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With the cooperation of many research institutes and railway companies, the next generation high speed train is under development for many years. To confirm the safety requirement of the developed high speed train, multibody dynamic analysis is implemented. Through this analysis, railway derailment and lateral guiding force simulation was evaluated according to UIC code 518 OR for international railway vehicle. Test results were compared by limit value of safety criteria. Safety evaluation results, according to international standards, would provide basic reference data of ensuring safety speed and track radius curve. The safety of the train at the maximum speed is verified by numerical analysis results.

The AP1000 is a two-loop 3400 MWt advanced passive plant developed by the Westinghouse Electric Corporation. A series of passive safety systems are adopted to provide significant improvements in plant simplification, safety and reliability. However, thermal hydraulic characteristics of AP1000 during small break LOCAs have not been fully understood and further investigation is still required. In this study, modeling and nodalization of primary loop, necessary secondary loop and passive core cooling system (PXS) for AP1000 were conducted and a 10-in. cold leg small break LOCA was analyzed using RELAP5/MOD3.4. Some main transient parameters were obtained, including RCS pressure, break flow, passive safety injection flow and cladding temperature, etc. Further, the calculated results were compared with that of NOTRUMP code developed by Westinghouse and an acceptable agreement was obtained. Results indicated that the actuation of passive safety systems could mitigate the accidental consequence of small break LOCAs effectively. The key thermal hydraulic parameters were in the acceptable range and met the safety criterion. During the accident process, the core uncovery and fuel heat up did not occur and thus the safety of AP1000 during a 10-in. cold leg small break LOCA was proven.

Personal safety and protection of the environment are the main design criteria for all electric power distribution systems. The engineer responsible for power system design must take into account the loads to be supplied and available power sources to ensure the required system availability and robustness. The system must enable routine maintenance to be carried out to avoid a reduction in performance over time. Safety criteria must be integrated into the design process from the start as they will influence all choices that are made during the design process. A choice between a reliable system and a safe system has no meaning. The system must be reliable to supply the loads and must be safe.

The Fukushima-Daiichi accident shook the world, as a well-known plant design, the General Electric BWR Mark I, was heavily damaged in the tsunami, which followed the Great Japanese Earthquake of 11 March 2011. Plant safety functions were lost and, as both AC and DC failed, manoeuvrability of the plants at the site virtually came to a full stop. The traditional system of Emergency Operating Procedures (EOPs) and Severe Accident Management Guidelines (SAMG) failed to protect core and containment, and severe core damage resulted, followed by devastating hydrogen explosions and, finally, considerable radioactive releases. The root cause may not only have been that the design against tsunamis was incorrect, but that the defence against accidents in most power plants is based on traditional assumptions, such as Large Break LOCA as the limiting event, whereas there is no engineered design against severe accidents in most plants. Accidents beyond the licensed design basis have hardly been considered in the various designs, and if they were included, they often were not classified for their safety role, as most system safety classifications considered only design basis accidents. It is, hence, time to again consider the Design Basis Accident, and ask ourselves whether the time has not come to consider engineered safety functions to mitigate core damage accidents. Associated is a proper classification of those systems that do the job. Also associated are safety criteria, which so far are only related to ‘public health and safety’; in reality, nuclear accidents cause few casualties, but create immense economical and societal effects . for which there are no criteria to be met. Severe accidents create an environment far surpassing the imagination of those who developed EOPs and SAMG, most of which was developed after Three Mile Island . an accident where all was still in place, except the insight in the event was lost. It requires fundamental changes in our present safety approach and safety thinking and, hence, also in our EOPs and SAMG, in order to prevent future ‘Fukushimas’.

The development of society is still marked by the need for lighter and stronger structures. The materials that respond best to these needs are composite materials. Designing composite materials is difficult as it involves designing the geometry and their composition. Traditionally, the design tasks have been based on approximate methods; the possibility for creating composite materials is almost unlimited, characterization by testing is very expensive and it is difficult to apply the results to other contexts. This article proposes a variable neighbourhood search-based model for the design of symmetric laminated composites, a general encoding for the design of composites, an evaluation function that has taken into consideration cost and safety criteria in design, the neighbourhood structures and a set of local search operators. The proposed model has been applied to different real-world problems and the results have been compared with other well-known design methods.

This study is with the subjects of 7 primary schools in Daejon City which opened after 2004 when the Ministry of Education & Human Resources Development released the "Study of Developing the Manual for Safety and Plan of school facilities". This is to study the measures of improving or enhancing the safety criteria on the school facilities from the viewpoint of actual planning as well as of architectural planning through investigating and analysing the cause, the status and the type of negligent accidents by school which are occurring both directly and indirectly. Though the analysis of the examined contents shows there is no facility in primary schools not satisfying `the criteria on safety maintenance of school facilities`, the criteria is so comprehensive and general that its content is just itemized and the current criteria of facilities are not fit for the present situation because of the physical condition of the students in elementary, middle and high schools and the changing curriculum.

