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The system aims to bind many biometric cryptosystem using a linker and to increase the matching accuracy at low threshold values. We demonstrate a two stage biometric cryptosystem in which each system uses two different biometric templates. Shielding functions is used to encrypt the biometric template. A OneTime Seed (OTS) generated by the OTS generator is used to link the two biometric cryptosystem. Hash algorithm principle is applied to generate OTS. Finally, the performance of the system is analyzed in terms of False Acceptance Rate (FAR) and False Reject Rate (FRR) for the biometric cryptosystem whereas many classic and contemporary biometric cryptosystem work well at high threshold values, but sharply falls when the threshold values are lowered in the matching process.

Graphene oxide (GO) is extracted from graphite oxide synthesized using modified Hummers method. The extracted GO solution is then drop casted onto a p type silicon substrate and dried in hot air oven. The dried solution is annealed at a temperature of about 200 degree Celsius for about one hour to obtain thermally reduced graphene oxide (RGO). Such thermally synthesized RGO usually have a lot of structural defects which can act as a binding site for hydrogen. The binding efficiency of hydrogen to defect centers can be increased by applying electric field to RGO as it changes the carrier concentration (doping) on the surface. This induces more polarization in the hydrogen molecule resulting in strong binding force, thereby increasing its hydrogen storage efficiency. In our experiment we have demonstrated room temperature electric field doping in RGO films by modulating the channel current by changing the back gate voltage which is a precursor for employing RGO in hydrogen storage applications.KeywordsGraphene oxide, Reduced graphene oxide, Field effect, Hydrogen storage, and Defects

Introduction: Antimicrobial resistance is a well-known entity and the most common factor leading to this is the irrational use of antibiotics. Several studies from the West have substantiated the irrational use of antibiotics in dentistry. Aims: The aim was to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of antimicrobial drug use among dental fraternity in a tertiary care teaching dental college and hospital. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional survey of various dental fraternities using a structured validated questionnaire. The study was initiated following approval from Institutional Ethics Committee and interns, junior residents and faculty members of various departments in dentistry were enrolled after obtaining written informed consent. A structured validated questionnaire was developed to assess the above-mentioned objectives. Statistical analysis: Descriptive statistics was used for representing each category of response and kappa statistics were used to assess the reliability in the initial cohort. Chi-square test for independence was used to evaluate the difference in proportion between different professional cadres. Results: A total of 120 participants were recruited out of which 81.6% (98/120) of the participants accepted their frequent antibiotic usage. The most common dental indication of antibiotics among dentists was post dental extraction, attributing to 30.8% (37/120), followed by dental abscess 21.6% (26/120) and 60% (72/120) prescribed antibiotics after most minor surgical procedures. Surprisingly, 37.5% (45/120) of the participants opined that they use antibiotics against viral infection. Regarding the spectrum of antibiotic usage, 74.1% (89/120) preferred broad spectrum instead of narrow spectrum 25.8% (31/120). The commonly prescribed antibiotics were amoxicillin 71.7% (86/120), metronidazole 33.3% (40/120), amoxicillin with clavulanic acid 26.6% (32/120). A total of (43/120) 35.8% opted generic name for mentioning the antibiotics while the rest (77/120) 64.2% preferred to prescribe using their brand name. Furthermore, (76/120) 63.3% did not know about the recent antibiotic policy/guidelines from the Government of India. There was no significant difference observed in any of the responses between various academic levels. Conclusion: We found poor KAP regarding antimicrobial use in dentistry thereby conferring increasing potential for the development of more serious antimicrobial resistance. Immediate constitution of hospital antibiotic committee and scrutinizing the prescription of antibiotics is mandatory in dental hospitals as well.

Background and Rationale: The precise fit of prosthesis depends on the impression materials and the technique used. Addition silicone impression materials being the user-friendly material are used in monophase and two-phase techniques. Considering the paucity of data on the effectiveness of intraoral delivery tip (IODT) on void, tear and bubble formation using monophase impression technique in stock tray and two-phase impression technique in custom tray the present study was initiated. Materials and Methods: A total of 50 patients requiring single complete veneer crowns were enrolled. Monophase and two-phase impressions with and without IODT were made. Evaluation of the impression were made for tears, voids, and bubbles and alpha, beta, delta scores were given. Results: A significant reduction in the total number of voids was observed with two-phase technique either with or without IODT. No significant differences were observed in the proportion of overall evaluation into alpha, beta and delta between monophase and two-phase with and without IODT. No significant association was seen in the overall evaluation between the two groups (monophase and two-phase) as compared using Chi-square test for independency and a trend in association between overall evaluation as tested using Chi-square for linear trend analysis. Conclusion: Two-phase impression technique with the use of IODT produced decreased number of voids.

