractions showed marked antibacterial activity, while the ethyl acetate fraction showed the least MIC (1.95–31.25 mg/mL). Phytochemicals identified in the GC-MS showed good molecular docking interactions against the DNA gyrase subunit B of bacteria with binding energies ranging from −4.2 to −9.4 kcal/mol. The current study describes the pharmacognostic characterization and phytochemical profiling of B. indica and provides scientific evidence to support its use in infections.

(1) Background: The maltreatment of child labourers is a major public health concern. There is a dearth of research in Bangladesh on the intentional maltreatment of child labourers. This study explored the risk factors for the maltreatment of child labourers in rural Bangladesh based on the knowledge and understanding of experts; (2) Methods: Seventeen interviews were conducted with experts who were sampled using a purposeful approach. A thematic analysis was performed to analyse data using NVivo; (3) Results: Child labourers were exposed to maltreatment due to their demographic, their young age, dropping out of school, health complications, and excessive dependency on employers. Socio-cultural adversities such as corporal punishment practices, social stratification, and family disorganization pose risks of experiencing maltreatment. Economic poverty is also a factor. Child labourers were found to be victimized if they worked in violence prone sectors. Significantly, the unregulated market structure and the lack of monitoring has also led to the exploitation of children in the workplace. Gaps in public policies were also identified as risk factor for the maltreatment of child labourers; (4) Conclusion: There is a need for adequate evidence-based research on the determinants of the maltreatment of child labourers to formulate adequate policy.

Karen Mulder was not included as an author in the original publication [...]

The objective of this article is to examine, stabilize, and linearize the incompressible magnetohydrodynamic model equations. The approximate solutions are carried out through the lowest equal order mixed finite element (FE) approach, involving variables such as fluid velocity, hydro pressure, magnetic field, and magnetic pressure. The formulation of the variational form for the approximate solution necessitates the use of a pair of approximating spaces. However, these spaces cannot be arbitrarily chosen; they must adhere to strict stability conditions, notably the Ladyzhenskaya–Babuska–Brezzi (LBB) or inf-sup condition. This study addresses the absence of stabilization and linearization techniques in the incompressible magnetohydrodynamic model equations using the lowest equal order mixed finite element approach. The article introduces a stabilization technique to meet two stability conditions, proving its existence and uniqueness. This novel approach was not previously explored in the literature. The proposed stabilized technique does not necessitate parameters or computing higher-order derivatives, making it computationally efficient. The study offers numerical tests demonstrating optimal convergence and effectiveness of the revised approach in two-dimensional settings.

Recent developments of orthopedic implant applications have discovered a variety of new metallic biomaterials known as β-type titanium alloys. The μ-WEDM (micro-wire electro discharge machining) surface treatment technique, capable of improving the surface properties of orthopedic implants, was studied in a machining Ti-29Nb-13Ta-4.6Zr alloy. This study aimed to evaluate material removal rate (MRR), kerf width, average surface roughness, microhardness and antibacterial response at different machining parameters which are capacitance (1 nF, 10 nF and 100 nF) and gap voltage (80 V, 95 V and 110 V). The Taguchi method was used to optimize the mentioned output parameters, while ANOVA (analysis of variance) described the significance and contribution of capacitance and gap voltage. Grey relation analysis (GRA) was conducted to perform multiple output optimization. For antibacterial response, cultivations of B. subtilis, E. coli, P. aeruginosa and S. aureus bacteria on treated surfaces for 72 h were performed. As the results, optimal values of MRR, kerf width, crater area, average surface roughness and microhardness were equal to 0.0637 mm3/min, 93.0 μm, 21.8 μm2, 0.348 μm and 442 HV, respectively. Meanwhile, μ-WEDM treatment improved antibacterial properties while the highest antibacterial response was achieved at the lowest average surface roughness resulting in least biofilm formation on treated surfaces.

