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In an experiment, 200 one-day-old broiler chickens (Ross 308) were used to investigate the effects of sumac fruit ( Rhus coriaria L.) powder (SFP) on performance, plasma concentrations of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein (HDL-c), low density lipoprotein (LDL-c), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL-c) and plasma fasting blood sugar (FBS), as well as proportional abdominal fat. The chicks were divided into four treatment groups with 5 replicates and 10 birds in each. The birds were fed the basal diet (Z-SFP) or diets supplemented with 2.5 g SFP (L-SFP), 5 g SFP (M-SFP) and 10 g SFP (H-SFP) per kg diet. During the whole experimental period the H-SFP birds had a higher feed intake than the Z-SFP and L-SFP birds, though the H-SFP birds had higher feed conversion ratio compared with birds in the other treatments. No significant differences for body weight gain were recorded between the treatments. The M-SFP and H-SFP birds had lower plasma TC and VLDL-c concentrations than the Z-SFP and L-SFP birds. No significant differences between the treatments were indicated for plasma TG, HDL-c and LDL-c concentrations. Moreover the plasma FBS concentration of the H-SFP birds was lower than the birds in treatments Z-SFP and L-SFP, but no significant differences were observed between the other treatments. Furthermore, significant negative correlations were found between SFP supplementation and plasma TC, VLDL-c and FBS concentrations and a significant positive correlation between SFP supplementation and abdominal fat weight. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of SFP reduces the blood TC, VLDL-c and FBS concentrations, which can be related to decreased activity of HMG-CoA reductase and α-amylase activities. The higher abdominal fat weight of the SFP-fed birds is possibly related to changes of energy storage towards fat deposition. Keywords: Fasting blood sugar, feed conversion ratio, feed intake, performance, sumac fruit

WOS:000303618400016 Objective: Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is one of the most commonly isolated bacterial pathogens in hospitals, and the most frequent cause of nosocomial infections. Nosocomial staphylococcal foreign-body infections related to biofilm formation are a serious threat, demanding new therapeutic and preventive strategies. Implantation of intravenous catheters and surgical implantation of prosthetic implants carry a risk of infection. In order to prevent all these effects of biofilms, a study was designed to observe the possible antibacterial effect of sumach (Rhus coriaria) on the biofilm formation of S. aureus. Material and Methods: The influence of varying concentrations of sumach on the formation of biofilms by 13 strains of Staphylococcus aureus was tested by a microelisa assay. Results: The significant differences between varying concentrations of sumach (0.1, 0.2, 0.5 and 1.0 mu l/ml) were observed in four methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and nine methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) (p

The essential oils obtained from the leaf, fruit pericarp and branch/bark of Rhus coriaria L. by hydrodistillation were examined by GC and GC/MS. Sixty-three constituents in the branch/bark oil, sixty-three constituents in the leaf oil and eighty-five constituents in the fruit pericarp oil were identified. The predominant compounds in the pericarp oil were limonene (0.17–9.49%), nonanal (10.77–13.09%) and (Z)-2-decenal (9.90–42.35%), while major components of the leaf oil were β-caryophyllene (0.33–16.95%) and a sesquiterpene hydrocarbon tentatively identified as patchoulane (3.08–23.87%). The major constituents of the branch/bark oil were β-caryophyllene (12.35–21.91%) and cembrene (10.71–26.50%). The composition of oils from two different phytogeographic regions showed variations.

The steam volatile constituents of the oriental spice sumac, the dry fruits of Rhus coriaria L., were analysed by GC and GC–MS. During comparative studies with plant material from six Turkish provinces, more than 120 substances could be identified. Main constituents are terpene hydrocarbons (i.e. α-pinene, β-caryophyllene and cembrene), oxygenated terpenes (i.e. α-terpineol, carvacrol and β-caryophyllene alcohol) as well as farnesyl acetone, hexahydrofarnesylacetone and aliphatic aldehydes. In addition, the fatty acids of the seed fat have been analysed as their methyl esters.