Emerging nonvolatile memory devices such as phase change memories and memristors are replacing SRAM and DRAM. However, nonvolatile main memories (NVMM) are susceptible to probing attacks even when powered down. This way, they may compromise sensitive data such as passwords and keys that reside in the NVMM. To eliminate this vulnerability, we propose sneak-path encryption (SPE), a hardware intrinsic encryption technique for memristor-based NVMMs. SPE is instruction set architecture independent and has minimal impact on performance. SPE exploits the physical parameters, such as sneak-paths in crossbar memories, to encrypt the data stored in a memristor-based NVMM. SPE is resilient to a number of attacks that may be performed on NVMMs. We use a cycle accurate simulator to evaluate the performance impact of SPE-based NVMM and compare against other security techniques. SPE can secure an NVMM with a ~1.3% performance overhead.

Aim: The frictional resistance encountered during sliding mechanics has been well established in the orthodontic literature, and it consists of complex interactions between the bracket, archwire, and method of ligation the claim of reduced friction with self-ligating brackets is often cited as a primary advantage over conventional brackets. This study was done to compare and evaluate the frictional forces generated between fully esthetic brackets and semi-aesthetic self-ligating brackets, which are of passive form and SEM (scanning electron microscope) study of the Brackets after Frictional evaluation. Materials and Methods: Two types of self-ligating esthetic brackets, Damon clear (Ormco) made of fully ceramic and Opal (Ultradent Products, USA) and, Two types of self-ligating semi-esthetic brackets, Clarity SL (3M Unitek) and Damon 3 (Ormco) both of which are made of ceramic with metal slot. Arch wires with different dimensions and quality 17 × 25, 19 × 25 Titanium Molybdenum Alloy (TMA) and 17 × 25, 19 × 25 stainless steel that came from plain strands of wire were used for frictional comparison test. The brackets used in this study had 0.022 × 0.028 inch slot. Results: The statistical tests showed significantly smaller amount of kinetic frictional forces is generated by Damon 3 (semi-esthetic self-ligating brackets). For each wire used, Damon 3 displayed significantly lower frictional forces ( P ≤ 0.05) than any of the self-ligating system, followed by Opal (fully esthetic self-ligating brackets) which generated smaller amount of frictional forces but relatively on the higher side when compared with Damon 3. Damon clear (fully esthetic self-ligating brackets) generated the maximum amount of kinetic forces with all types of wire dimensions and properties when compared to the other three types of self-ligating system. Clarity SL (semi-esthetic self-ligating brackets) generated smaller amount of frictional forces when compared with Damon clear and relatively higher amount of frictional forces when compared to Opal and Damon 3

In recent years, OEMs have increased focus on development of Hybrid and Electric Vehicles (xEVs) in order to reduce vehicle emissions and dependency on conventional fuels. Energy storage systems are a critical consideration when formulating a strategy relevant to type of hybridization and vehicle. Though many battery technologies and different chemistries have matured, Lead-acid batteries still insist consideration because they have undergone their own remarkable evolution to keep up with the demand for greater efficiency. Given their inherent superior low temperature performance, standardized packaging boundary, less cost and better safety record, consideration bucket only hinges on overall cycle life and power performance and charge acceptance improvements. With advanced formulations leading to improvement in Lead batteries and advent of next Gen lead batteries, life and performance has been dramatically increased to enable serious consideration as a candidate for mild Hybrid applications. This paper will summarize the shortfalls of conventional Lead acid batteries and the advantages of Advanced Lead batteries. Typical merits and challenges faced in estimation of battery state and observations, improvement methods are also discussed in the context of Belt Starter Generator (BSG) based Low Voltage (LV) mild hybrid application in India.

As the world's most populated country with a fast growing economy, China presently burns about two times as much coal and fossil fuels as the US and four times as much as India for generating electrical energy, which are the source of GHG emissions. The fossil fuels are expected to unavailable in 50 more years if the consumption rate remains to grow at a high incidence. With the unstable nature of international crude prices, it is important to reduce this dependence and look for alternatives. In this context, renewable energy sources (RES) play an important role in supplying sustainable energy without environmental emissions. This paper investigates the effects of using RES in generation expansion and estimates the CO 2 emissions by developing various scenarios namely Reference scenario and Optimization scenario, under the least cost approach. The Long-Range Energy Alternative Planning (LEAP) model is used to develop these scenarios until the year 2030. The electrical energy demand, capacity to be installed and electrical energy to be produced by each plant are predicted for the year 2030 by LEAP. The output from LEAP are fed into the energy modeling tool EnergyPLAN, to plan the same in monthly and hourly basis.