Sabrina Shahid, Mahdi Sadeghi Medical Education, King’s College London, London, UKCorrespondence: Sabrina Shahid, Medical Education, King’s College London, Guys Campus Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 1UL, UK, Email sabrina.shahid@kcl.ac.uk

Sabrina Shahid, Mahdi Sadeghi, Fathima Simla Mohamed Sajahan Medical Education, King’s College London, London, UKCorrespondence: Mahdi Sadeghi, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 1UL, UK, Email Mahdi.Sadeghi@kcl.ac.uk

Sabrina Shahid, Mahdi Sadeghi, Yusuf Alghabra Medical Education, King’s College London, London, UKCorrespondence: Mahdi Sadeghi, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 1UL, UK, Email Mahdi.Sadeghi@kcl.ac.uk

Larissa Catherine Berry,* Sabrina Shahid,* Mahdi Sadeghi* Medical Education, King’s College London, London, UK*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Mahdi Sadeghi, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 1UL, United Kingdom, Email Mahdi.Sadeghi@kcl.ac.uk

Mahdi Sadeghi, Sabrina Shahid Medical Education, King’s College London, London, UKCorrespondence: Mahdi Sadeghi, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 1UL, UK, Email Mahdi.Sadeghi@kcl.ac.uk

Mahdi Sadeghi, Sabrina Shahid Medical Education, King’s College London, London, UKCorrespondence: Mahdi Sadeghi, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 1UL, United Kingdom, Email Mahdi.Sadeghi@kcl.ac.uk

The SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic that has claimed the lives of 6.9 million people and infected over 765 million. It has become a major worldwide health problem and is also known to cause abnormalities in various systems, including the hematologic system. COVID-19 infection primarily affects the lower respiratory tract and can lead to a cascade of events, including a cytokine storm, intravascular thrombosis, and subsequent complications such as arterial and venous thromboses. COVID-19 can cause thrombocytopenia, lymphopenia, and neutrophilia, which are associated with worse outcomes. Prophylactic anticoagulation is essential to prevent complications and death rates associated with the virus’s effect on the coagulation system. It is crucial to recognize these complications early and promptly start therapeutic anticoagulation to improve patient outcomes. While rare, COVID-19-induced disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) exhibits some similarities to DIC induced by sepsis. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), D-dimer, ferritin, and C-reactive protein (CRP) biomarkers often increase in serious COVID-19 cases and poor prognosis. Understanding the pathophysiology of the disease and identifying risk factors for adverse outcomes is critical for effective management of COVID-19.

The 24th annual Western Canadian Gastrointestinal Cancer Consensus Conference (WCGCCC) was held in Richmond, British Columbia, on 28–29 October 2022. The WCGCCC is an interactive multidisciplinary conference attended by healthcare professionals from across Western Canada (British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba) who are involved in the care of patients with gastrointestinal cancer. Surgical, medical, and radiation oncologists; pathologists; radiologists; and allied health care professionals such as dieticians, nurses and a genetic counsellor participated in presentation and discussion sessions for the purpose of developing the recommendations presented here. This consensus statement addresses current issues in the management of colorectal cancer.

Severe climatic and environmental conditions warrant the use of stabilization agents in aid of compaction for sustainable improvement in engineering properties of clays. Physicochemical agents are a viable option because they are cost effective, environmentally friendly, and offer improved long-term performance of treated soils. This research developed a fundamental understanding of the clay–water–electrolyte admixtures relations. Based on a comprehensive literature review, the effect of nanomaterials, biopolymers, and geopolymers on the behavior of compacted clays was investigated. It was found that all of these admixtures facilitate the development of an aggregated soil microstructure through unique mechanisms. Biopolymers have the highest water adsorption capacity followed by geopolymers and then by nanomaterials. The effect of admixtures on optimum compaction properties follows a decreasing trend similar to untreated clays (S = 80% ± 20%). The variation of hydraulic conductivity, compression index, and compressive strength are largely within the family of curves identified by typical relationships for compacted clays. These preliminary findings indicate that not all engineering properties are improved to the same level by the different types of physicochemical admixtures. The specific nature of geotechnical engineering (soil type and site conditions) as well as the wide range of admixture types and potential biodegradation of some of the reagents are the major shortcoming of using this class of materials.