A recent pharmacognostic survey showed a frequent adulteration of commercial Mediterranean oregano with dried plants having a similar silvery gray color (Rhus coriaria L., Cistus spp. and Rubus spp.). If performed by skilled adulterators, the detection of this practice relies almost completely on pharmacognostic assays which are extremely laborious and time consuming, especially when multiple batches of oregano have to be evaluated. Sequence-characterized amplified regions markers (SCARs) were developed from three RAPD markers specific for these adulterants, in order to speed up the primary screening of Origanum batches and allow the pre-emptive rejection of suspect samples, thus narrowing the number of samples to be subjected to more careful pharmacognostic analyses. The SCAR primers gave rise to the amplification of specific bands of expected sizes which allowed the detection up to 1% of adulterating plants. The relatively short dimension of these amplicons is suitable for the analysis of potentially degraded DNA obtained from dried and stored commercial material.

The aim of this work was to investigate the cardioprotective activity of hydrolysable gallotannins from Rhus coriaria L. leaves extract (RCLE) in isolated rabbit heart preparations, submitted to low-flow ischemia/reperfusion damage. RCLE induces a dose-dependent normalization of coronary perfusion pressure (CPP), reducing left ventricular contracture during ischemia, and improving left ventricular developed pressure and the maximum rate of rise and fall of left ventricular pressure at reperfusion. Creatinine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) outflow were significantly reduced during reperfusion. In parallel there was a rise in the release of the cytoprotective 6-ketoprostaglandin F (1alpha) (6-keto-PGF (1alpha)) and a decrease of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), both significant only at the highest RCLE concentrations (150-500 microg/mL). The vasorelaxant activity of RCLE was studied in isolated rabbit aorta rings precontracted with norepinephrine (NE) with and without endothelium. The vasorelaxation induced by RCLE was predominantly endothelium-dependent as demonstrated by the loss of RCLE vasorelaxant ability in i) de-endothelized rings and ii) in intact aortic rings after pretreatment with NG-monomethyl- L-arginine (L-NMMA) and 1 H-[1.2.4]oxadiazolo[4.3- A]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ). The inhibition of vasorelaxation in intact rings by indomethacin (INDO) demonstrates the ability of RCLE to modulate the coronary endothelium cyclooxygenase (COX) pathway. The K-ATP channel antagonist glibenclamide (GLIB) was ineffective. The antioxidant activity of RCLE, investigated in the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) model and in living cell systems (rat erythrocytes), was stronger than that of gallic acid, ascorbic acid and trolox. The structure of its main bioactive constituents, profiled by HPLC-ESI-HR-S, comprised a mixture of polygalloylated D-glucopyranose with different degrees of galloylation and 3- O-methylgallic acid. The cardiovascular protective effect of RCLE seems to be due to an interplay of different factors: COX pathway activation, TNF-alpha inhibition, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activation, and free radical and ROS scavenging.

A pharmacognostic survey of 84 commercial samples of Mediterranean oregano, obtained from wholesale traders between 2001 and 2007, pinpointed the presence of extraneous plant material in 90.5% of the samples. In 59% of them extraneous material of plant origin was above 20%. Two major groups of botanical foreign matter were identified: oregano-like flavored plants ( Satureja montana L., Origanum majorana L.) and plants lacking a clearly detectable essential oil profile ( Rubus sp., Cistus incanus L., Rhus coriaria L.), added as bulk extraneous material. A random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) method was developed to make the detection of the second group of adulterants easier and speed pharmacognostic analysis of large batches of samples. Thirteen primers discriminating between Origanum spp. and Rubus caesius , R.coriaria, and C. incanus were individuated, allowing their detection in oregano samples with a limit of detection of 1%. The utilization of RAPD as a reliable test to probe the authenticity of Mediterranean oregano or previously screen the presence of specific contaminants is proposed as a complementary approach to pharmacognostic and phytochemical screening.