Music plays a very important role in human's daily life and in the modern advanced technologies. Usually, the user has to face the task of manually browsing through the playlist of songs to select. Here we are proposing an efficient and accurate model, that would generate a playlist based on current emotional state and behavior of the user. Existing methods for automating the playlist generation process are computationally slow, less accurate and sometimes even require use of additional hardware like EEG or sensors. Speech is the most ancient and natural way of expressing feelings, emotions and mood and its and its processing requires high computational, time, and cost. This proposed system based on real-time extraction of facial expressions as well as extracting audio features from songs to classify into a specific emotion that will generate a playlist automatically such that the computation cost is relatively low.

The quest for the development of bone substitutes with contrast agents for diagnostic imaging subsists to distinguish synthetic bone from native human tissue. To this aim, ytterbium (Yb

The present investigation explores the influence of yttrium (Y

Induction motor is the most popular load in the transportation systems like Hybrid vehicle, Traction and Propeller. Now-a-days most of the researches are done on hybrid vehicle. It is very important to study about the cost effective, efficiency and quality on induction motor performance. For easy transportation purpose the weight of the motor is low and similarly for the performance of the motor the torque should be high. One of the most important problems is torque and weight ratio in electric hybrid vehicle. This project evaluates the good design with optimization, torque and weight ratio of four configuration methods and cost estimation of each configuration using finite element method (FEM) of a Three — Phase Induction Motor. Here we have changed the rotor bar and end ring materials using Aluminum and Copper with different configurations. By using these configurations we have shown the losses, efficiency, weight and impact on material cost of an induction machine.

Glass-ceramic composites are considered important candidates for load bearing orthopaedic applications owing to their combined salient features of bioactivity and mechanical strength. Herein, we report the impact of ceria (CeO

Introduction: Evidence-based practice requires clinical trials to be performed. In India, if any clinical trial has to be performed, it has to be registered with clinical trial registry of India. Studies have shown that the report of clinical trials is poor in dentistry. Hence, the present study has been conducted to assess the type and trends of clinical trials being undertaken in dentistry in India over a span of 6 years. Methodology: All the clinical trials which were registered with the Central Trial Registry of India (CTRI) (www.ctri.nic.in) from January 1, 2007 to March 3, 2014 were evaluated using the keyword “dental.” Following information were collected for each of the clinical trials obtained from the search; number of centres (single center/multicentric), type of the institution undertaking the research (government/private/combined), study (observational/interventional), study design (randomized/single blinded/double-blinded), type of health condition, type of participants (healthy/patients), sponsors (academia/commercial), phase of clinical trial (Phase 1/2/3/4), publication details (published/not published), whether it was a postgraduate thesis or not and prospective or retrospective registration of clinical trials, methodological quality (method of randomization, allocation concealment). Descriptive statistics was used for analysis of various categories. Trend analysis was done to assess the changes over a period of time. Results: The search yielded a total of 84 trials of which majority of them were single centered. Considering the study design more than half of the registered clinical trials were double-blinded (47/84 [56%]). With regard to the place of conducting a trial, most of the trials were planned to be performed in private hospitals (56/84 [66.7%]). Most (79/84, 94.1%) of the clinical trials were interventional while only 5/84 (5.9%) were observational. Majority (65/84, 77.4%) of the registered clinical trials were recruiting patients while the rest were being done in healthy participants. From 2011, some of the postgraduate thesis trials had also been registered (2011-8; 2012-8; 2013-13; 2014-6). Inadequacy in reporting the method of randomization and allocation concealment was observed in 37/67 (55.2%) and 31/67 (46.2%) clinical trials respectively. A considerable number of postgraduate theses was also registered with CTRI in dentistry and majority of the clinical trials despite being completed are not yet published. Conclusion: The number of clinical trials in dentistry are low in India, and more focus should be placed by dental investigators regarding the reporting standards. Furthermore, researchers and trial sponsors should aim at publication of the research findings so that it is made publically available for use. A clear-cut need exists for an increase in both the quantity and quality of clinical trials in dentistry.