Purpose—The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of spiritual leadership on knowledge-hiding behavior in agriculture research institutes of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The study aims to analyze theoretical and empirical evidence regarding the mediation pathway, specifically professional commitment, in order to clarify the significant association between spiritual leadership and subordinates’ knowledge-hiding behavior. Design/methodology—This survey-based study used cross-sectional data and a five-point Likert scale to investigate the given hypotheses. In order to address the primacy effect and mitigate any potential for common method bias, data were collected at two distinct time points, with a four-week interval between them. Smart PLS4 was used to assess a sample of 298 complete and valid responses for hypothesis testing. Findings—The results show that spiritual leadership has a negative impact on employees’ knowledge-hiding behavior. Additionally, this relationship is mediated by professional commitment. Originality/value—First, in contrast to the majority of previous studies, which focused on the factors influencing knowledge sharing, the present study investigates the influence of spiritual leadership on employees’ knowledge-hiding behaviors, which are two contrasting concepts. Secondly, the study empirically examined the mediation effect of professional commitment. These three variables have not previously been studied together.

Developing popcorn genotypes that are adapted to water-deficit conditions is crucial due to the significant impact of this abiotic stress on grain yield. This study aimed to assess the combining abilities of preselected popcorn lines for agronomic and root traits under well-watered and water-stressed conditions. A circulating diallel analysis was conducted to investigate the effects of the general and specific combining abilities of 10 lines and their respective hybrids for various traits, including productivity, popping expansion, expanded popcorn volume, 100-grain weight, ear length, ear width, support root angle, crown root angle, number of support roots, number of crown roots, density of support roots, and density of crown roots. Non-additive action genes predominantly influenced the agronomic traits under both water conditions. In contrast, the root traits displayed a greater proportion of additive action gene expression under both conditions, despite being significantly affected by the environment. Lines L61, L71, and L76 demonstrated positive and high effects for general combining ability. The hybrids L65/L76, L71/L76, and L61/L75, in addition to exhibiting satisfactory effects of their specific combining ability, also displayed the most favorable phenotypic responses for most agronomic and root traits, making them ideal candidates for inclusion in popcorn breeding programs aiming to develop drought-tolerant genotypes.

Abstract In the recent couple of years, due to the accelerated popularity of the internet, various organizations such as government offices, military, private companies, etc. use different transferring methods for exchanging their information. The Internet has various benefits and some demerits, but the primary bad mark is security of information transmission over an unreliable network, and widely uses of images. So, Steganography is the state of the art of implanting a message in the cover objects, that nobody can suspect or identify it. Therefore, in the field of cover steganography, it is very critical to track down a mechanism for concealing data by utilizing different blends of compression strategies. Amplifying the payload limit, and robustness, and working on the visual quality are the vital factors of this research to make a reliable mechanism. Different cover steganography research strategies have been recommended, and each adores its benefits and impediments but there is a need to foster some better cover steganography implements to accomplish dependability between the essential model of cover steganography. To handle these issues, in this paper we proposed a method in view of Huffman code, Least Significant Bits (LSB) based cover steganography utilizing Multi-Level Encryption (MLE) and colorless part (HC-LSBIS-MLE-AC) of the picture. It also used different substitution and flicking concepts, MLE, Magic matrix, and achromatic concepts for proving the proficiency, and significance of the method. The algorithm was also statistically investigated based on some Statistical Assessment Metrics (SAM) such as Mean Square Error (MSE), Peak Signal Noise Ratio (PSNR), Normalized Cross Correlation (NCC), Structural Similarity Index Metric (SSIM), etc. and different perspectives. The observational outcomes show the likelihood of the proposed algorithm and the capacity to give unwavering quality between security, payload, perception, computation, and temper protection.

