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We calculate the first hyperpolarizability (β) of several thiazole and thiophene analogues of donor−acceptor stilbene compounds using the ZINDO (sum-over-states) formalism. Because of the inherent dipolar nature of thiazole, in which C2 is electron-poor and C5 is electron-rich, the relative orientation of the thiazole subunit in the dipolar chromophore dramatically affects the nonlinear optical properties. In the “mismatched” case, the dipole of the thiazole ring opposes the molecular dipole created by the donor−acceptor substituents, while in the “matched” case, the dipole of the thiazole ring reinforces the molecular dipole. The hyperpolarizability of the “mismatched” monothiazole 2 (βμ = 68 × 10-30 cm5 esu-1) exceeds that of stilbene 1 (βμ = 34 × 10-30 cm5 esu-1) but is smaller than that of monothiophene 4 (βμ = 90 × 10-30 cm5 esu-1). By contrast, the hyperpolarizability of the “matched” monothiazole 3 (βμ = 177 × 10-30 cm5 esu-1) exceeds not only that of the “mismatched” monothiazole 2, but also that ...

Parent involvement (PI) in school is associated with more positive academic performance and social competence in children. However, there are inadequacies in current measures of PI and a need for a better understanding of predictors of PI. In this study, measures were obtained from a normative sample of 387 children in kindergarten and first grade from high-risk neighborhoods in 4 different sites. First, a confirmatory factor analysis of a theoretical factor model of PI identified 6 reliable multiple-reporter PI factors: Parent-Teacher Contact, Parent Involvement at School, Quality of Parent-Teacher Relationship, Teacher's Perception of the Parent, Parent Involvement at Home, and Parent Endorsement of School. Next, the relations among 3 specific family and demographic risk factors-parental education level, maternal depression, and single-parent status-and these 6 PI factors were examined using path analyses in structural equation modeling. Results indicated that the 3 risk factors were differentially associated with the 6 PI factors: Parental education was significantly associated with 4 PI outcomes, maternal depression was significantly associated with 5 PI outcomes, and single-parent status was significantly associated with 3 PI outcomes. No significant ethnic group differences between African American and Caucasian families were found in these relations.

This article examines the impact of a universal social-emotional learning program, the Fast Track PATHS (Promoting Alternative Thinking Strategies) curriculum and teacher consultation, embedded within the Fast Track selective prevention model.The longitudinal analysis involved 2,937 children of multiple ethnicities who remained in the same intervention or control schools for Grades 1, 2, and 3. The study involved a clustered randomized controlled trial involving sets of schools randomized within 3 U.S. locations. Measures assessed teacher and peer reports of aggression, hyperactive-disruptive behaviors, and social competence. Beginning in first grade and through 3 successive years, teachers received training and support and implemented the PATHS curriculum in their classrooms.The study examined the main effects of intervention as well as how outcomes were affected by characteristics of the child (baseline level of problem behavior, gender) and by the school environment (student poverty). Modest positive effects of sustained program exposure included reduced aggression and increased prosocial behavior (according to both teacher and peer report) and improved academic engagement (according to teacher report). Peer report effects were moderated by gender, with significant effects only for boys. Most intervention effects were moderated by school environment, with effects stronger in less disadvantaged schools, and effects on aggression were larger in students who showed higher baseline levels of aggression.A major implication of the findings is that well-implemented multiyear social-emotional learning programs can have significant and meaningful preventive effects on the population-level rates of aggression, social competence, and academic engagement in the elementary school years.

Protonation of K[C[sub 5]H[sub 5](CO)[sub 2]ReH] with CF[sub 3]CO[sub 2]H at [minus]78[degrees]C produced a 65:35 mixture of cis-C[sub 5]H[sub 5](CO)[sub 2]ReH[sub 2] (cis-1) and trans-C[sub 5]H[sub 5](CO)[sub 2]ReH[sub 2] (trans-1). At 24[degrees]C, this mixture equilibrated to a 2:98 cis-1:trans-1 mixture. Reaction of C[sub 5]H[sub 5](CO)[sub 2]Re([mu]-H)Pt(H)(PPh[sub 3])[sub 2] (3-Ph) with diphenylacetylene at [minus]9[degrees]C initially produced an 84:16 cis-1:trans-1 mixture. Photolysis of trans-1 in a methylcyclohexane glass at 10 K gave a 40:60 cis-1:trans-1 photostationary state. cis-C[sub 5]H[sub 5](CO)[sub 2]ReHD (cis-1-HD) has an unusual intermediate magnitude of J[sub HD] = 6.5 Hz, which suggested the possibility that cis-1 might be in equilibrium with C[sub 5]H[sub 5](CO)[sub 2]Re([eta][sup 2]-HD) (cis-1-[eta][sup 2]-HD). Howevr, it was not possible to detect measurable amounts of C[sub 5]H[sub 5](CO)[sub 2]Re([eta][sup 2]-H[sub 2]) (cis-1-[eta][sup 2]-H[sub 2]) by IR spectroscopy. 30 refs., 1 fig., 2 tabs.