Managing highway rights-of-way (HROW) for safety depends upon the annual precipitation received and vegetation mowing practices. This study was conducted along a precipitation gradient in Texas, USA, to evaluate how precipitation and mowing treatments influence vegetation heights. The experiment was initiated in spring 1999 and completed in autumn 2002. Each site had ten treatments with four replications and consisted of forty 15 m × 6 m subplots. Commercial highway mowing equipment was used to mow the subplots at 5-, 10-, or 20-cm heights with an annual mowing frequency of one, two, or three times per year and a non-mowed control. A vegetation height of >30 cm is generally considered a safety hazard. Control subplot vegetation heights increased along the annual precipitation gradient. Most of the subplot vegetation heights at the more arid Andrews site (35 cm precipitation year−1) were 35 cm precipitation year−1, mowing three or less times per year, regardless of mowing height, makes it unfeasible to maintain the vegetation heights of

This article is devoted to the development of a systems approach to evaluating the safety of radwaste repositories. A structural diagram of the geoenvironmental system radiologically-dangerous-object–environment is presented. The scheme of interconnections, acting forces, and changes occurring in the system is examined. Complex safety criteria are determined. The structure proposed for the geoenvironmental factors controlling the safety of a radiologically dangerous object makes it possible to develop appropriate methods of regulating the physical, hydrogeological, and geochemical properties of the protective barriers and the degree to which the environment affects the object. The systems approach developed can be used to evaluate the environmental safety of different objects and make decisions as to the need for restoring the environmental safety of facilities.

Taking a structure of single-degree freedom as analyzed object, the problem of structural dynamic response to blasting vibration loads was transformed into the problem of that to a series of simple harmonic loads with wavelet packet method. A safety criterion of structural response to blasting vibration has been put forward, which is more detailed, reasonable and scientific than others in use with involving parameters related to structural characteristics, blasting energy, blasting amplitude, blasting frequency and blasting duration.

Long span mobile bridges (LSMBs) are widely used in military maneuver operations or civil rescue works across narrow gorges or rivers. Especially it is quite a difficult problem to design LSMBs of over 50 m length satisfying required safety criteria under military load class 70 (MLC 70), namely permit vehicle weight of 63.5 tons. In order to optimize a LSMB of 60 m length for both lightweight and minimum deflection under MLC 70, a multi-objective optimization process based on genetic algorithm (GA) and weighted sum method for handling multiple objectives was utilized after its validity verification with the six-member and five-node truss problem. GA in this study utilized a variable penalty function to treat design constraints and fitness function to deal with both objective and penalty functions together. Finite element structural analysis of the LSMB was done by ANSYS for the design optimization process. As the result, the optimally designed LSMB of 60 m span that meet requirements and safety criteria of a military bridging equipment design and test code has been successfully obtained.

Burnable absorber rods (BAR) and chemical shim are the main control poisons that are used in the core for improving the reactor behavior and satisfying the safety criteria during the core life time. These poisons have several constraints, criteria, advantages and also disadvantages from the safety and operation points of view; and these characteristics depend on the concentration and distribution of mentioned poisons in the reactor core. Therefore, understanding their effects on the reactor core behavior, especially the mutual interaction between them, is a crucial issue in reactor core design procedure. In this study, the influences of the burnable poisons on the main parameters of the reactor such as multiplication factor, burnup, soluble poison concentration, moderator temperature coefficient and power peaking factor over the reactor life time are investigated. The VVER-1000 reactor was selected for this investigation. The reactor core was modeled by WIMS and CITATION codes. Several different loading patterns based on different distributions and concentrations of BARs were defined. Subsequently, the main parameters of the core for each pattern were calculated by the core model and were investigated to analyze the effects of BAR concentration and distribution on the reactor behavior. The presented results made it possible to analyze and understand the BAR and chemical shims effects on the behavior of the nuclear reactor core.

Problems and flaws of existing safety criteria for vibration are reviewed. A simple consideration of particle vibration velocity cannot fully reflect the inherent law of effects of explosion earthquake on structures. Sometimes the occurrence of explosions exceeding the standard velocity for safety will not necessarily cause damage to structures and those below the standard velocity for safety may destroy structures. For this reason, the free vibration frequency of structures and the safety margin of the structure should be considered. Based on safe, practical and convenient conditions, that in respect of safety criteria for dike and slope exposed to vibration, two indicators, i.e., stability factor of dike and slope and vibration velocity of particle, can be used to determine the effect of vibration on them is proposed. That is to say, pseudo-static method is adopted to make vibration inertia force equivalent to a static force on slope bars and then strength reduction method or limit equilibrium method is used to calculate the safety factor, which can directly evaluate the stability of slope. In combination with the particle vibration velocity given in specifications, the safety of dike and slope can be determined. Lastly, specific engineering cases are used to validate the rationality of this criterion. This method can serve as a reference for similar projects

To reduce safe distance such as inhabited building distance (IBD), a new type magazine, which is referred to as a subsurface magazine, has been proposed and the explosion effects have been discussed. We have conducted explosive tests by using relatively large scale models (23 kg and 78 kg in mass) and examined mass effect (scale effect) of blast waves caused by explosion of high explosives. The magazines were composed of a arch-type explosive storage room with a line hinge along the top of the roof of the wall, a square passage way to ground which will release the blast wave. Explosion hazards from the explosion of subsurface magazines were collected to understand the characteristics of airblast, fragments, and ground shocks. Safety criteria for the subsurface magazine are discussed based on the experimental results.

In this article, we describe a critical event which occurred in a simulation centre, and we also review possible safety issues for participants and staff involved in medical simulation training. The authors report an incident with the potential of harming trainees and staff which occurred during a full-scale simulation. The episode raised the question of training safety in simulation centres. In this instance, the computer program controlling the mannequin enabled a continuous and non-regulated outflow of carbon dioxide which led to an intense reaction in the soda lime canister. The absorbent canister became too hot to be touched (a temperature probe, later placed in the centre of the front canister, measured 53°C). All activities involving the mannequin and anesthesia machine were stopped immediately. Simulation in healthcare is a valuable educational tool to train for a variety of clinical encounters in a safe environment without harming a patient. Due to technological progress and the use of authentic equipment recreating near real environments, simulation training has become exceedingly realistic. The Society for Simulation in Healthcare (SSH) has published revised accreditation standards for simulation centres which incorporate training safety sub-criteria to address and manage. By highlighting recommendations of other high-risk industries on this issue, SSH proposes a possible approach to enhance safety in medical simulation.