Abstract Craniosynostosis is characterized by the premature fusion and ossification of one or more of the sutures of the calvaria, often resulting in abnormal features of the face and the skull. In cases in which growth of the brain supersedes available space within the skull, developmental delay or cognitive impairment can occur. A complex interplay of different cell types and multiple signaling pathways are required for correct craniofacial development. In this study, we report on two siblings with craniosynostosis and a homozygous missense pathogenic variant within the IL11RA gene (c.919 T > C; p.W307R). The patients present with craniosynostosis, exophthalmos, delayed tooth eruption, mild platybasia, and a basilar invagination. The p.W307R variant is located within the arginine-tryptophan-zipper within the D3 domain of the IL-11R, a structural element known to be important for the stability of the cytokine receptor. Expression of IL-11R-W307R in cells shows impaired maturation of the IL-11R, no transport to the cell surface and intracellular retention. Accordingly, cells stably expressing IL-11R-W307R do not respond when stimulated with IL-11, arguing for a loss-of-function mutation. In summary, the IL-11R-W307R variant, reported here for the first time to our knowledge, is most likely the causative variant underlying craniosynostosis in these patients.

Abstract Background Muscle wasting during cancer cachexia is mediated by protein degradation via autophagy and ubiquitin‐linked proteolysis. These processes are sensitive to changes in intracellular pH ([pH]i) and reactive oxygen species, which in skeletal muscle are partly regulated by histidyl dipeptides, such as carnosine. These dipeptides, synthesized by the enzyme carnosine synthase (CARNS), remove lipid peroxidation‐derived aldehydes, and buffer [pH]i. Nevertheless, their role in muscle wasting has not been studied. Methods Histidyl dipeptides in the rectus abdominis (RA) muscle and red blood cells (RBCs) of male and female controls (n = 37), weight stable (WS: n = 35), and weight losing (WL; n = 30) upper gastrointestinal cancer (UGIC) patients, were profiled by LC–MS/MS. Expression of enzymes and amino acid transporters, involved in carnosine homeostasis, was measured by Western blotting and RT‐PCR. Skeletal muscle myotubes were treated with Lewis lung carcinoma conditioned medium (LLC CM), and β‐alanine to study the effects of enhancing carnosine production on muscle wasting. Results Carnosine was the predominant dipeptide present in the RA muscle. In controls, carnosine levels were higher in men (7.87 ± 1.98 nmol/mg tissue) compared with women (4.73 ± 1.26 nmol/mg tissue; P = 0.002). In men, carnosine was significantly reduced in both the WS (5.92 ± 2.04 nmol/mg tissue, P = 0.009) and WL (6.15 ± 1.90 nmol/mg tissue; P = 0.030) UGIC patients, compared with controls. In women, carnosine was decreased in the WL UGIC (3.42 ± 1.33 nmol/mg tissue; P = 0.050), compared with WS UGIC patients (4.58 ± 1.57 nmol/mg tissue), and controls (P = 0.025). Carnosine was significantly reduced in the combined WL UGIC patients (5.12 ± 2.15 nmol/mg tissue) compared with controls (6.21 ± 2.24 nmol/mg tissue; P = 0.045). Carnosine was also significantly reduced in the RBCs of WL UGIC patients (0.32 ± 0.24 pmol/mg protein), compared with controls (0.49 ± 0.31 pmol/mg protein, P = 0.037) and WS UGIC patients (0.51 ± 0.40 pmol/mg protein, P = 0.042). Depletion of carnosine diminished the aldehyde‐removing ability in the muscle of WL UGIC patients. Carnosine levels were positively associated with decreases in skeletal muscle index in the WL UGIC patients. CARNS expression was decreased in the muscle of WL UGIC patients and myotubes treated with LLC‐CM. Treatment with β‐alanine, a carnosine precursor, enhanced endogenous carnosine production and decreased ubiquitin‐linked protein degradation in LLC‐CM treated myotubes. Conclusions Depletion of carnosine could contribute to muscle wasting in cancer patients by lowering the aldehyde quenching abilities. Synthesis of carnosine by CARNS in myotubes is particularly affected by tumour derived factors and could contribute to carnosine depletion in WL UGIC patients. Increasing carnosine in skeletal muscle may be an effective therapeutic intervention to prevent muscle wasting in cancer patients.