This paper presents a developmental and a clinical model for the treatment of conduct disorder through the strategy of preventive intervention. The theoretical principles and clinical strategies utilized in the FAST Track (Families and Schools Together) Program are described. We indicate how the clinical model is derived from both our developmental model and previous findings from prevention trials. The FAST Track Program integrates five intervention components designed to promote competence in the family, child, and school and thus prevent conduct problems, poor social relations, and school failure. It is our belief that testing the effects of such a comprehensive approach is a necessary step in developing new intervention models for this population.

Photolysis of matrix-isolated diazoethane (1a) at 8 K produces mainly ethene (4a), along with a small amount of 3-methyldiazirine (2a). ESR experiments employing a variety of irradiation conditions and matrix media (Ar, N 2 , Xe) show that triplet ethylidene (3T) is not an observable photoproduct. Similar experiments fail to reveal direct evidence for either singlet or triplet ethylidene by IR or UV-vis spectroscopy. Photolysis of nascent 3-methyldiazirine (2a) also fails to yield ethylidene. Deuterium substitution produces no detectable change in the chemistry

We describe the synthesis and Friedel-Crafts acetylation of a series of ferrocenylarylethylenes, C 15 H 5 FeC 54 =CH(C 6 H 4 -p-X), where X = NO 2 (3a), Br (3B), and NME 2 (3c). Compounds 3a-c provide a direct comparison of the reactivity of ferrocene, olefin, and aryl functionlities. The regiochemistry of substitution of these compounds depends on the nature of the aryl functionalities. Acetylation occurs predominantly at the olefin and the unsubstituted cyclopentadienyl ring; substitution does not occur at the aryl or ar the substituted cyclopentadienyl ring

OBJECTIVE: We tested the impact of the Fast Track conduct disorder prevention program on the use of pediatric, general health, and mental health services in adolescence.PATIENTS AND METHODS: Participants were 891 public kindergarten boys and girls screened from a population of 9594 children and found to be at risk for conduct disorder. They were assigned randomly (by school) to intervention or control conditions and were followed for 12 years. Intervention lasted 10 years and included parent training, child social-cognitive skills training, reading tutoring, peer-relations enhancement, and classroom curricula and management. Service use was assessed through annual interviews of parents and youth.RESULTS: Youth assigned to preventive intervention had significantly reduced use of professional general health, pediatric, and emergency department services relative to control youth on the basis of parent-report data. For control-group youth, the odds of greater use of general health services for any reason and general health services use for mental health purposes were roughly 30% higher and 56% higher, respectively. On the basis of self-report data, the intervention reduced the likelihood of outpatient mental health services among older adolescents for whom odds of services use were more than 90% higher among control-group youth. No differences were found between intervention and control youth on the use of inpatient mental health services. Statistical models controlled for key study characteristics, and potential moderation of the intervention effect was assessed.CONCLUSIONS: Random assignment to the Fast Track prevention program is associated with reduced use of general health and outpatient mental health services in adolescents. Future studies should examine the mechanism of this impact and service use patterns as subjects reach young adulthood.

This study examined whether attendance and quality of participation in parent management training predicted treatment response. Data were from 445 parents (55% minority, 62% single; almost all of low socioeconomic status) who had 1st-grade children with severe conduct problems. Quality of participation in weekly parent groups was based on group leader ratings. Parent outcomes were based on interviewer ratings, behavioral observations, parent reports, and teacher ratings. Results of hierarchical linear models suggested that few family characteristics predicted attendance in this efficacy trial and that attendance was not related to changes in parenting over the year. However, several family characteristics predicted quality of participation in parent management training, and this in turn predicted changes in parental perceptions, warmth, physical punishment, and school involvement. From a clinical perspective, these findings suggest that it is not enough to get parents to attend sessions; it is also necessary to facilitate their active engagement in the therapeutic process.