In Japan, the clearance levels for uranium-bearing waste have been established by the Nuclear Safety Commission (NSC). The criteria for uranium-bearing waste disposal are also necessary; however, the NSC has not concluded the discussion on this subject. Meanwhile, the General Administrative Group of the Radiation Council has concluded the revision of its former recommendation 'Regulatory exemption dose for radioactive solid waste disposal', the dose criteria after the institutional control period for a repository. The Standardization Committee on Radiation Protection in the Japan Health Physics Society (The Committee) also has developed the relevant safety criteria and guidelines for existing exposure situations, which are potentially applicable to uranium-bearing waste disposal. A new working group established by The Committee was initially aimed at developing criteria and guidelines specifically for uranium-bearing waste disposal; however, the aim has been shifted to broader criteria applicable to any radioactive wastes.

In Finland, Olkiluoto Island on the western coast has been selected as a repository site for spent nuclear fuel disposal. A safety criterion is that typical exposures (dose rates) to flora and fauna should be demonstrated to be lower than those that according to best available knowledge could cause detrimental effect. To increase the confidence of dose assessment to flora, some selected plant species were measured in field conditions. This paper presents the results of the field campaign and discusses on the realism of the common assumption of ellipsoidal geometry applied to the plants in dose assessments of the other biota.

Reactivity feedback coefficients have been calculated for a compact sized PWR core that utilizes carbon coated micro fuel particles instead of standard cylindrical fuel pellets with an inventive composition. A small amount of Pu-240 with 5 w/o has also been added in tristructural-isotropic (TRISO) fuel in place of U-238 for the reduction of excess reactivity. The values of fuel, moderator and void reactivity coefficients have been calculated at the middle of fuel cycle. All the reactivity coefficients were found negative which meet the design safety criteria. It was also observed that all reactivity feedback coefficients are interlinked and their effects are pronounced when coupled together.

People working with ionising radiation are receiving radiation coming from artificial and natural sources. In Spain, as in many other countries, there is a serious control by the national authorities, Spanish Nuclear Safety Council, of the dose the workers receive from artificial sources. However, until the publication of the European Basic Safety Standards Directive, 96/29/EURATOM, the old criteria referring to the “above natural background” were widely used. This directive was incorporated to the Spanish legislation in July 2001 (BOE 178); in its Title VII it recommends to evaluate the dose coming from natural sources and take it into account for establishing the safety criteria. It is noteworthy to assess the natural doses received at homes and the dose received by workers of radioactive installations subject to regulations, and to compare the two results. The social and economical implications of the results derived can be important in the practical application of the recommendations included in the above-mentioned BOE 178 Directive.

A Doença Celíaca (DC) é caracterizada por um processo inflamatório no intestino delgado ocasionado pela presença de um composto heterogêneo formado por gliadinas e gluteninas que, basicamente, são proteínas de armazenamento do trigo designadas como glúten. A deficiência em relação à disponibilidade e acesso a produtos isentos de glúten caracteriza uma situação de insegurança alimentar e nutricional do indivíduo celíaco e, devido à dificuldade encontrada por esse público em adquirir produtos básicos que atendam às suas necessidades, o presente trabalho teve como objetivos elaborar farinhas a partir da secagem dos vegetais: beterraba, cenoura e espinafre, desenvolver três formulações de pães sem glúten à base do produto farináceo desses vegetais e realizar a caracterização sensorial - utilizando métodos instrumentais - físico-química e microbiológica. Três formulações foram desenvolvidas e realizaram-se análises físico-químicas de umidade, atividade de água, cinzas, proteínas, fibra alimentar, lipídeos, acidez, pH e carboidratos. Dentre elas, observou-se que o pão de beterraba obteve o maior percentual de umidade e proteína. O pão de espinafre destacou-se pelo alto teor de cinzas, evidenciando seu alto valor nutricional em relação aos minerais. Já o pão de cenoura obteve o menor percentual de lipídeos. As análises instrumentais de cor e textura estão de acordo com o obtido por outros autores que estudaram pães sem glúten. Como critério de segurança, realizou-se análises microbiológicas de coliformes a 45 °C e Salmonella sp. O pão sem glúten à base de farinha de vegetais pode ser uma opção para agregar valor nutricional à alimentação dos pacientes celíacos. ABSTRACTCeliac Disease (DC) is characterized by an inflammatory process in the small intestine caused through the presence of a heterogeneous compound formed by gliadins and glutenins, which are basically wheat storage proteins called gluten. The deficiency in the availability and access to gluten-free products characterizes a situation of food and nutritional insecurity of the celiac individual and, due to the difficulty encountered by this public in acquiring basic products that meet their needs, the present work had as objectives to elaborate flours from the drying of the vegetables: beet, carrot and spinach flour, to develop three gluten-free bread formulations based on the farinaceous product of these vegetables and to perform the sensorial characterization - using instrumental methods - physical-chemical and microbiological. Three bread formulations were developed, and physical-chemical analyzes of moisture, water activity, ashes, proteins, dietary fiber, lipids, acidity, pH and carbohydrates were carried out. Among them, it was observed that the beet bread obtained the highest percentage of moisture and protein. The spinach bread was distinguished due the fact of the high ash content, evidencing its high nutritional value in relation to the minerals. Carrot bread, on the other hand, obtained the lowest percentage of lipids, that is, with less fat content. The instrumental analyzes of color and texture are in agreement with the one obtained by other authors who studied gluten-free breads. As a safety criterion, microbiological analyzes of coliforms at 45 °C and Salmonella sp. Gluten-free bread based on vegetable meal may be an option to add nutritional value to the diet of celiac patients.