Abstract Background Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD) is a primary immunodeficiency that causes susceptibility to recurrent fungal and bacterial infections. The CYBB gene encodes gp91phox component of the Phagocytic Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase and specifically, X-linked CGD is caused by mutations in the CYBB gene, located on the X chromosome. The aim of the study was to characterize functional and genetic mutations in X-linked CGD. Methods Functional analysis was conducted on the whole blood of seventeen male individuals who were suspected to have X-linked chronic granulomatous disease (CGD). Flow cytometry was employed to assess the capacity of NADPH oxidase, measuring both H2O2 production and gp91phox protein expression in neutrophils. Additionally, DNA Sanger sequencing was performed for genetic analysis. The pathogenicity of novel mutations was assessed by pathogenicity prediction tools. Result Among the seventeen patients evaluated, five patients (P1, P2, P3, P4, and P5) displayed impaired H2O2 production by their neutrophils upon stimulation with Phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), accompanied by abnormal gp91phox expression. DNA sequencing of the CYBB gene identified specific mutations in each patient. In P1 and P2 (previously reported cases), a hemizygous missense mutation, c.925G > A/p.E309K was identified. In P3 and P4 (novel cases), hemizygous nonsense mutations, c.216T > A/p.C72X were found. Lastly, in P5 (also a novel case), a hemizygous missense mutation, c.732T > G/p.C244W was detected. These mutations reside in exons 9,3 and 7 of the CYBB gene, respectively. Conclusions The current study contributes to the understanding of the clinical and genetic spectrum associated with X-linked chronic granulomatous disease (CGD). It highlights the significance of early diagnosis in CGD and emphasizes the importance of lifelong prophylaxis to prevent severe infections.

Laetiporus is a cosmopolitan genus of the "Antrodia clade" in the order Polyporales that causes brown rot in many hardwood trees and some conifers. In the current study, we examined specimens of Laetiporus zonatus collected from Quercus semecarpifolia (Fagaceae) at three different localities in the district Swat, KP, Pakistan. The specimen’s identity was determined through extensive morphoanatomical examination and molecular characterization. For reconstruction of the phylogenetic relationships of the species, the study applied three methods: maximum parsimony (MP), maximum likelihood (ML), and Bayesian analyses to the concatenated dataset (ITS + nrLSU + rpb2). The mean character difference approach was utilized to create a phenetic cladogram through morphometric analysis. Our sample sequence grouped together with Laetiporus zonatus showing significant support values of 87% for MP, 98% for ML and 1.0 for Bayesian analyses. The morphological data matrix showed a high degree of similarity (Bray-curtis similarity = 0.925, Euclidean distance = 3.81) between our specimen and L. zonatus. Our study also provides habitat characteristics and in vitro cultural characteristics of the isolates. Laetiporus zonatus is characterized by yellow pileal surface, become pale buff to creamy when dry and whitish cream pore surface, distinctly zonate, radially furrowed upper surface and undulating white margin, 2-3 pores mm-1, ellipsoid to ovoid basidiospores (5.6–8.7 × 4.2–5.9 μm) with Q value of 1.16-1.55 and is found exclusively on Quercus spp. in temperate forests.

Brucellosis is a bacterial zoonosis worldwide and a potential health risk in Pakistan due to socio-economic reasons and lack of awareness, veterinary health and modern dairy-processing facilities. The aim of this study was to determine the burden of brucellosis in hospitalized patients of selected districts of Punjab, Pakistan. To this end, a total of 280 serum samples were collected from suspected patients in districts Lahore, Okara and Khushab between 2016 and 2018. Anti-Brucella antibodies were detected in 89 (31.8%) sera by Rose Bengal plate test (RBPT), and Brucella abortus DNA was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in 42 (15%) samples. In univariable analysis, the seroprevalence varied significantly (p < 0.05) between districts with Lahore indicating 41/101 (40.6%) Odds ratio (OR) = 53.98 (7.22–403.67; 95% CI), Okara 47/99 (47.5%) OR = 71.4 (9.55–533.65; 95% CI) and Khushab 1/80 (1.3%) as reference. Similarly, exposure to aborted materials and a history of blood transfusion did associate significantly (p < 0.05), posing OR = 2.91 (1.58–5.36; 95% CI) and OR = 4.48 (2.56–7.84; 95% CI) risk. However, consumption of raw milk and history of blood transfusion did associate significantly (p < 0.05) in multivariable analysis indicating OR = 1.91 (1.09–3.34; 95% CI) and OR = 4.92 (2.76–8.75; 95% CI), respectively. The association of history of blood transfusion as a brucellosis risk factor underscores the need to create brucellosis awareness programs both at public and institutional levels in the medical and veterinary fields, as well as facilities and capacity building to delve deeper into the epidemiology of brucellosis in the country. Particular attention should be paid to chronically infected patients. Therefore, laboratory modernization, standardization and validation of the diagnostic tests, and staff trainings are required. Finally, pasteurization of the milk is recommended before consumption.