WOS: 000264509800011, The flavour characteristics of sumach (Rhus coriaria L.) from the southeastern region of Turkey were investigated by using GC/MS and sensory flavour profile analysis techniques. Three different extraction methods for the isolation of volatiles were applied prior to GC/MS analysis. A total of 55, 17 and 28 volatiles were identified from the sumach sample by using liquid-liquid extraction, SC-CO2 extraction and distillation techniques, respectively. Malic acid was detected to be responsible for the sour taste of sumach. -caryophyllene (spicy, woody), cembrene (woody) and caryophyllene oxide (spicy) which were detected by using the three different isolation techniques seem to have an important contribution to sumach flavour. Sensory flavour profile analysis revealed oil and acid aroma and dried lemon balm, cellulose/woody, spicy, earthy and astringent flavour characters as common descriptors in grinded sumach, SC-CO2 extract, and water extract of sumach samples examined in this study.

Sumach (Rhus coriaria L.) is widely used as a spice. The aim of this study was the investigation of its DNA-protective effects in humans and animals. Prevention of the formation of strand breaks and oxidized DNA bases as well as the protection against H(2)O(2)- and (+/-)-anti-benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dihydro-diol-9,10-epoxide (BPDE)-induced DNA-damage were monitored in human lymphocytes in a placebo controlled trial (N=8/group) with ethanolic extract of sumach (3.0g/day, 3 days) in single cell gel electrophoresis assays. Furthermore, DNA-protective effects of sumach were monitored in different inner organs of rats under identical conditions. No alteration of DNA-migration was detectable in human lymphocytes under standard conditions, but a decrease of the tail-lengths due to formation of oxidized purines and pyrimidines (52% and 36%) was found with lesion-specific enzymes. Also damage caused by H(2)O(2) and BPDE was significantly reduced by 30% and 69%, respectively. The later effect may be due to induction of glutathione S-transferase (GST). After the intervention, the overall GST (CDNB) activity in plasma was increased by 40%, GST-alpha by 52% and GST-pi by 26% (ELISA). The antioxidant effects of extract are probably due to scavenging which was observed in in vitro experiments, which also indicated that gallic acid is the active principle of sumach. The animal experiments showed that sumach also causes protection in inner organs. Supplementation of the drinking water (0.02g/kg per animal) decreased the formation of oxidized DNA bases in colon, liver, lung and lymphocytes; also after gamma-irradiation pronounced effects were seen.

Rhus coriaria Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 1: 265. 1753. "Habitat in Europa australis." RCN: 2112. Lectotype (Barrie in Jarvis & al., Regnum Veg. 127: 82. 1993): Herb. Burser XXII: 76 (UPS). Generitype of Rhus Linnaeus (vide Hitchcock, Prop. Brit. Bot.: 142. 1929). Current name: Rhus coriaria L. (Anacardiaceae)., Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part R), pp. 785-805 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 794, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971

It is known that certain spices are rich in antioxidants. Sumac (Rhus coriaria) is widely consumed in Middle-Eastern countries. We tested its DNA-protective effects in a human intervention trial. Eight participants consumed 3 g of sumac for 3 days. We found strong protective effects in single cell gel electrophoresis assays (SCGE) with endonuclease III (ENDO III), formamidopyrimidine glycosylase (FPG) and hydrogen peroxide in human peripheral lymphocytes. H2O2-induced DNA migration was reduced by 30%, oxidized pyrimidines 36% and oxidized purines 41%, respectively, after the intervention. Subsequent in vitro experiments indicated that gallic acid (GA) is the active principle of sumac. GA is also contained in certain plants (mango, rhubarb, strawberries). In a subsequent trial, 8 participants consumed GA (0.2 mg/kg BW/d) for 3 days and strong protective effects were observed with this phenolic compound which is very rapidly absorbed in the GI tract. The reduction of DNA migration induced by H2O2 was 40%, ENDO III 58%, FPG 52%. Comparisons show that GA is 50 times more protective than the vitamins C and E. The protective effects of sumac and GA were also investigated in animal experiments. Eight male rats per group were fed 3 days with sumac (0.02 g/kg BW/d) and GA (0.2 mg/kg BW/d). After irradiation in a 60Co source (7.74 Gy/1 min), the animals were killed immediately and protective effects were seen in lymphocytes, brain, liver, colon and lung. Taken together, our findings indicate that GA is a "super-antioxidant" which protects against ROS-induced DNA-damage. from 13th Scientific Symposium of the Austrian Pharmacological Society (APHAR). Joint Meeting with the Austrian Society of Toxicology (ASTOX) and the Hungarian Society for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology (MFT) Vienna, Austria. 22–24 November 2007