Triplet carbene methylpentadiynylidene, MeC(5)H (1), was investigated in cryogenic matrices by IR, UV/vis, and EPR spectroscopy. Broadband irradiation (lambda497 nm) of the isomeric diazo compounds, 1-diazo-hexa-2,4-diyne (2) or 2-diazo-hexa-3,5-diyne (3), generates triplet carbene 1. EPR spectra yield zero-field splitting parameters (|D/hc| = 0.62 cm(-1), |E/hc|0.0006 cm(-1)), which are typical for a triplet carbene with axial symmetry. The electronic spectrum of triplet 1 is characterized by a weak absorption in the near-UV and visible region (350-430 nm) with vibronic progressions corresponding to excitations of the acetylenic stretching and the terminal C[triple bond]C-H bending modes. Chemical trapping of triplet 1 in an O(2)-doped matrix affords carbonyl oxides derived predominantly from attack at C-3. Upon irradiation at lambda399 nm, triplet 1 undergoes photochemical 1,2-hydrogen migration to form hex-1-ene-3,5-diyne (6).

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) is found in human milk and is thought to be a key growth factor for the development of the immune system and oral tolerance in neonates. In this study, th...

Conduct problems, substance use, and risky sexual behavior have been shown to coexist among adolescents, which may lead to significant health problems. The current study was designed to examine relations among these problem behaviors in a community sample of children at high risk for conduct disorder. A latent growth model of childhood conduct problems showed a decreasing trend from grades K to 5. During adolescence, four concurrent conduct problem and substance use trajectory classes were identified (high conduct problems and high substance use, increasing conduct problems and increasing substance use, minimal conduct problems and increasing substance use, and minimal conduct problems and minimal substance use) using a parallel process growth mixture model. Across all substances (tobacco, binge drinking, and marijuana use), higher levels of childhood conduct problems during kindergarten predicted a greater probability of classification into more problematic adolescent trajectory classes relative to less problematic classes. For tobacco and binge drinking models, increases in childhood conduct problems over time also predicted a greater probability of classification into more problematic classes. For all models, individuals classified into more problematic classes showed higher proportions of early sexual intercourse, infrequent condom use, receiving money for sexual services, and ever contracting an STD. Specifically, tobacco use and binge drinking during early adolescence predicted higher levels of sexual risk taking into late adolescence. Results highlight the importance of studying the conjoint relations among conduct problems, substance use, and risky sexual behavior in a unified model.

Investigated the ability of abused children and their abusive mothers to decode facial expressions of emotion relative to nonabused children and their mothers. Forty-six children and their mothers (23 control and 23 abusive dyads) were presented with a series of photographs of six emotional expressions posed by both child and adult models. Abused children were less accurate than nonabused children in their identification of emotional expression, as were younger children. Children in both groups were less accurate in decoding adult as opposed to child expressions. Abused children were also less orderly and systematic in their structuring of emotions. Abusive and nonabusive mothers did not differ in their identification of emotional expressions or in their structuring of emotions.

Highly stable glasses of tris-naphthylbenzene transform into a liquid when annealed above the glass transition temperature ${T}_{g}$. In contrast to the predictions of standard models, the observed transformation is spatially inhomogeneous. Secondary ion mass spectrometry experiments on isotopically labeled multilayer films show that the liquid grows into the stable glass with sharp growth fronts initiated at the free surface and at the interface with the substrate. For the free surface, the growth velocity is constant in time and has the same temperature dependence as self-diffusion in the equilibrium supercooled liquid. These stable glasses are packed so efficiently that surfaces and interfaces are required to initiate the transformation to the liquid even well above ${T}_{g}$.