In the present work, the disk-shaped zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles were synthesized and functionalized with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and nicotinic acid (vitamin B3) using the wet co-precipitation method. The functionalized ZnO/β-CD/nicotinic acid nanocomposite materials were characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), field emission electron microscopy (FESEM), and band-gap energy analysis. The band gap value (E g) was 4.3 eV. The average XRD crystallite size was determined using the Scherrer formula and was found to be 50 nm. The ZnO/β-CD/nicotinic acid nanocomposite material showed a photocatalytic effect for dye-polluted wastewater. It also showed an antibacterial effect against the Gram-positive bacterial strain Streptococcus aureus (S. aureus) but did not show any antibacterial activity with Gram-negative Escherichia coli (E. coli). The ZnO/β-CD/nicotinic acid nanocomposite also showed antifungal activity with Aspergillus niger (A. niger). It was noticed that ZnO/β-CD/nicotinic acid nanocomposite showed efficient anticancer activity with IC50 = 14.95 µg·mL−1 in MCF-7 cell lines. Because of the formation of singlet oxygen (O2˙−) and hydrogen oxide radical (–OH˙), the composite material showed a photodegradation reaction against aq. solution of methylene blue dye. After 190 min, the blue colour of aq. solution methylene blue was decolourized at 6 pH at a constant time interval.

Abstract Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) show behavioral problems due to prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE). A previous study reports changes in gene expressions linked to fatty acid (FA) metabolism in the cerebral cortex of the PAE mouse model. We find an increase of palmitic acid and arachidonic acid in phospholipid in the cerebral cortex of PAE at postnatal day 30. The increase of palmitic acid is consistent with increase of the producing enzyme, Fasn (fatty acid synthase). Decrease of 26:6 FA is also consistent with the increase of the enzyme which uses 26:6 as a substrate for making very long chain FAs, Elovl4 (elongation of very long chain fatty acids protein 4). However, there is no increase in the elongated products. Rather, lipid droplets (LDs) accumulated in the brain. Although FA-associated metabolic measurements are not affected by PAE, the abundance of FA-related gut microbiota is altered. This suggests that the gut microbiome could serve as a tool to facilitate uncovering the brain pathophysiology of FASD and a potential target to mitigate neurobehavioral problems.

Background: Physical activity is important for individuals with cancer. Older adults with cancer (OACA) have been disproportionally vulnerable to both COVID-19 infection and its outcomes. This study investigated how the COVID-19 pandemic and associated restrictions affected physical activity in OACA in one Canadian province.Method: An online cross-sectional survey was conducted. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, with SPSS® Version 27. Answers to free-text questions were grouped, based on thematic categories. Results: One hundred and fifteen OACA participated in this study; more than 46% reported lower levels of physical activity since the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants described increases in sedentary behaviour and reduced physical activity overall. They also described barriers to physical activity, and remained open to remotely delivered physical activity interventions. Conclusion: The pandemic disrupted physical activity routines among OACA. Future efforts should include an acceleration of research related to remotely delivered interventions given older adults’ growing acceptance of such technologies. Keywords: aging, cancer, physical activity, COVID-19, geriatric oncology, older adults, nursing