Recently much research has been focused on developing techniques and systems for providing routes within buildings. While outdoor routing is based on criteria such as shortest, fastest and least turns, indoor routing is primarily based on accessibility and safety criteria, and while outdoor routing could adversely be impacted by weather and traffic, among other conditions, such conditions do not affect indoor routing. However, developing techniques that meet user's indoor routing preferences, especially those with special needs, is a challenging task. An example is development of a set of techniques that avoids a hallway with a protruding object to allow safe passage by the visually impaired or that avoids stairs for the mobility impaired. In this article, we present and analyze new techniques based on the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) standards that provide routes within buildings and meet user's special needs and preferences.

Within this paper, the process of statistical safety analysis has been presented, which involves the following steps: formulation of basic principles of statistical safety analysis, initial events analysis, accident sceneries progress analysis, risk calculation, and risk calculation results analysis. On this basis, it has been concluded that the bucket wheel excavator SRs 1200×24/4×0(400 kW)+VR safety criteria is the mechanism for the hoist of rotor's arrow failure modes, because in that case whole bucket wheel excavator failure would necessarily happen (excavator falling down on counterweight). Therefore, excavator units statistical safety analysis is accomplished preventively to obtain its effective maintenance management.

Adjuvants are chemically and biologically active components that improve herbicide performance. Certain herbicides require the addition of an adjuvant to be effective. Adjuvants sometimes enhance the penetration of herbicide into plants by ensuring adequate spray coverage and maintaining the herbicide contact with plant tissues, or by increasing the rate of foliar and/or stomatal penetration. Although adjuvants are typically categorized as “inert” or “essentially non-phytotoxic” (i. e. not toxic to plants) compounds, many can produce wide ranging effects on physiological and metabolic processes within plants, animals, and/or microorganisms. Surfactants affect the environment not only in their use and disposal, but also in their production and delivery. Agrochemical formulations and delivery systems that consist of surfactants are evolving to meet new standards including increased safety, convenience, and efficiency of application, as well as lower production costs. Regulatory bodies across the globe are insisting on the requirement of extensive testing to meet stringent safety criteria. Here we discuss the changing trend of renewable chemicals in the crop protection adjuvant.

In the safety analysis of nuclear power plants, large break loss-of-coolant accidents (LB LOCAs) continue to be one of the major issues. In this study, the latest version of the French best-estimate computer code CATHARE2 V2.5_1 Mod6.1 was used in order to predict the thermal-hydraulic phenomena in the VVER-1000 reactor during LB LOCA. This type of reactor is in operation and under construction in several countries including Russia, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, China, and India. The paper first presents the CATHARE modeling of a VVER-1000 reactor, including the core, the vessel, the primary and secondary circuits with the pressurizer, the main circulation pumps, the horizontal steam generators, and the steam lines. The emergency core cooling system (ECCS) is presented also with hydroaccumulators and high- and low-pressure safety injection pumps. The break, located in the cold leg and close to the reactor, is represented by the RUPTURE module of CATHARE, which modelizes a double-ended guillotine type of break. In the current calculations, the bottom-up and top-down reflooding play a very important role, compared to some western pressurized water reactors, because of the ECCS injection into the downcomer and upper plenum of the VVER-1000. That is why special attention is paid to the validation of the CATHARE reflooding model, based on the REWET-II experiment devoted to VVER. In CATHARE, a special two-dimensional reflooding module has been developed, which takes into account the radial and axial conduction in the vicinity of the quench front. The assessment based on the REWET-II facility shows the ability of the code to predict the progression of two simultaneous quench fronts. Then, the paper presents the results of the LB LOCA analysis for VVER-1000 (reference case and sensitivity study), describing the blowdown, refill, and reflood phases of the accident. Problems related to the countercurrent flow limitation (CCFL) phenomena at the core outlet are also considered. The results of the calculations show reasonable prediction of the basic parameters important to the safety of the plant, such as quench front progression, fuel-cladding temperatures, break flows, pressure behavior, etc. As expected, the temperatures-despite the conservative character of the modeling-remain below the safety criteria. It should be noted that the calculated fuel wall temperatures are very sensitive to the proper selection of the reflooding parameters and CCFL and need skillful choice of the reflooding conditions.

Many recent blackouts might raise a concern on how the introduction of distributed generation (DG) (from renewable or non-renewable energy resources) into the network influences its secure operation in terms of dynamic performance. The anti-islanding criteria of DG may harm the secure operation of the power system. In this paper, the maximum penetration level of DG is determined using dynamic studies. Tested systems are applied to verify a proposed methodology. The results show that the protection settings have an influence the maximum penetration of DG and the system secure operation. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Vehicle is the important think to get the better live for peoples of sociaty. Currently the development of vehicles is increasing rapidly, especially vehicles that use friendly energy for enviroment such as electrical energy. The electric vehicles have been used for commercial cars as well as for competitions. The race vehicle is required to develop new technologies in the particular vehicle. The electrical Vehicle Researces has been carried out include the systems such as drive train, Cassis, frame, batree, system control etc, however in this paper will be discuss design of electric vehicles Frame for Competition. The proces design will be accordance with the rules competition, there is dimensions, weight, power of vehicle etc. the vehicle specification requarenment will be created concept design, then embodiment design and detail design, theres will be figure out the strength and ergonomics frames to satisfy the safety criteria. Results of design obtained dimensions of frame 1800x800x1000 mm, 35.7 kg of weight, and material frame JIS G 3445 STKM 11 is obtained for static load load while stress of maximum impact load is 91.6 Mpa, deflection 0.61 mm and safety factor 2, 1.