Two-third of the data generated by the internet is unstructured text in the form of e-mails, audio, video, pdf files, word documents, text documents. Extraction of these unstructured text patterns using mining techniques achieve quick access to outcomes. Textual data available at online contains different patterns and when those huge incoming unstructured data enters into the system creates a problem while organising those documents into meaningful groups. This paper discusses document classification using supervised learning by focusing on the concept-based algorithm and also deals with the hidden patterns in the documents using unsupervised clustering technique and topic-based modelling for the analysis and improvement of systematic arrangement of documents by applying k-means and LDA algorithm. Finally, this presents comparative study and importance of clustering than classification for unstructured documents.

Nanorods of one-dimensional (1D) trigonal selenium (t-Se) are synthesized using biomolecule substances for five different aging times (1 h, 2 h, 3 h, 1 day and 4 days) by precipitation method. XRD analysis indicates a shift of the (1 0 1) plane towards higher diffraction angle for 1 day aging time. It is observed that the crystallite size decreases with increase in aging time except for an aging period of 4 days. FTIR analysis confirmed that the presence of stretching and bending vibrations of Se–O in both synthesized and commercial selenium samples at 465, 668 and 1118 cm −1. The FESEM micrographs are evident for the changes of rod size as a function of aging time. It is observed that the optical band gap energy is increased with aging time up to 1 day, whereas it decreases in 4 days aging time.

An advanced direct torque control (DTC) technique using Model predictive control (MPC) is proposed for matrix converter (MC)-based permanent-magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive system, which reduces the torque ripples, does not need the duty cycle calculation, and ensures the fixed switching frequency. Analytical expressions of change rates of torque and flux of PMSM as a function of MC - dqo components are derived. The predictive model of PMSM and MC is realized by means of State model. Then, the advanced MC-fed DTC algorithm is implemented based on Cost function evaluation. The simulation results exhibit remarkable torque ripple reduction with the help of MPC. As a result, the proposed strategy is proved to be effective in minimizing the torque ripples for MC-based PMSM drives.

Although influenza vaccination is recommended for all adults annually, the incidence of vaccine failure, defined as weak or absent increase in neutralizing Ab titers, is increased in the elderly compared with young adults. The T follicular helper cell (Tfh) subset of CD4 T cells provides B cell help in germinal centers and is necessary for class-switched Ab responses. Previous studies suggested a role for circulating Tfh cells (cTfh) following influenza vaccination in adults, but cTfh have not been studied in elderly adults in whom weak vaccine responses are often observed. In this study, we studied cTfh expressing CXCR5 and programmed death-1 (PD-1). cTfh from elderly adults were present at reduced frequency, had decreased in vitro B cell help ability, and had greater expression of ICOS compared with young adults. At 7 d after inactivated influenza vaccination, cTfh correlated with influenza vaccine–specific IgM and IgG responses in young adults but not in elderly adults. In sum, we have identified aging-related changes in cTfh that correlated with reduced influenza vaccine responses. Future rational vaccine design efforts should incorporate Tfh measurement as an immune correlate of protection, particularly in the setting of aging.

Alterations in the regulation of the cell cycle are strongly linked to tumorigenesis, so genetic variants in genes critical to control of the cycle are good candidates to have their association with susceptibility to oral cancer assessed. In this hospital-based, case-control study of 445 patients who had been newly-diagnosed with oral cancer and 449 unaffected controls, we used a multigenic approach to examine the associations among a panel of 10 selected polymorphisms in the pathway of the cell cycle that were possibly susceptible to oral cancer. Six of 9 single nucleotide polymorphisms in the cell cycle showed significant risks for oral cancer, the highest risk being evident for p27 (rs34329; Odds ratio 3.05, 95% CI 2.12 to 4.40). A significant risk of oral cancer was also evident for individual polymorphisms of cyclin E (rs1406), cyclin H (rs3093816), cyclin D1-1 (rs647451), cyclin D2 (rs3217901) and Rb1-2 (rs3092904). The risk of oral cancer increased significantly as the number of unfavourable genotypes in the pathway increased, and so the results point to a stronger combined effect of polymorphisms in important cell cycle regulatory genes on predisposition to oral cancer.

The compound [UO2(C6H5COCHCOC6H5)2.H2O] was synthesized and characterized by IR, 1H NMR and CHN analysis. Structure of the compound shows that the uranium atom is surrounded by seven oxygen atoms in a pentagonal bi-pyramidal geometry. The water molecule is hydrogen bonded to another molecule via the uranyl and β-diketonate oxygen atoms to give a linear zig-zag arrangement along the ‘a’ axis. The whole molecule is stabilized in solid state by various intermolecular hydrogen bonding interactions.