Heat stress negatively affects the meat quality in broiler chickens, as indicated by lipid peroxidation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 0.0, 2.5, 5.0 and 10 g sumac fruit powder/kg of the diet, along with 100 mg α-tocopherol acetate (AT)/kg as antioxidants, on meat characteristics of broilers under heat stress conditions. Consumption of 5.0 g sumac/kg decreased the thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) concentration in thigh meat. The thigh meat pH increased only as a result of AT consumption. Dietary inclusion of both AT and 10 g sumac/kg decreased the fat content of the meat. None of the meat colour indices, lightness (L*), redness (a*) and yellowness (b*), was affected by dietary treatments. It was concluded that dietary sumac consumption improved the TBARS and pH, and decreased thigh meat fat in broilers under heat stress.Keywords: Alpha tocopherol acetate, chicken meat quality, intramuscular fat, pH, sumac, lipid oxidation

The hypoglycaemic efficacy of sumac (Rhus coriaria L.) and black cumin (Bunium persicum Boiss) extracts were investigated through inhibition of a glycoside hydrolase: α-amylase. On the basis of our result ethyl acetate extract of sumac may have interest in the treatment and prevention of hyperglycaemia, diabetes and obesity, with an IC50 value of 28.7 µg mL−1. §Statti Giancarlo and Loizzo Monica Rosa contributed equally to the work.

Based on collected information about traditional use of plants, anti-bacillus activity of methanol extracts of 180 plant species belonging to 72 families were investigated by in vitro bioassays using agar diffusion-method against standard strains of Bacillus subtilis, B. cereus and B. pumilis at 20 mg/ml. Seventy eight species (43.3%) belonging to 42 families (58.3%) showed antibacillus activities. The activity was highest against B. cereus, followed by B. subtilis , and B. pumilis respectively. Apiaceae (9), Compositae (8) and Labiatae (7) had the highest number of active plant species respectively. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the extracts were determined using two fold serial dilutions. The plants most active against all test Bacilli were Myrtus communis L, Dianthus caryophyllus, Trachyspermum copticum Link, Cinnamomum zeylanicum BL, Rheum ribes L, Ephedra intermedia Schrenk. ex C.A.Mey, Terminalia chebula (Gaertner) Retz, Rhus coriaria L and Zingiber officinale Roscoe. Key words: Antibacterial activity, Iranian Medicinal Plants, Bacillus subtilis, B. cereus, B. pumilis Nig. J. Nat. Prod. and Med. Vol.8 2004: 34-39

The antioxidant activities of sumach (Rhus coriaria L.) extracts and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) at various concentrations were tested in natural peanut oil stored at 65 degrees C for 35 days. The concentrations (weight/volume) of extracts added into oil were 1.0%, 3.0%, and 5.0%, and those of BHA were 0.1%, 0.3%, and 0.5%. Antioxidant effect was determined by the measurement of peroxide value. After 7 days of storage, BHA and extracts of sumach were active in varying degrees against autoxidation of peanut oil, compared with the control test (P.01). The sumach extracts generally inhibited the formation of hydroperoxide, as did BHA. After 28 days of storage, antioxidant effects of extracts were significantly decreased when compared with BHA. The decrease in the antioxidant activity of extracts might have resulted from the decrease of polyphenolic constituents. The results showed that high concentrations can enhance the potency of the antioxidant effect of sumach extract.