A case study on the safety distance assessment of a chemical industry park in Shanghai, China, is presented in this paper. Toxic releases were taken into consideration. A safety criterion based on frequency and consequence of major hazard accidents was set up for consequence analysis. The exposure limits for the accidents with the frequency of more than 10(-4), 10(-5)-10(-4) and 10(-6)-10(-5) per year were mortalities of 1% (or SLOT), 50% (SLOD) and 75% (twice of SLOD) respectively. Accidents with the frequency of less than 10(-6) per year were considered incredible and ignored in the consequence analysis. Taking the safety distance of all the hazard installations in a chemical plant into consideration, the results based on the new criterion were almost smaller than those based on LC50 or SLOD. The combination of the consequence and risk based results indicated that the hazard installations in two of the chemical plants may be dangerous to the protection targets and measurements had to be taken to reduce the risk. The case study showed that taking account of the frequency of occurrence in the consequence analysis would give more feasible safety distances for major hazard accidents and the results were more comparable to those calculated by risk assessment.

Objective: Analyse the profi le of parenteral preparation and treatment (anti-neoplastic and supplementary) that were dispensed and returned to the Pharmacy Department, the reasons why they were not administered, their reuse and the associated direct costs. Method: Longitudinal study over eight months (October 2004-May 2005) in a tertiary hospital with centre for preparing anti-neoplastic agents (including supplementary treatment) in its Pharmacy Department. The variables studied, downloaded from the Oncofarm® application, are as follows: a) patients and diagnostics; b) returned treatments, classifi ed by reason returned, pharmaco-therapeutic scheme, cycle and day; c) returned preparations (anti-neoplastic and supplementary) that were reused; and d) direct costs. Data is presented with its absolute and relative frequencies and confi dence intervals of 95 % normalised at 1000 patients/day. Results: 84 treatments were returned by 66 patients for a total of 139 preparations corresponding to 3,429 patients/day. This fi gure represents 24.5 (CI 95 %, 19.6 to 30.2) treatments that were prepared and not administered per 1,000 patients/day, mainly due to clinical causes (n = 47). Colon neoplasia and treatment with 5-fl uorouracil and levofolinic acid presented the highest number of returns. The returned preparations made up 1.45 % (CI 95 %, 1.2 to 1.7) of those produced. The percentage of reuse is 98 %, which results in savings of € 10,432.55 (90 % of the cost of the treatments that are returned). Conclusions: The application of quality, effectiveness and safety criteria to anti-neoplastic treatments that are prepared and returned to the Pharmacy Department allows a more effi cient preparation process.

LOCA-simulated experiments were performed with MDA, ZIRLO™, M5®, NDA, and Zircaloy-2 cladding specimens with local burn-ups ranging from 66 to 76 MWd/kg. Short test rods fabricated with the cladding specimens were heated, isothermally oxidized at 1,459 to 1,480K in steam flow, and finally quenched in flooding water. Rod rupture and subsequent double-sided oxidation of the cladding were also simulated in the experiments. Neither split-fracture nor fragmentation occurred during the quench in the cladding specimens which were oxidized to about 18–27% of the metallic thickness. Accordingly, the fracture boundary, a most important safety issue, is not reduced significantly by the high burn-up and use of the new alloys within the examined scope, although it may be somewhat reduced with pre-hydriding during the reactor operation as observed in unirradiated specimens.

Many new materials, technologies and new structural solutions are applied in vehicle bodies. With the application of new, non-conventional materials we obtain better capabilities, a higher level of safety, and, last but not least, weight reduction. At a time when energy savings are sought after, weight reduction is a great motivational factor for the application of composites, aluminium and magnesium alloys, etc. The use of nonconventional materials is connected with requirements for a different technology for the manufacture of vehicle bodies, as well as the issue of mutual connection of individual parts. Completely different actions, which we are not accustomed to in current structures, take place at the boundaries of mechanically, as well as chemically, different substructures. The current pieces of knowledge relate mainly to contemporary materials, or possibly to the classical ways of connecting - welding, screwed joints, and the like. However, we do not completely understand the largely expanding bonded joints, and, in combination with non-conventional materials, we know even less about them. Computer simulations are of no help because the characteristics of these bonds are not described very well. The below-mentioned experiment was focused on this area of structural bonding of composite materials; its objective was to clarify these relations. The actual experiment included a crash test of a vehicle with a body made from composite materials, whose deformation zone had individual elements bonded with various types of structural adhesives. The deformation zone of the experimental body was designed on the basis of the knowledge obtained from tensile tests. The tests were to verify mechanical characteristics of structural joints. Based on the obtained knowledge it was possible to specify the suitability of the use of individual joints and materials in the deformation zone. The outcome of the performed experiment is a judgement of the destruction of individual joints, destruction of the entire body, and fulfilment of passive safety criteria.