The aim of this study is to improve the positron emission tomography (PET) image quality for medical diagnosis. The statistical reconstructions on the maximum a posteriori (MAP) algorithm often results in a blurring effect, which fails to determine the toughness class in the reconstructed image. The development of new reconstruction algorithms for PET is an active field of research. In this article, artificial neural network (ANN) is proposed for replicating the output image, which is generated from the acquired projection data with the corresponding angles using the PET images. This article proposes the advantage of arranging the neural network to stock up the information of the continuous capacity. This reduces the storage space and recuperates as much sequence of the continuous quantity as possible. The performance of image quality parameters using ANN is better when compared with MAP, FBP-NN (filtered back projection with nearest neighbor interpolation). Thus ANN provides 63% better peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) when compared with FBP-NN and 47% better when compared to MAP. Thus, ANN is better than FBP and MAP algorithm, by providing better PSNR. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 24, 249–255, 2014

Various multilevel inverter topologies are widely being used for real power exchange, reactive power compensation, harmonic current mitigation on grid and industrial drive applications with fundamental frequency switching mode of gate control. Still so many topologies are being currently developed with reduced number of switches, improved waveform for power quality improvement with fundamental frequency switching and pwm switching gate control mode. This paper presents the performance analysis of modified H-bridge single phase inverter for high voltage and high power applications. The switching method has been selected to operate the inverter at fundamental frequency switching mode of gate control to be free from lower order harmonics. The inverter has the modulation technique with pre calculated switching angles to generate the required fundamental voltage with reduced Total Harmonic Distortion (THD). So, the switching losses have been reduced hence the efficiency is improved with Power Quality (PQ) improvement in voltage-current waveform. The DC input power is feed to the inverter from DC capacitor voltage divider source, contributed to give various dc voltage levels during fundamental frequency switching of different switching combinations for the generation of stepping output voltage. During dynamic load condition, the magnitude of input dc voltage level across each capacitor has not undergone through big swing to feed the power to the load without affecting generated output ac voltage. The performance of the proposed inverter has been analyzed for dynamic reactive load and induction motor. The MATLAB based simulations have been presented to validate the inverter operation for dynamic reactive load and industrial drive applications with pre calculated THD reduced switching conduction angles for PQ improvement in waveform.

The competitive environment of global markets has forced many manufacturers to select the most appropriate logistics for the optimisation of total logistics costs, time and inventory. Cost and time are the two important factors in the competitive market that are often not addressed comprehensively by the researchers. In this study, the genetic algorithms (GAs) and the fuzzy logic techniques are used for optimising a novel mathematical model of the logistics network. The objective of the proposed model is to minimise the costs of production, distribution, holding and backorder. In addition to the optimization of logistics costs, the model can also determine the economic production quantity (EPQ), and with help of the GAs and the Fuzzy logic solver with probability parameters and various dimensions for validation of the studied model in real-life situations, and we compared the outputs to demonstrate the performance of the two optimization techniques . Using Genetic Algorithm and fuzzy logic, the optimized value of the logistics cost, and volume of the logistics network were obtained.

Statistical downscaling (SD), used for regional climate projections with coarse resolution general circulation model (GCM) outputs, is characterized by uncertainties resulting from multiple models. Here we observe another source of uncertainty resulting from the use of multiple observed and reanalysis data products in model calibration. In the training of SD, for Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall (ISMR), we use two reanalysis data as predictors and three gridded data products for ISMR from different sources. We observe that the uncertainty resulting from six possible training options is comparable to that resulting from multiple GCMs. Though the original GCM simulations project spatially uniform increasing change of ISMR, at the end of 21st century, the same is not obtained with SD, which projects spatially heterogeneous and mixed changes of ISMR. This is due to the differences in statistical relationship between rainfall and predictors in GCM simulations and observed/reanalysis data, and SD considers the latter.