Contexte : L’activité physique apporte des bienfaits majeurs aux personnes atteintes de cancer. Les personnes âgées atteintes de cancer ont été disproportionnellement touchées par la pandémie de COVID-19 et ses contrecoups. La présente étude examine les effets de la pandémie de COVID-19 et de ses restrictions sur l’activité physique des personnes âgées atteintes de cancer en Saskatchewan, une province située au centre du Canada. Méthodologie : Des données quantitatives ont été recueillies au moyen d’une enquête transversale en ligne pour ensuite faire l’objet d’une analyse statistique descriptive et inférentielle à l’aide de la version 27 du logiciel SPSSMD. Les réponses aux questions ouvertes ont été regroupées par thème. Résultats : L’échantillon était composé de 115 personnes âgées atteintes de cancer; plus de 46 % d’entre elles ont déclaré avoir diminué leur niveau d’activité physique au cours de la pandémie de COVID-19. En général, les participants ont été plus sédentaires et moins actifs. Ils ont également fait état des obstacles à l’activité physique, et se sont montrés ouverts à des solutions accessibles en ligne. Conclusion : La pandémie a perturbé les habitudes d’activité physique des personnes âgées atteintes de cancer. Les personnes âgées acceptent de plus en plus les interventions en ligne; des efforts devront donc être engagés pour accélérer la recherche sur ce type d’outils technologiques. Mots-clés : vieillissement, cancer, activité physique, COVID‑19, oncologie gériatrique, personnes âgées, soins infirmiers

Abstract A numeric quantity that characterizes the whole structure of a network is called a topological index. In the studies of QSAR and QSPR, the topological indices are utilized to predict the physical features related to the bioactivities and chemical reactivity in certain networks. Materials for 2D nanotubes have extraordinary chemical, mechanical, and physical capabilities. They are extremely thin nanomaterials with excellent chemical functionality and anisotropy. Since, 2D materials have the largest surface area and are the thinnest of all known materials, they are ideal for all applications that call for intense surface interactions on a small scale. In this paper, we derived closed formulae for some important neighborhood based irregular topological indices of the 2D nanotubes. Based on the obtained numerical values, a comparative analysis of these computed indices is also performed.

Amberlite IRN-78 resin was incorporated with iron to make a hybrid resin for the removal of silica from the borated water of nuclear power plants. The hybrid resin contained 0.84 wt % iron compounds upon pyrolysis. In batch experiments carried out at room temperature, 1 g of the hybrid resin removed ∼60 μg silica from 1 ppm borated water in ∼120 min. The efficiency of the hybrid material increased with the resin quantity, decreased with silica concentration, and remained unchanged at different pH values. Freundlich and Temkin isothermal adsorption dominated the silica removal process and followed the pseudo-first-order and intra-particle diffusion mechanism simultaneously. The concentration of the leached iron remained appreciably under the safe limits of 200 μg/l during the experiments. This detailed study suggests the use of hybrid resin for the removal of silica from borated water streams and other similar systems.

The aim of this article is to give an overview of an approach to cancer patients in the covid-19 pandemic. The treatment recommendations are prioritized as per the risk stratification till the current crisis is mitigated. Measures like telemedicine/telecommunication, triage system, proved to be very effective in prevention of covid contact of cancer patients. Guidelines and protocols are needed that can decrease the risks in cancer management in such pandemic times. Multi-disciplinary work and effective communication between oncology team, critical care and emergency units is the key to optimizing clinical care of cancer patients.

Abstract Drug prevention education programs have been implemented in primary and secondary schools in Malaysia. This study aimed to investigate the existing drug prevention education programs in primary schools in high-risk areas of Perak, Malaysia and to identify the challenges faced by primary school teachers to implement these programs. The methods used in this study was a qualitative case study design by using interviews for data collection. Seven participants, including primary school teachers, a Ministry of Education Malaysia officer, a National Anti-Drug Agency (NADA) Perak officer, and a State of Education Department officer, were involved as study samples. The results of the study showed that teachers still face problems delivering drug messages in the teaching-learning process because they do not have enough learning materials or knowledge. Teachers’ challenges arise not only from the school or educational policy but also from parents` involvement. It can be concluded that the primary school teachers in Malaysia still face challenges related to their skills, community supports, and government policies in drug prevention education programs. It is expected the study can be used by the stakeholders when planning and evaluating drug preventive in Malaysian primary schools especially in selected hot spot areas.