Rhus coriaria L., commonly known as sumac (also spelled sumach), grows wild in the region extending from the Canary Island over the Mediterranean coastline to Iran and Afghanistan. It is native to the Mediterranean and southeast Anatolian region of Turkey [1, 2]. The name is derived from “sumaga”, meaning red in Syriac [3]. The name sumac is given also to the commercial preparation of the dried and ground leaves of the Sicilian or tenners sumac ( Rhus coriaria) of Southern Europe, long used in making leather [4]. The spice, produced by grinding the dried fruit with salt, is used as a condiment and sprinkled over kebabs and grilled meat as well as over the salad often accompanying these dishes [5‐8]. There were different studies conducted on various sumac such as mineral content and antimicrobial and antioxidant effects [9‐16], but a study on the oil of sumac has not been previously reported. Sumac oil might be a good product for the food industry to use in salad and meals, especially when it is mixed with olive oil, and also seeds of sumac might be used in the different oil industries in the world. The objective of this study was the preliminary investigation of fatty acid composition and proximate composition of different sumac cultivars grown in the region of southeast Turkey. Four different cultivars of sumac samples were obtained from native producers in southeast Anatolia (Birecik, Darende, Kahramanmaras, Sanliurfa). The oil was extracted from the samples using cold ether extraction. For chemical analysis, each group of sumac was homogenized and then analyzed to determine moisture, oil, and protein using standard methods [17]. Fatty acid (FA) compositions of the oils were determined by preparing methyl esters of the FA [18]. The gas chromatography equipment used was a Shimadzu GC 40 A (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) fitted with a 2.1 m spiral steel (SS) column of inner diameter 3.2 mm. The total oil, protein, moisture, and ash contents of the sumac ranged from 10.00 to 15.00 %, 3.36 to 3.74 %, 6.35 to 8.32 %, and 2.82 to 3.32 %, respectively (Table 1). The protein content of Rhus copallina was 6.3 % in the literature [19]. As seen from Table 1, the oleic acid contents of the oils ranged from 34.00 to 40.35 % while the linoleic and linolenic acid conte nts ranged from 33.31 to 35.83 % and 1.53 to 2.99 %, respectively. However, the palmitic acid content changed between 20.75 % and 25.60 %. In this study, it was seen that the major fatty acids in the sumac were oleic (C 18:1 ), linoleic (C 18:2 ), and palmitic (C 16:0 ) acids. The polyunsaturated fatty acid contents (18:2 +18:3) of the total fatty acids ranged from 34.84 to 37.36 %. Storage capabilities were also dependent on the polyunsaturated fatty acid level because polyunsaturated fatty acids are more susceptible to oxidative degradation [20‐22]. As sumac oil contains a lower polyunsaturated fatty acid content, it can probably be stored over a long time and contribute to the shelf life of the olive oil. McNeil et al. [23] pointed out that the consumer taste pref erence for certain cultivars varied from year to year. Especially, a mixture of sumac and olive oil may be a new product for different salad formulations and fast foods. Finally, the results indicate that some of the cultivars of sumac grown at southeast Anatolia are different from each other in terms of individual fatty acids. Since research on sumac oil is very limited in the literature, we suggest that furthe r research should be conducted on it and its chemical properties.

Recent scientific studies have proven the importance of trace elements on human health. The main food supplies are plants and animals, which are significant sources of these minerals. Studies on determining mineral compositions of herbs, spices and some other crops have increased all over the world. Published works revealed that spices, herbs and medicinal plants should be consumed to obtain beneficial trace elements. Selenium (Se), one of the most vital trace elements, has a significant role in human diet acting as a preventative agent against some serious illnesses. Despite numerous scientific works on mineral compositions of medicinal and aromatic plants, investigations of selenium content in these foods could not be successfully studied until recently due to the lack of suitable analytical methods for selenium analysis. Thus, publications on selenium concentrations of foods are recent. In this regard, selenium contents of some medicinal and aromatic plants commonly used as spices, herbal teas and traditional medicines in Turkey were studied in the present research. Selenium contents of the most used parts of these plants were analyzed by ICP-OES (Varian Vista-Pro, Australia). Of the analyzed 26 medicinal and aromatic plants, the highest Se concentration (1133 μg kg-1) was found in sweet basil ( Ocimum basilicum L.) and the lowest in sumac ( Rhus coriaria L.) fruits (11 μg kg-1).