Summary Generation expansion planning (GEP) is a highly constrained, non-linear optimization problem. The selection of the best expansion alternative for long-term planning horizon is commonly referred as GEP problem. In this paper, the GEP problem is solved for Tamil Nadu, an Indian state for the period of 30 years from 2012 to 2041 using a state-of-the-art computer model Wien Automatic System Planning IV package. In the year 2012, the peak load for Tamil Nadu was approximately 12 000 MW and had a peak load shortage of 3500–4000 MW. A load growth rate of 6.65% per annum is assumed on the basis of past data. Raising coal costs, pollution impacts associated conventional plants make renewable sources an attractive proposition for development. Renewable energies such as wind and solar are considered as expansion candidates in addition to conventional plants. The impact of incorporating renewable energy resources into an electric utility's generation expansion plan has been studied with different penetration level. The reliability criteria, loss of load probability, and energy not served are also calculated. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Intrauterine infection is a leading cause of preterm birth (PTB), most notably in deliveries occurring before 32 weeks gestation. Preterm infants exposed to intrauterine inflammation are more likely to have a host of neurological, respiratory, gastrointestinal, and visual pathologies. Preventing preterm delivery and protecting the fetus from injury is thus likely to require treatment of both intrauterine infection and inflammation. Polymyxin B (PMXB) is a cationic peptide antibiotic that binds Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and prevents inflammatory activation. We hypothesized that intraamniotic administration of PMXB would selectively inhibit LPS-driven inflammation, serving as a proof-of-principle for targeted agonist capture therapy as a treatment for PTB and fetal injury. In vitro studies with primary fetal ovine keratinocytes demonstrated a significant and sustained reduction in tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 8 messenger RNA expression after treatment with PMXB and LPS, relative to cells treated with LPS alone. In vivo studies with fetal sheep demonstrated a significant reduction in proinflammatory cytokines in the amniotic fluid and fetal lung (but not fetal skin or chorioamnion) in LPS + PMXB-treated animals, relative to those treated with LPS alone. These data are consistent with a partial resolution of LPS-driven intrauterine inflammation. They suggest the potential for agonist capture as a conceptual means of resolving the proparturition inflammation caused by infection of the amniotic cavity.

Educational administration means the capacity of an individual or organization to manage all the activities of that educational institute. It is also defined as, the activity of a government or state in the exercise of its powers and duties. Educational administrators have education backgrounds similar to school guidance counsellors, librarians, curriculum coordinators, educational specialists and teachers. Understanding the requirements and expectations of various other educational jobs helps administrators lead others in an empathic capacity. Educational administrators usually have advanced degrees in teaching, administration or educational leadership. Most administrators have many years of experience as teachers, leaders and mentors. Additionally, many educational administrators are required to participate in ongoing training and professional development to learn new methods and policies of school leadership. Educational administration refers to secretarial and authority roles in an institution or school, and educational management is a role in management of grounds, security and repairs, etc. Keywords: School administration, education development, training, educational management.

Visualising the result of any proposed treatment, not only guides us in each part of the journey toward the final result but also to assess if the treatment objectives are met. Any adverse effects can be easily determined, before the start of the treatment, and necessary alterations to the treatment plan can be made. Various method in which the result of an orthognathic surgery can be visualised are-overlay tracing, template tracing, cephalometric prediction tracing, computer prediction, feasibility mock surgery, etc. How to carry out these predictions are discussed in detail in this article.

Finite element analysis, an engineering method for analysing stress and strain has created a niche in the field of orthodontics because of its ability to deliver detailed and precise information regarding stress on load application. It divides the object of study into a finite number of elements and the connected by a meshwork and equations are developed for each elements thereby making each element an individual object of study. Several studies have been conducted using the finite element method and there is a lot of scope for this experimental method to be used in future as well.

Bone mineral metabolism helps in understanding the sequence of boneloss and bone remodeling and in identifying those persons at risk from osteoporosis. One of the approaches that has yielded useful information is the examination of the role of collagenous and noncollagenous bone proteins in bone mineral metabolism. Osteoblasts are the cells responsible for new bone formation, and osteoclasts the cells for resorption. Osteocytes are derived from osteoblasts but their function although not precisely established probably involves calcium homeostasis and bone cell destruction comparable to osteoclastosis. The term remodeling or bone turnover refers to the sequential processes of resorption and subsequent formation for maintenance of mineral homeostasis. In normal man this remodeling cycle occurs at a particular site about every 3 months. The osteoclasts and osteoblasts which are responsible for remodeling appear to be anatomically linked or coupled in equilibrium. Osteocalcin (OC) acts as a regulator of bone mineralization. It also regulates osteoblast and osteoclast activity. This review article lays emphasis on the structure and interaction of OC with various other molecules; its skeletal effects and therapeutic applications.