The present study sought to evaluate the day-to-day patterns of tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana use among first-year college students in the United States. Using 210 days of weekly time-line follow-back diary data collected in 2002 to 2003, the authors examined within-person patterns of use. The sample was 48% female and 90% Caucasian. Sixty-eight percent of the participants were permanent residents of Indiana. Univariate time series analysis was employed to evaluate behavioral trends for each substance across the academic year and to determine the predictive value of day-to-day substance use. Some of the most common trends included higher levels of substance use at the beginning or end of the academic year. Use on any given day could be predicted best from the amount of corresponding substance use 1 day prior.Although universal intervention might best be focused in the earliest weeks on campus and at the end of the year when substance use is at its highest, the diversity of substance use trajectories suggests the need for more targeted approaches to intervention. Study limitations are noted.

Antisocial behavior and substance misuse are forms of problem behavior demonstrating considerable continuity over time. Accordingly, problem behavior influences interpersonal contexts across the life course, which may result in the replication of coercive interactions and a problem behavior lifestyle within romantic relationships. Furthermore, theories of self-selection, and associated research, suggest that individuals pick companions compatible with, and supportive of, their behavior, leading to high levels of similarity between romantic partners and the potential reinforcement of problem behavior over time. However, some research suggests that romantic relationships may play a positive role and facilitate desistance from problem behavior. The purpose of this paper is to explore how antisocial behavior and substance use both influence and are influenced by romantic relationships in late adolescence and early adulthood. We first review research regarding the extent of, and processes underlying, partner similarity in problem behavior. Next, we examine how romantic relationships may promote the desistance of problem behavior. Finally, we discuss possible moderators of the association between problem behavior and romantic relationships, as well as limitations, intergenerational implications, and recommended future directions of the reviewed research.

Photolysis (lambda>571 nm) of 1,3-diphenyldiazopropyne (9) affords triplet 1,3-diphenylpropynylidene (3), as characterized by IR, UV/vis, and EPR spectroscopy in low-temperature matrices. Two conformational isomers of triplet 3 are spectroscopically distinguishable. The initially formed, non-relaxed conformer is believed to reflect the geometry of the diazo precursor, as enforced by the rigid matrix. Annealing the matrix permits the structure to relax to the equilibrium D2d geometry. The highly symmetric equilibrium structure of 3 is best envisioned as a 1,3-allenic diradical. Density functional theory calculations suggest that the equilibrium structure does not exhibit a bond-localized structure that would be characteristic of an acetylenic carbene. Chemical trapping with O2, however, affords products that are familiar as carbene trapping products: carbonyl oxide 10, ketone 11, and dioxirane 12. Irradiation (lambda>261 nm) of triplet 1,3-diphenylpropynylidene (3) results in cyclization to singlet diphenylcyclopropenylidene (6), a process that is photochemically reversible at lambda=232 nm. Diphenyl-1,2-propadienylidene (7) was not observed under any irradiation conditions.

Objectives To evaluate international differences in the development of minimum dietary diversity (MDD) between 6 and 12 months of age. Study design Breastfed infants (115, 100, and 109 in Shanghai, Cincinnati, and Mexico City, respectively) were enrolled near birth and dietary intake assessed weekly by 24-hour recall of food frequency. Diet diversity per month from age 6-12 months was assessed as at least 4 of 7 food groups provided on the previous day. Results Across all cohorts, dietary diversity increased from 6 (31%) to 12 (92%) months of age. Shanghai infants were significantly more likely to achieve MDD than the other cohorts at each month of age. Meat/seafood accounted for a higher proportion of infant feeds in Shanghai compared with the other cohorts, and eggs were only fed in Shanghai, and proportional intake of dairy, grains, and fruit were highest in Cincinnati. Only 28% of Cincinnati infants fed >50% human milk achieved MDD between 6 and 12 months. Conclusions The proportion of infants between 6 and 12 months achieving MDD was significantly higher in Shanghai than in Mexico City or Cincinnati at all ages. Of particular concern was low dietary diversity among highly breastfed Cincinnati cohort infants, suggesting a need for greater education of breastfeeding mothers about the need to introduce a diverse complementary food diet.