A ROAD SAFETY AUDIT IS A FORMAL ANALYSIS THAT SEEKS TO GUARANTEE THAT AN EXISTING OR FUTURE ROAD FULFILLS OPTIMAL SAFETY CRITERIA, CONDUCTED BY A TEAM OF EXPERTS WHO SE MEMBERS ARE INDEPENDENT OF THE ROAD PROJECT. IT CAN BE CARRIED OUT IN ONE, SEVERAL OR ALL OF THE STAGES OF THE PROJECT (PLANNING, DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, BEFORE OPENING THE ROAD TO TRAFFIC, AND OPERATION). THE DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A ROAD SAFETY AUDIT PROCESS IS ONE OF THE STRATEGIES THAT HAVE BEEN APPLIED IN MEXICO IN RECENT YEARS TO REDUCE ROAD ACCIDENTS AND THEIR ASSOCIATED CONSEQUENCES. THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS WORK IS TO PRESENT THE PROCEDURES THAT HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED AND APPLIED IN MEXICO, AS WELL AS THE BENEFITS AND PROBLEMS THAT HAVE BEEN ENCOUNTERED. THE APPLICATION OF THOSE PROCEDURES TO A SPECIFIC CASE IS AL SO SHOWN. EMPHASIS IS MADE IN THE AUDIT OF HIGH WAYS IN THE OPERATION STAGE, WHICH IS THE TYPE THAT GREATER APPLICATION AND DEVELOPMENT HAS HAD IN MEXICO.

This paper presents the investigation of Passive Autocatalytic Recombiners' (PARs) capabilities for hydrogen recombination in case of Station blackout scenario. The assessment was performed for both types of WWER fuel assemblies – the old Modernistic type of fuel assemblies (TVSM) and recently installed new Alternative type of fuel assemblies (TVSA) in Kozloduy NPP. The main difference between both types of fuel assemblies is the different geometries, masses of internals materials as well as different burnable poisons. To investigate the PARs' capabilities it has been performed comparison of fuel behaviour of both types of fuel assemblies. To perform this analysis it has been used MELCOR “input model” for Kozloduy Nuclear Power Plant (KNPP) WWER-1000. The model was developed at the Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy (INRNE) for investigation of severe accident scenarios. The model provides a significant analytical capability for the Bulgarian technical specialists, working in the field of the NPP safety, for analysis of core and containment damaged states and the estimation of radionuclides' release outside fuel cladding. To assess the PARs' capabilities it was used the acceptance criterion for containment integrity to be 8% hydrogen concentration. This criterion was based on the decision of RSK (Germany commission for reactor safety). Generally, based on the performed analyses it was made a conclusion that using both types of fuel assemblies it was not disturbance of PARs' capabilities and safety criterion of NPP.

This paper proposes an alternative theoretical methodology to evaluate the risks of CO2 leakage from reservoirs using a stochastic approach. The methodology suggested here makes use of three main concepts: – Features, Events and Processes (FEPs) – Interaction Matrix, IM – Stochastic Representation Both, FEPs and Interaction Matrix have been introduced by other researchers but for different objectives. The methodology that is proposed here modifies the original concept of Interaction Matrix in such a way that it may produce probabilistic results as outcome. A practical example is given at the end of this paper.

This article reviews the regulations in force about the exposure of workers to the electromagnetic fields generated by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and evaluates the impact of European Directive 2004/40/EC on the daily use of MRI. We provide a detailed review of the safety criteria stipulated in the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection, in Spanish Royal Decree 1066/2001, and in European Directive 2004/40/EC about exposure to electromagnetic fields. In the case of European Directive 2004/40/EC, the European Union (EU) has introduced a law without adequately evaluating its repercussions. In response to alarms sounded by the radiological and general medical communities, the EU has decided to delay implementation of the Directive. Although the implementation of Directive 2004/40/ EC has been postponed until April 30, 2012, it remains in force. There remains the hope that the Directive will be reconsidered during this interval and that MRI workers will be exempt.

The development of a methodology for defining safety criteria for CO 2 geological storage, realised under the ongoing CRISCO2 project, is depicted in this paper. Generic lists of eleven risk events and nine types of targets are proposed to serve an expert panel for identifying risk scenarios. Assessing the effects of risk events and comparing targets exposure to critical thresholds should lead to setting safety requirements. We focus on simple modelling, such as abacuses, analytical or semi-analytical models. An uncertainty management framework completes this methodology. Further work will concentrate on effectively deducing safety criteria.

Objective Analyse the profile of parenteral preparation and treatment (anti-neoplastic and supplementary) that were dispensed and returned to the Pharmacy Department, the reasons why they were not administered, their reuse and the associated direct costs. Method Longitudinal study over 8 months (October 2004-May 2005) in a tertiary hospital with centre for preparing anti-neoplastic agents (including supplementary treatment) in its Pharmacy Department. The variables studied, downloaded from the Oncofarm® application, are as follows: a) patients and diagnostics; b) returned treatments, classified by reason returned, pharmaco-therapeutic scheme, cycle, and day; c) returned preparations (anti-neoplastic and supplementary) that were reused; and d) direct costs. Data is presented with its absolute and relative frequencies and confidence intervals of 95% normalised at 1000 patients/day. Results Eighty-four treatments were returned by 66 patients for a total of 139 preparations corresponding to 3429 patients/day. This figure represents 24.5 (95% CI, 19.6-30.2) treatments that were prepared and not administered per 1000 patients/day, mainly due to clinical causes (n=47). Colon neoplasia and treatment with 5-fluorouracil and levofolinic acid presented the highest number of returns. The returned preparations made up 1.45% (95% CI, 1.2-1.7) of those produced. The percentage of reuse is 98%, which results in savings of €10 432.55 (90% of the cost of the treatments that are returned). Conclusions The application of quality, effectiveness, and safety criteria to anti-neoplastic treatments that are prepared and returned to the Pharmacy Department allows a more efficient preparation process.