Prevalence of Malocclusion has been increasingly reported. A proper diagnosis of the etiological factor is crucial to achieve a successfully completed treatment. Malocclusions have peculiar distribution of occurrence. This can be attributed to the geographical condition, developmental anomalies or habits that are acquired over time. A thorough investigation of the malocclusion, the reason for its development and others factors that could influence the treatment outcome should be analysed before starting any procedure. This review article specifically analyzes the role of respiration and how its alterations can result in the particular type of malocclusion. A proper understanding of the basic anatomy and physiological process, guides in clinical correlation of the aberration. Furthermore, other additional diagnostic method to assess the qualitativeness and quantitativeness of the type of respiratory disorder will aid in accurate diagnosis and various treatment modalities that can be included to eliminate this etiological factor in intercepting the malocclusion. Dentists maybe the first healthcare professionals to have contact with a mouth breathing child. Thus early detection and need for appropriate treatment can be made possible when there is a series of tests that can be implemented to assess the need for management.

The word dermatoglyphics is basically a greek word meaning derma=skin, glyphae = carve. It is the scientific study of friction ridges on the palmar and plantar surfaces of hand and feet. Fingerprints are usually formed at the 13th to 19th week of an embryo. It is revealed 6 months after birth. They remain constant, except for the change in their sizes. Embryological development of oro dental structures occurs around the same time. Hence many studies were done to establish the association between dermatoglyphics and dental and skeletal malocclusions. In developing countries with a large population, the simplicity of dermatoglyphic technique and its inexpensiveness warrants its continued use as a diagnostic tool. When combined with other clinical and investigative features dermatoglyphic study can serve to strengthen a diagnostic impression and can be used as a useful screening device.

Orthodontic tooth movement is planned for moving the teeth inside the tissues of the alveolar procedure of the maxilla and mandible, and changing the occlusal conditions, in this manner it is conceivable to improve the capacity and style of the masticatory framework. The orthodontic treatment depends on a powerful procedure of rebuilding the tissue structures of the alveolar procedure of the maxilla and mandible. At the point when the power is applied on teeth for quite a while, cutoff points of versatile disfigurements of tissues can be surpassed and translational relocation of a tooth can be watched. The got tooth development influences changes in the shape and organization (particularly in connection to the calcium-phosphate balance) of bone tissue and encompassing delicate tissues.

Tongue is the most agile, versatile appendage in the body. It is the largest organ of the oral cavity. Dental arches are enveloped on both the sides by muscular tissues. Tongue alone counteracts various buccal forces exerted by cheek and lip musculature. Precise balance between these forces is utmost importance for normal inter and intra arch relationship. The unstable forces induced by abnormal functions such as mouth breathing, tongue thrust, swallowing and unilateral chewing and abnormal postures of oral circumferential muscles such as forward tongue thrust, tongue biting, low tongue at rest were correlated with varieties of malocclusion. Thus it is necessary for proper understanding of these structures. The purpose of this article is to discuss the role of tongue in malocclusion.

In this work, we report on the synthesis of vertically aligned ferrous (Fe) nanorods using aluminium oxide template (AAO). Initially, a thick layer of gold was deposited on one side of the anodic aluminium oxide template to realize a good electrically conductive surface. The other side of the AAO is subjected to pore widening technique using phosphoric acid before electrochemically depositing Fe inside the pores. After deposition, the template was removed and the resulting free-standing Fe nanorods were found to have grown along the 110 plane. We controlled the dimensions of the Fe nanorods by varying parameters such as the concentration of electrolyte solution and the rate of electrodeposition. This growth technique is advantageous since there is uniformity in the sizes of nanorods and the free-standing nanorods provides an ideal platform for making Fe nanorod based memories.