The millimeter-wave spectrum of hydrazoic acid (HN3) was analyzed in the frequency region of 235-450 GHz. Transitions from a total of 14 isotopologues were observed and fit using the A-reduced or S-reduced Hamiltonian. Coupled-cluster calculations were performed to obtain a theoretical geometry, as well as rotation-vibration interaction corrections. These calculated vibration-rotation correction terms were applied to the experimental rotational constants to obtain mixed theoretical/experimental equilibrium rotational constants (Ae, Be, and Ce). These equilibrium rotational constants were then used to obtain an equilibrium (Re) structure using a least-squares fitting routine. The Re structural parameters are consistent with a previously published Rs structure, largely falling within the uncertainty limits of that Rs structure. The present Re geometric parameters of HN3 are determined with exceptionally high accuracy, as a consequence of the large number of isotopologues measured experimentally and the sophisticated (coupled-cluster theoretical treatment (CCSD(T))/ANO2) of the vibration-rotation interactions. The Re structure exhibits remarkable agreement with the CCSD(T)/cc-pCV5Z predicted structure, validating both the accuracy of the ab initio method and the claimed uncertainties of the theoretical/experimental structure determination.

Emerging evidence indicates that carotenoids may have particular roles in infant nutrition and development, yet data on the profile and bioavailability of carotenoids from human milk remain sparse. Milk was longitudinally collected at 2, 4, 13, and 26 weeks postpartum from twenty mothers each in China, Mexico, and the USA in the Global Exploration of Human Milk Study (n = 60 donors, n = 240 samples). Maternal and neonatal plasma was analyzed for carotenoids from the USA cohort at 4 weeks postpartum. Carotenoids were analyzed by HPLC and total lipids by Creamatocrit. Across all countries and lactation stages, the top four carotenoids were lutein (median 114.4 nmol/L), β-carotene (49.4 nmol/L), β-cryptoxanthin (33.8 nmol/L), and lycopene (33.7 nmol/L). Non-provitamin A carotenoids (nmol/L) and total lipids (g/L) decreased (p0.05) with lactation stage. Total carotenoid content and lutein content were greatest from China, yet lycopene was lowest from China (p0.3). This enhanced understanding of neonatal exposure to carotenoids during development may help guide dietary recommendations and design of human milk mimetics.

We previously demonstrated that lactoferrin inhibits adherence of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli to HEp-2 cells and decreases invasiveness of Shigella flexneri in HeLa cells by disruption of the type III secretory system (TTSS) of both enteropathogens. To determine whether these effects were specific to the TTSS, we assessed the activity of bovine lactoferrin on enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC), enteropathogens whose virulence is not TTSS dependent. Bovine lactoferrin at a concentration of 1.0 and 0.1 mg/mL inhibited EAEC growth. Saturation with iron reversed the bacteriostatic effect. Lactoferrin under nonbacteriostatic conditions decreased EAEC adherence to HEp-2 cells as evaluated by microscopy and CFUs; this effect was not iron dependent. Lactoferrin inhibited EAEC biofilm formation and increased autoagglutination. Lactoferrin blocks EAEC adherence by inducing release and degradation of aggregative adherence fimbria, a key element of EAEC pathogenesis. We hypothesized that lactoferrin binding to lipid A of lipopolysaccharide disrupts the virulence proteins anchored to the bacterial outermembrane. These data suggest that the effect of lactoferrin on surface proteins is not restricted to organisms having a TTSS.

This study compared alternative hypotheses (from general deviance, life course, and developmental psychopathology perspectives) regarding the effects of early adolescent delinquency on psychosocial functioning in family, school, and peer contexts, and on alcohol use. Analyses also examined parent-child negative affective quality, prosocial school orientation, and peer substance use as possible direct predictors of problem substance use. Participants in this longitudinal study, extending from age 11 to age 18, were 429 rural teens (222 girls) and their families. Path model comparisons supported the tenability of a partial mediation model that included mediating pathways and a direct effect of delinquency on alcohol use, as hypothesized by developmental psychopathology. A supplemental analysis controlling for the stability of the family, school, and peer variables revealed that delinquency had less pervasive direct effects on, and a nonsignificant indirect effect through, changes in the mediators over time. Results also showed that peer substance use was a direct positive predictor of problem use.

Three isomers of tetraethynylethene (1, C10H4) have been prepared by palladium-catalyzed Negishi coupling of a trimethylsilylbutadiynyl zinc reagent with a bromoalkene, followed by mild deprotection with potassium carbonate in methanol. The unsubstituted enynes, 3-ethynyloct-3-ene-1,5,7-triyne (2), trans-dec-5-ene-1,3,7,9-tetrayne (3), and cis-dec-5-ene-1,3,7,9-tetrayne (4), exhibit modest stability at -20 degrees C but decompose rapidly at room temperature. Electronic absorption spectra of 2, 3, and 4 reveal a characteristic vibronic progression at 260-320 nm. Spectral features at shorter wavelength discriminate among the isomers, and permit the assignment of 2 and 3 as apparent dimerization products of triplet carbene H-CC-C-CC-H in matrices at low temperature. Computed relative energies of these C10H4 isomers (MP2/6-31G) are 1 (14.0 kcal/mol), 2 (6.8 kcal/mol), 3 (0.0 kcal/mol), and 4 (1.0 kcal/mol).