A Benefit-Cost-Deficit (BCD) model is proposed for analyzing such intentional human errors as barrier removal, the deliberate nonrespect of the rules and instructions governing use of a given system. The proposed BCD model attempts to explain and predict barrier removal in terms of the benefits, costs, and potential deficits associated with this human behaviour. The results of an experimental study conducted on a railway simulator (TRANSPAL) are used to illustrate the advantages of the BCD model. In this study, human operators were faced with barriers that they could choose to deactivate, or not. Their decisions were analyzed in an attempt to explain and predict their choices. The analysis highlights that operators make their decisions using a balance between several criteria. Though barriers are safety-related elements, the decision to remove them is not guided only by the safety criterion; it is also motivated by such criteria as productivity, workload, and quality. Results of prediction supported by the BCD demonstrate the predictability of barrier violation

A systematic step-by-step framework for analyzing hydrogen behavior and implementing passive autocatalytic recombiners (PARs) to mitigate hydrogen deflagration or detonation risk in severe accidents (SAs) is presented. The procedure can be subdivided into five main steps: (1) modeling the containment based on the plant design characteristics, (2) selecting the typical severe accident sequences, (3) calculating the hydrogen generation including in- and ex-vessel period, (4) modeling the gas distribution in containment atmosphere and estimating the hydrogen combustion modes and (5) evaluating the efficiency of the PAR-system to mitigate the hydrogen risk with and without catalytic recombiners, according to the safety criterion. For the Chinese 600MWe pressurized water reactor (PWR) with a large-dry containment, large break loss-of-coolant accident (LB-LOCA) is screened out as the reference severe accident sequence, considering the nature of hydrogen generation and the probabilistic safety assessment (PSA) result on accident sequences. The results show that a certain number of recombiners could remove effectively hydrogen and oxygen, to protect the containment integrity against hydrogen deflagration or detonation.

The response of an individual to a sudden increase in wind velocity is important in terms of wind comfort and wind safety. This paper is concerned with the latter issue and outlines a series of physical and numerical experiments undertaken in order to evaluate the response of an individual to a sudden change in wind speed. The physical experiments were undertaken in the dynamic circuit of the Jules Verne Climatic Wind Tunnel at CSTB in Nantes, France and subjected 31 people to wind speeds up to 20 m/s. In all cases the wind speed increased from a mean value of zero to the target value in approximately 0.2 s. The wind speed required to cause loss of balance is shown to be a function of orientation and weight. In an attempt to understand the influence that gust frequency and mean velocity exert on wind safety criteria, a simple numerical model has been developed. The model is shown to agree reasonably well with the data pertaining to the physical experiments. Furthermore the model has been used in a predictive sense to evaluate response of a 50th percentile child to sudden changes in wind speed. It is shown that such a child is potentially very wind sensitive, with 30% reduction in the wind velocity required to cause loss of balance when compared to the 50th percentile adult male.

The present work is concerned with a power upgrading study of Tehran Research Reactor (TRR). The upgrading study is aimed at investigating the possibility of raising power of the TRR from the current level of 5 MW th to a higher level without violating the original thermal-hydraulic safety criteria. The existing core, comprising 22 standard fuel elements and five control fuel elements, is used for the analyses. Different reactor thermal powers (5–11 MW) and different core coolant flow rates (500–921 m 3 /h) are considered. It is shown that, for the present core, this goal could be achieved safely by gradually opening the butterfly control valve until the desired coolant flow rate is reached. The TRR power could be upgraded up to around 7.5 MW th with the total power peaking factor maintained at less than or equal to 3.0.

Recently, the accident rate in Lithuania has been among the highest ones in Europe. The experience of implementing Gravel Roads Paving Programme (Programme) shows that accident rates have been increasing on the reconstructed road sections. This enables to make an assumption that design solutions taken on the reconstructed gravel roads may be not suitable in terms of traffic safety, since, currently, attempts are made to design the mini possible deviation of the project road axis from the existing road axis. The article evaluates the quality of design solutions in terms of traffic safety in the objects of Programme through the use of the design method applied in West European countries, which is based on safety criteria and enables to evaluate traffic safety not only on the existing but on the designed two-lane suburbian roads, i.e. the level of traffic safety is determined in the design stage. The article investigates the road plan solutions in the objects of Programme. Dangerous road sections on the reconstructed or being reconstructed sections were identified, and the analysis of the real or the predictable accident rates on these sections was carried out., Lietuviška santrauka. Pastaraisiais metais avaringumas Lietuvoje yra vienas iš didžiausių Europoje. Žvyrkelių asfaltavimo programos įgyvendinimo patirtis rodo, kad rekonstruotuose ruožuose avaringumas didėja. Tai leidžia daryti prielaidą, kad projektiniai sprendiniai rekonstruojamuose žvyrkeliuose gali būti netinkami saugaus eismo požiūriu, nes šiuo metu taikoma praktika, kad projektinė kelio ašis kuo mažiau nukryptų nuo esamos ašies. Straipsnyje įvertinta projektinių sprendinių kokybė saugaus eismo požiūriu žvyrkelių asfaltavimo programos objektuose, remiantis Vakarų Europos šalyse taikomu projektavimo metodu, kuris pagrįstas saugaus eismo kriterijais ir leidžia įvertinti saugų eismą ne tik esamuose, bet ir projektuojamuose dviejų eismo juostų užmiesčio keliuose, t.y. saugaus eismo lygis nustatomas dar projektavimo stadijoje. Straipsnyje aprašomas tyrimo objektas – kelio plano sprendiniai žvyrkelių asfaltavimo programos objektuose. Ištirtuose rekonstruotuose arba rekonstruojamuose ruožuose nustatytos pavojingos kelio atkarpos ir atlikta realaus arba numatomo avaringumo šiose atkarpose analizė.

