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About the necessity and usefulness of developing a philosophy specific to blockchain technology, emphasizing the ontological aspects. After an Introduction in which I highlight the main philosophical directions for this emerging technology, in Blockchain Technology I explain how blockchain works, discussing the ontological directions of development in the Design and Modeling of this technology. The following section is dedicated to the main application of blockchain technology, Bitcoin, with the social implications of this cryptocurrency. This is followed by a Philosophy section in which I identify blockchain technology with the concept of heterotopia developed by Michel Foucault and interpret it in the light of the notational technology developed by Nelson Goodman as a notational system. In the Ontologies section I develop two directions of development that I consider important: Narrative Ontology, based on the idea of order and structure of history transmitted through Paul Ricoeur's narrative of history, and an ontological system based on Enterprise Ontologies, based on concepts and models of enterprise specific to the semantic web, and which I consider the best developed and the one that will probably become the formal ontological system, at least in terms of the economic and legal aspects of blockchain technology. In the Conclusions I talk about the future directions of development of the philosophy of blockchain technology in general as an explanatory and phenomenologically robust, consistent and testable theory, and of ontologies in particular, arguing for the need for a global adoption of an ontological system for to develop transversal solutions and to make technology profitable.

Karl Popper, as a critical rationalist, was an opponent of all forms of scepticism, conventionalism and scientific relativism. In 1935 he wrote Logik der Forschung. Zur Erkenntnistheorie der modernen Naturwissenschaft, later translating the book into English and publishing it as The Logic of Scientific Discovery (1959), considered pioneering work in his field. Many of the arguments in this book are directed against members of the "Vienna Circle", such as Moritz Schlick, Otto Neurath, Rudolph Carnap, Hans Reichenbach, Carl Hempel and Herbert Feigl. Popper agrees with them on general aspects of scientific methodology and their distrust of traditional philosophical methodology, but his solutions have been markedly different. Popper has contributed extensively to debates about general scientific methodology, the demarcation of pseudoscience, the nature of probability, and social science methodology.

Karl Popper, as a critical rationalist, was an opponent of all forms of skepticism, conventionalism and relativism in science. A major argument of Popper is Hume's critique of induction, arguing that induction should never be used in science. But he disagrees with the skepticism associated with Hume, nor with the support of Bacon and Newton's pure "observation" as a starting point in the formation of theories, as there are no pure observations that do not imply certain theories. Instead, Popper proposes falsifiability as a method of scientific investigation.

Different authors have attempted to clarify the aspects of remote action and God's involvement on the basis of textual investigations, mainly from the Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, Newton's correspondence with Richard Bentley (1692/93), and Queries that Newton introduced at the end of the Opticks book in the first three editions (between 1704 and 1721).

The main concern of the first eugenists, such as Karl Pearson and Walter Weldon of University College London , were the perceived intelligence factors considered to be correlated with the social class. In his speech "Darwinism, Medical Progress and Eugenics", Karl Pearson equates eugenics with a field of medicine. Some areas of medicine that are not commonly recognized as eugenic affect the human genes background. These include sterilization and surgical techniques that allow the functioning of reproductive organs. Even medicines that do not directly involve reproductive organs can alter the gene pool. Genetic abnormalities in such individuals are thus duplicated, modifying the genetic background. On this basis, such practices are widely accepted as more radical eugenic processes.

Classical Newtonian gravity admits a geometrical description. Together with special relativity, this allows for a heuristic description of general relativity. Inertial motion in classical mechanics is related to the geometry of space and time, basically along geodesics where universe lines are straight lines in relativistic spacetime. According to general relativity, the force of gravity is a manifestation of the local space-time geometry. General relativity is a metric theory of gravity. At its base are Einstein's equations, which describe the relationship between the geometry of a four-dimensional, pseudo-Riemannian manifold representing space-time and the energy-momentum contained in that space-time. Gravity corresponds to changes in the properties of space and time, which in turn alter the paths of objects.