Objectives: A gastrostomy-fed rat infant "pup-in-a-cup" model was used to test the hypothesis that enterally administered Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) decreases the proinflammatory response induced by Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the developing infant rat small intestine, plasma, lung and liver. Methods: Two groups of 6- to 7-day-old pups were fed a rat milk substitute with LPS added via the gastrostomy tube for 6 days. One of the rat milk substitute-fed groups received supplemental LGG; another group received LPS without LGG. Age-matched mother-fed rat pups were used as controls. Results: LPS treatment blunted body growth, but LGG supplementation had no effect on weight increments. LGG decreased LPS-induced inflammation in intestinal tissue; CINC-1 (rodent IL-8 equivalent) production in plasma, liver, lung and distal small intestine; and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) production in plasma and lung. Cytokine multiplex assay showed lung interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-18, growth-related oncogene (GRO)/KC (rat CINC-1) and TNF-α were significantly higher in gastrostomy-fed, LPS-treated pups than in mother-reared pups, and LGG significantly blunted the LPS-induced elevation of IL-1β, IL-10, IL-18, GRO/KC and TNF-α; liver GRO/KC was significantly higher in gastrostomy-fed, LPS-treated pups than in mother-reared pups, and LGG significantly blunted the LPS-induced elevation of GRO/KC. Conclusions: LGG provided by the enteral route is able to downregulate LPS-induced proinflammatory mediators. This effect is not only present in the splanchnic organs, that is, the intestine and the liver, but extends to the plasma and a distal organ, the lung. JPGN 42:545-552, 2006.

1-Diazo-2,4-pentadiyne (6a), along with both monodeuterio isotopomers 6b and 6c, has been synthesized via a route that proceeds through diacetylene, 2,4-pentadiynal, and 2,4-pentadiynal tosylhydrazone. Photolysis of diazo compounds 6a-c (lambda444 nm; Ar or N2, 10 K) generates triplet carbenes HC5H (1) and HC5D (1-d), which have been characterized by IR, EPR, and UV/vis spectroscopy. Although many resonance structures contribute to the resonance hybrid for this highly unsaturated carbon-chain molecule, experiment and theory reveal that the structure is best depicted in terms of the dominant resonance contributor of penta-1,4-diyn-3-ylidene (diethynylcarbene, H-C[triple bond]C-:C-C[triple bond]C-H). Theory predicts an axially symmetric (D(infinity h)) structure and a triplet electronic ground state for 1 (CCSD(T)/ANO). Experimental IR frequencies and isotope shifts are in good agreement with computed values. The triplet EPR spectrum of 1 (absolute value(D/hc) = 0.6157 cm(-1), absolute value(E/hc) = 0.0006 cm(-1)) is consistent with an axially symmetric structure, and the Curie law behavior confirms that the triplet state is the ground state. The electronic absorption spectrum of 1 exhibits a weak transition near 400 nm with extensive vibronic coupling. Chemical trapping of triplet HC5H (1) in an O2-doped matrix affords the carbonyl oxide 16 derived exclusively from attack at the central carbon.

Objective:: This study was undertaken to evaluate the association between patterns of day-to-day smoking and drinking among first year college students. Method:: Using 210 days of weekly time-line follow-back diary data, the authors examined the within-person relationships between smoking and drinking. Bivariate time series procedures were utilized. Results:: Findings revealed a high degree of significant cross-correlations between smoking and drinking in which the amount of use of one substance could be predicted by current, as well as past and future use of the other. For the majority of participants, smoking and drinking were positively associated with the alternate behavior. The most common pattern of prediction for individuals was within day (i.e. synchronous correlations). When examining rates of individuals showing significant cross-correlations according to their level of either smoking or drinking, those smoking less than one cigarette on average per day were found to be less likely to demonstrate a synchronous cross-correlation between the two behaviors than those smoking at higher rates. No significant association was found between level of drinking and the rate of significant synchronous cross-correlations between smoking and drinking. Conclusions:: Reports of daily behavior over long periods of time have the potential to provide insight into the more proximal influences of smoking and alcohol use on one another. Future research is needed to establish the specific factors (i.e. third variables) and related mechanisms that may drive both behaviors. © 2005 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