Introduction Left ventricular end diastolic area (LVEDA) less than 10 cm2 in mid-papillary para short axis view of transthoracic echocardiogram indicates hypovolemia.1 We compared the efficaciousness of an algorithm based on LVEDA to the standard clinical practice during subarachnoid block (SAB) in the prevention and treatment of post spinal hypotension. Methods After obtaining approval from the institutional ethics committee and written informed consent 60 adults scheduled for elective surgery under SAB were enrolled in this prospective, randomized intention to treat trial. Patients were randomized into two groups. In Group-E (n = 30) echocardiography based algorithm (figure-1) was used to assess LV preload, its optimization before administration of SAB and to decide treatment of post spinal hypotension either with phenylephrine or intravenous fluids. Group-S (n = 30) patients that served as control, received standard management for SAB. The incidence of hypotension, number of episodes of hypotension, magnitude and duration of hypotension, vasopressor requirement, fluid requirement and hemodynamic parameters first 30 minutes after administration of SAB were compared. Results The incidence of hypotension (Gr-E = 26.7% vs Gr-S = 25%, p = 0.766), number of episodes of hypotension (Gr-E 14 vs 12 episodes in Gr-S, p = 0.721), mean duration of hypotension (Gr-E 6.87±3.6 vs 7.42±3.1 minutes in Gr-S, p = 0.757) and magnitude of maximum fall in blood pressure from baseline values(Gr-E 25.9±3.09% vs 27.7±5.68% in Gr-S, p = 0.451) were comparable between the two groups. Total amount of intravenous fluid administered was 2.5 times less in Gr-E (Gr-E = 147.6±119.2 ml vs Gr-S = 390±204 ml, p Discussion Echocardiography based algorithm for the management of spinal hypotension may result in decreased requirement of intravenous fluid and help in optimizing the vasopressor use. However, the incidence of spinal hypotension may remain unchanged.

Abrasive water jet machining is unconventional material removal process used to dissolve openings and cavities by the force of rough particles of the slurry on hard and materials. It is a non traditional machining process able to machine wide scope of hard to cut materials such as alloys, composite materials. This work explores the impact of different process parameters on kerf angle and amount of materials removed which are imperative execution measures in abrasive waterjet machining. The variable abrasive water jet parameters considered here include water pressure, nozzle diameter stand-off distance and abrasive flow rate. Experiments were conducted on carbon fibre reinforced polymer composites by varying these parameters. This work concluded that maximum abrasive jet pressure increase the material removal rate and minimum stand off distance (SOD) will decrease the kerf angle in carbon fibre composites.

Noise level present in mammogram images highly affects the image analysis and accuracy of classification. Hence removing noise present in mammogram images is an important task. Noise present in the medical images depends on imaging modalities. The dominant noise present in mammogram images are quantum noise. The objective of this work is to study the various filters such as mean, median and wiener filter with different window size using standard benchmark (Digital Database for Screening Mammography) DDSM dataset. Higher the value of the (Peak Signal to Noise Ratio) PSNR, better the image quality of the restored image. The restored image quality of various filters was evaluated with PSNR value. We obtained, the wiener filter with window size 3x3 gives better result for noise reduction in mammogram images.

BACKGROUND: Preventing preterm birth and subsequent adverse neonatal sequelae is among the greatest clinical challenges of our time. Recent studies suggest a role for Candida spp. in preterm birth and fetal injury, as a result of their colonization of either the vagina and/or the amniotic cavity. We hypothesized that intraamniotic Candida albicans would cause a vigorous, acute fetal inflammatory response. METHODS: Sheep carrying singleton pregnancies received single intraamniotic injections of either saline (control) or 10(7) colony-forming units C albicans 1 or 2 d prior to surgical delivery and euthanasia at 124 +/- 2 d gestation. RESULTS: Colonization of the amniotic cavity by C albicans resulted in a modest inflammatory response at 1 d and florid inflammation at 2 d, characterized by fetal thrombocytopenia, lymphopenia, and significant increases of inflammatory cytokines/chemokines in the fetal membranes skin, lung, and the amniotic fluid. CONCLUSION: Acute colonization of the amniotic cavity by C albicans causes severe intrauterine inflammation and fetal injury. C. albicans is a potent fetal pathogen that can contribute to adverse pregnancy outcomes.

Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-II (NSGA-II) is applied for solving Combined Economic Emission Dispatch (CEED) problem with valve-point loading of thermal generators. This CEED problem with valve-point loading is a nonlinear, constrained multi-objective optimization problem, with power balance and generator capacity constraints. The valve-point loading introduce ripples in the input-output characteristics of generating units and make the CEED problem as a nonsmooth optimization problem. To validate its effectiveness of NSGA-II, two benchmark test systems, IEEE 30-bus and IEEE 118-bus systems are considered. To compare the Pareto-front obtained using NSGA-II, reference Pareto-front is generated using multiple runs of Real Coded Genetic Algorithm (RCGA) with weighted sum of objectives. Comparison with other optimization techniques showed the superiority of the NSGA-II approach and confirmed its potential for solving the CEED problem. Numerical results show that NSGA-II algorithm can provide Pareto-front in a single run with good diversity and convergence. An approach based on Technique for Ordering Preferences by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) is applied on non-dominated solutions obtained to determine Best Compromise Solution (BCS).