Computational analysis is carried out to arrive at the optimal parameters for the safe and economic design of a poison-tube tank for the storage of fissile solution. The parameters studied are tube diameter, gap between tubes, packed density of the neutron poison (Boron carbide) and wall thickness of the tubes. The aim is to maximize the fissile solution volume satisfying the safety criteria for criticality. Finding the precise values of optimal parameters is a very difficult task. Here a practical way of finding the optimal parameters subject to the design constraints is indicated.

In a performance-based (P-B) fire safety design, the level of fire safety of a building achieved by the design depends upon the design fire scenarios and acceptable safety criteria used. In other words, their essential role is to keep the fire risk of a building below an acceptable level. However, the relationship of the design fire with the acceptable fire risk is not clearly recognized, which often causes fire performance gaps between a P-B fire safety design and the existing building fire code. It is thought to be vital for a P-B fire safety design method to incorporate fire risk concepts for its sound development. In this paper, consideration for determining acceptable fire risk in the context of fire safety design is made and a methodology for selecting such a design fire as to ensure the risk of evacuation in fire be under the acceptable level is proposed.

The core of Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR) is designed to produce 1250 MWt at full power. PFBR is under construction at Kalpakkam, India. In PFBR, the core is of free standing type and one of the major safety criteria for the design of core subassemblies is that the integrity of the core subassemblies should not be impaired and they should not be lifted up from the grid plate even during seismic condition. The net downward force acting on the grid plate is less than the weight of the subassembly due to the hydraulic lifting forces acting on it. Experimental analysis has been carried out to ensure that the subassembly does not get lifted off due to vertical seismic excitation. This paper gives the details of the methodology adopted for the experimental seismic analysis carried out on a core subassembly and the upward displacement of the subassembly under the combined effect of upward fluid force and vertical seismic excitations.

It is essential to improve the clinical results of efalizumab and to assure that it is used under safety criteria in order to obtain a systemic management of the treatment. Prior to proposing and prescribing the treatment, the dermatologist should make sure that the patient fulfills pills the requirements to be able to initiate it and that, on the other hand, there is no serious contraindication that may affect its short-to-long term safety. During the course of the treatment, some follow-up guidelines should be established that will make it possible to compare the evolution of the patient with the general perspectives of efalizumab as well as to monitor and manage the most common adverse effects associated to its use. Finally, it would be convenient to become familiar with the natural course of the disease once the treatment is discontinued in those cases in which this action is decided or should be carried out.

We shall discuss the problem of rail vehicle safety studies using simulation methods. The contemporary methods and criteria used for safety assessment of railway vehicles by railways Europe are shown, whereas special attention is paid to the criteria and research programs applied to the vehicle approval procedures in Poland. Taking advantage of these safety criteria and codes of practice, a number of computer simulations have been conducted in order to study the safety issues. Presented results of the computer simulations include a rail vehicle running on a tangent and curved track for different simulation parameters such as: running velocity, load level, condition of wheel profiles, track irregularities. The track irregularities represent different maintenance quality levels which are set according to UIC518 code. In this paper there has also been made a comparison between the results of computer simulation safety assessment studies and the measurements taken in real conditions during the safety tests of a Shimmns(s) type freight vehicle.

Invasive fungal infections are frequent and severe complications in leukaemic patients with prolonged neutropaenia. Empirical antifungal therapy has become the standard of care in patients with persistent fever despite treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics. For decades amphotericin B deoxycholate has been the sole option for empirical antifungal therapy. Recently, several new antifungal agents became available. The choice of the most appropriate drug should be guided by efficacy and safety criteria. The recommendations from the First European Conference on Infections in Leukaemia (ECIL-1) on empirical antifungal therapy in neutropaenic cancer patients with persistent fever have been developed by an expert panel after assessment of clinical practices in Europe and evidence-based review of the literature. Many antifungal regimens can now be recommended for empirical therapy in neutropaenic cancer patients. However, persistent fever lacks specificity for initiation of therapy. Development of empirical and pre-emptive strategies using new clinical parameters, laboratory markers and imaging techniques for early diagnosis of invasive mycoses are needed.

In this work a procedure for easily selecting safe and productive operating conditions of homogeneous semibatch reactors in which exothermic autocatalytic reactions are performed is developed and presented. Such a procedure is based on the boundary and temperature diagram method previously proposed in the literature for nonautocatalytic reactions. In the autocatalytic case an additional parameter appears in the mathematical model of the reactor as well as in the safety criterion, that is, the initial catalyst amount which is directly related to the coreactant accumulation in the system. A number of diagrams for identifying inherently safe operating conditions is provided, together with some rules of thumb for their use, allowing for easily selecting safe and productive operating conditions of homogeneous semibatch reactors in which exothermic reactions with autocatalytic behavior occur.