An important dietary source of vitamin B-6, pyridoxine-5'-beta-D-glucoside (PNG), exhibits only partial bioavailability, which is limited by the extent of enzymatic cleavage of the beta-glucosidic bond to release metabolically available pyridoxine (PN). This laboratory showed that the intestinal hydrolysis of PNG is catalyzed by cytosolic PNG hydrolase (PNGH) and brush border lactase-phlorizin hydrolase (LPH). LPH-catalyzed PNG hydrolysis in vitro is competitively inhibited by lactose. In the present study, the uptake and hydrolysis of PNG were examined in Caco-2 human colon carcinoma cells, which express a functional LPH but exhibit no PNGH activity. PNG uptake at 37 degrees C was linear over 5-500 micromol/L PNG. Uptake was not significantly reduced when Na(+) was substituted with K(+), Li(+), or Tris in the medium. Increasing PNG concentration in the medium did not change intracellular concentrations of PN, pyridoxamine (PM), pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate (PMP), or pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP); however, intracellular pyridoxal (PL) concentration increased. Intracellular PNG concentration was not significantly reduced in the presence of lactose, but the concentration of PL declined in proportion to extracellular lactose (P = 0.01). These results indicate that PNG can be absorbed intact in a Na(+)-independent process and is taken up by passive diffusion. The presence of lactose in this in vitro model of intestinal uptake reduced the enzymatic hydrolysis of PNG by lactase.

Drawing on a normative sample of 224 youth and their biological mothers, this study tested 4 family variables as potential mediators of the relationship between maternal depressive symptoms in early childhood and child psychological outcomes in preadolescence. The mediators examined included mother-child communication, the quality of the mother-child relationship, maternal social support, and stressful life events in the family. The most parsimonious structural equation model suggested that having a more problematic mother-child relationship mediated disruptive behavior-disordered outcomes for youths, whereas less maternal social support mediated the development of internalizing disorders. Gender and race were tested as moderators, but significant model differences did not emerge between boys and girls or between African American and Caucasian youths.

Objectives: Although women with histories of child sexual abuse (CSA) perceive themselves as less competent mothers and report greater parenting difficulties than nonabused women, few investigators have actually observed the parenting behaviors of CSA survivors. The primary aim of this study was to examine whether incest history was related to maternal perceptions of parenting efficacy and interactional patterns with their children. The secondary aim of this study was to explore the constructs of internal working models of relationships and maternal psychological adjustment as potential mediators of the relation between incest history and parenting. Methods: A community sample of 17 incest survivors, 18 nonabused women and their 3–6 year-old children participated. Mothers completed self-report measures of parenting efficacy, parental bonding (i.e., internal working models of relationships), and psychological adjustment. In addition, mothers interacted with their children in a problem-solving task. Results: Although incest survivors reported less parenting self-efficacy than did nonabused mothers, their interactional styles with their children were positive overall and comparable to those of nonabused mothers. Specifically, survivors displayed moderate to high levels of support, assistance, and confidence, and their children showed high levels of affection towards their mothers. Incest survivors reported less bonding with their own mothers in childhood and poorer current psychological adjustment. Conclusions: Findings suggest that incest survivors’ perceptions of their parenting abilities may be more negative than their actual parenting behaviors.

‘The rise and fall of superpower détente, 1968–79’ describes how the French term détente served as a convenient shorthand for the more stable and cooperative relationship being forged by the Cold War’s primary protagonists during the 1970s. The United States and the Soviet Union worked to lessen the danger of nuclear war through the negotiation of verifiable arms control agreements and to formulate a core set of ‘rules’ to govern their relationship. Nevertheless, competition continued, especially in the Third World. Each side, moreover, harboured a fundamentally different understanding about the meaning of détente. By the end of the 1970s, those problems had grown so severe that they brought the era of détente to an abrupt close.