Introduction: Osteoporosis is the most common bone disease affecting a number of people of both genders. Since bone loss a start occurring in young age soon after the peak bone mass is achieved, the problem needs to be evaluated in young people as well. Objectives: 1. To find out the burden of osteoporosis among the patients attending an outreach camp in a rural area of district Baramulla 2. To determine the factors associated with Osteoporosis among study population. Method: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in March 2022. An out-reach camp was conducted in a rural area of district Baramulla by researchers from a tertiary care hospital at Srinagar. Bone mineral density(BMD) test was performed free of cost on all the participants. All the participants coming on the day were selected as study participants. The t score corresponding to the BMD was obtained and the frequency of osteoporosis was determined. Results: About 45.1% of the participants belonged to the age-group of 41-60 years. There was a female preponderance (63%). The prevalence of osteoporosis in this study was found out to be 20.9% and that of osteopenia was 47.3%. There was an inverse relationship between BMD and age, with BMD being lower in older age groups. The relationship between menopause and osteoporosis was statistically significant with 48% postmenopausal women having osteoporosis compared to 9.1% women premenopausal women with osteoporosis. Conclusion: The frequency of osteoporosis and osteopenia among the attendants of the camp was substantial. The bone mineral density was lower in the older age groups probably because of the age related bone loss. Consequently, the prevalence of osteoporosis was higher in older age groups. Frequency of osteoporosis was more among postmenopausal women than among the premenopausal women.

Precipitation is the most critical element of the hydrological cycle that might influence the frequency of floods or drought. Therefore, for drought and flood forecasting, knowing the precipitation pattern and its trend is mandatory. The research aims to estimate the monthly, seasonal, and annual precipitation trend using statistical (Mann Kendall test & Sen's Slope estimator) and graphical (Innovative Trend Analysis method) for the Hanumangarh district of N-E Rajasthan. The mean monthly precipitation data were gathered from the India-WRIS from 1901 to 2022 (122 years). Seasonal and annual precipitation trend variations were examined by statistical methods and compared with the graphical method. The study results conclude that precipitation trends showed variability for the SW monsoon season from the graphical to the statistical method. For the SW monsoon season, the decreasing trend was seen using statistical methods. In contrast, the graphical method revealed an increasing trend. During the annual precipitation, increasing trends were seen using statistical and graphical methods. It is found that the ITA method is more efficient in finding trends because it does not assume any assumptions like that of the MK test. This study will help water resources engineers and local people with sustainable management, planning, and development of water resources in the Hanumangarh district. HIGHLIGHTS Trends in seasonal and annual precipitation time series are assessed using both statistical and graphical methods and then results are compared.; The results of the statistical method are well-matched with the graphical method.; The ITA method is easier to apply for finding trends.; The ITA method is more accurate because it does not consider any assumptions.;

Cloud storage is crucial in today's digital era due to its accessibility, scalability, cost savings, collaboration and enhanced security features. The selection of a reliable cloud storage provider is a significant multi-attribute group decision-making (MAGDM) problem that involves intrinsic relationships among the various alternatives, attributes and decision DMs. Due to the uncertain and incomplete nature of the evaluation data for cloud storage providers, i.e., quality of service and user feedback, the identification of appropriate cloud storage providers with accurate service ranking remains an open research challenge. To address the above-mentioned challenge, this work proposes the concept of interval-valued probabilistic linguistic T-spherical fuzzy set (IVPLt-SFS). Then, some basic operations and a score function are defined to compare two or more IVPLt-SF numbers (IVPLt-SFNs). For information fusion, two aggregation operators for IVPLt-SFN are also developed. Next, an extended TOPSIS method-based group decision-making technique under interval-valued probabilistic linguistic T-spherical fuzzy information is established to solve the MAGDM problem. Finally, a numerical example is given to illustrate the practicability and usefulness of the designed approach and its suitability as a decision-making tool for selecting a cloud storage provider. Comparative and sensitivity analysis confirmed that this paper enriches the theory and methodology of the selection problem of cloud storage provider and MAGDM analysis.