The Cold War: A Very Short Introduction discusses the Cold War, which dominated international life from the end of the Second World War to the fall of the Berlin Wall. But how did the dispute begin, and why did it move from its origins in post-war Europe to encompass virtually every corner of the globe? This VSI considers these questions and more, providing a truly international history of the Cold War and examining its enduring legacy. It draws on the most recent scholarship and documents to offer a full analysis of all aspects of the war. These include the Vietnam War and the changing global politics since the 1970s.

‘Cold wars at home’ highlights the domestic repercussions of the Cold War. The Cold War exerted so profound and so multi-faceted an impact on the structure of international politics and state-to-state relations that it has become customary to label the 1945–90 period ‘the Cold War era’. That designation becomes even more fitting when one considers the powerful mark that the Soviet–American struggle for world dominance and ideological supremacy left within many of the world’s nation-states. The Cold War of course affected the internal constellation of forces in the Third World, Europe, and the United States and impacted the process of decolonization, state formation, and Cold War geopolitics.

Clinical data demonstrate that certain antiepileptic drugs including carbamazepine (CBZ) decrease serum biotin concentration 45-50% and increase urine and serum organic acids, which is suggestive of reduced function of biotin-dependent enzymes. However, little is known about biotin-dependent enzyme function at the tissue level in patients undergoing long-term CBZ treatment. We recently established that dietary CBZ administration to rats increases brain lactate and also decreases specific enzymatic activity and the relative abundance of hepatic biotinylated pyruvate carboxylase (PC). To examine the mechanism of altered activity and abundance of biotinylated PC, the effect of orally administered CBZ on hepatic PC protein and mRNA expression was examined in rats consuming a physiologically relevant level of dietary biotin (0.06 mg/kg). Rats were fed 0 or 3.4 g CBZ/kg diet for 28 d, a dose designed to achieve clinically relevant serum CBZ concentrations. Hepatic biotinylated PC and PC activity were significantly reduced by approximately 43 and 30%, respectively, in the drug-treated group. Liver PC protein expression and mRNA were approximately 43 and 35% lower, respectively, in the drug-treated group than in controls. Brain biotinylated PC was significantly lower (29%), whereas specific enzymatic activity was 175% higher in rats consuming the 3.4 g CBZ/kg diet. Brain, but not serum, lactate was significantly higher in rats consuming CBZ. Taken together, the lower PC protein and mRNA expression provide a plausible biochemical mechanism to explain the decreased abundance of biotinylated hepatic PC observed in previous studies.

Zinc metabolism is controlled within relatively restricted limits throughout the life cycle. Expression and localization of zinc transporters 1, 2 and 4 during pregnancy and lactation in small intestine, mammary gland and liver of the rat were investigated using Northern analysis, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. In maternal tissues, zinc transporter 4 was the most widely expressed among these zinc transporters in the tissues examined. In small intestine and liver, zinc transporter 4 increased from levels found during late gestation, but zinc transporter 1 did not. Zinc transporter 2 expression in small intestine was transient, being highest around parturition, and was not detected in liver. Immunohistochemistry revealed unique patterns of zinc transporter localization at different stages of development. In the placenta, zinc transporters 1 and 4 were found concentrated along the villous visceral splanchnopleure. In the mammary gland, zinc transporter 4 was most abundant in cells surrounding the alveolar ducts and oriented to the basement lamina. All three transporters were highly expressed in neonatal small intestine, principally near the apical surface, but zinc transporters 1 and 4 increased in abundance at the basolateral surface during development. Zinc transporter 2 was oriented apically, directly adjacent to the microvilli of enterocytes. Within the intestine, expression of each transporter was limited to enterocytes. These results support a role for these transporters in maintaining an adequate zinc supply derived from the maternal diet for zinc acquisition and use by the fetus and neonate.

We present a direct measurement of self-diffusion of a single-component glass-forming liquid at the glass transition temperature. Forward recoil spectrometry is used to measure the concentration profiles of deuterio and protio 1,3-bis-(1-naphthyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)benzene (TNB) following annealing-induced diffusion in a vapor-deposited bilayer. These experiments extend the range of measured diffusion coefficients in TNB by 6 orders of magnitude. The results indicate a decoupling of translational diffusion coefficients from viscosity or rotation. At ${T}_{g}$, ${D}_{T}$ is 400 times larger than expected from the Stokes-Einstein equation.