Phytochemical investigations of the ethanolic extract of the seeds of Rhus coriaria L. (Anacardiaceae) led to the identification of four new xanthones, characterized as 2,3-dihydroxy- 7-methyl xanthone (1), 2,3,6-trihydroxy-7-hydroxymethylene xanthone-1-carboxylic acid (2), 2-methoxy-4-hydroxy-7-methyl-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl xanthone-1,8-dicarboxylic acid (4), and 2-hydroxy-7-hydroxymethylene xanthone-1,8-dicarboxylic acid 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl- (2’ → 3’’)-3’’-O-stigmast-5-ene (5), along with the known steroidal glucoside β-sitosterol-β-Dglucoside (3). The structures of the isolated compounds have been identifi ed on the basis of spectral data analysis and chemical reactions. All xanthones were active against Aspergillus flavus.

Chemical screening of fruits of R. coriaria was revealed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, tannins, phenols, and saponins. The percentage of active constituents of terpenoids, methanol extract, alkaloids, glycosides, and phenols were: (11.85 31.7, 2.3, 2.48 and 5.9 ) % respectively. Petroleum ether extract of R.coriaria was brown waxy at 8°C and 25 °C, oily at 70°C with density of 0.965 g/ml3.

The antibacterial activity of Rhus coriaria leaf methanol extract was assayed against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria; antimycotic activity was assayed against some Candida species. MICs were determined by a broth microdilution assay in microlitre plates using Mueller–Hinton medium. MBCs were determined by plating 0.01 mL samples from clear 1 mL tubes onto agar plates. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The leaves ofRhus coriaria contain about 15–20% polyphenolic compounds. These are mostly hydrolysable tannins, with a central glucose unit, to which several gallic acid rests are bound depsidically. 5 to 10% of the total polyphenolic fraction however, consists of condensed tannins or flavonoids. This work studies the identity and the liquid chromatographic behaviour of these flavonoids. The presence of the dimeric flavonoids agathisflavone, amenthoflavone and hinokiflavone is proved. A new dimeric flavanoid (Sumaflavone) is tentatively identified.

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Objective To evaluate the possible in vitro interaction between ethanolic extracts of Rhus coriaria ( R. coriaria ) (seed), Sacropoterium spinosum ( S. spinosum ) (seed), Rosa damascena ( R. damascene ) (flower) and certain known antimicrobial drugs including oxytetracycline HCl, penicillin G, cephalexin, sulfadimethoxine as sodium, and enrofloxacin. This synergy study was carried out against 3 clinical strains of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa ( P. aeruginosa ). Methods Evaluation of synergy interaction between plant extracts and antimicrobial agents was carried out using microdilution method. Results The results of this study showed that there is a decrease in the MIC in case of combination of ethanolic plant extracts and test antimicrobial agents. The most interesting result was that the combination between R. coriaria and these antibiotics, showed a high decrease in minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and a strong bactericidal activity against these strains. Conclusions These results may indicate that combinations between R. coriaria extract and these antibiotics could be useful in fighting emerging drug-resistance P. aeruginosa , which may due to that R. coriaria extract contain natural inhibitors working by different mechanisms or inhibiting efflux pumps. Now we have experiments underway leading to the identification of the active molecules present in R. coriaria . Further, in vivo experiments are needed to confirm pseudomonal protection.

Rhus coriaria, spec. nov. 1. Rhus foliis pinnatis obtusiuscule serratis ovalibus subtus villosis. Mat. med. 150. Rhus foliis pinnatis serratis. Hort. cliff. 110. Hort. ups. 68. Roy. lugdb. 243. Sauv. monsp. 227. Rhus folio ulmi. Bauh. pin. 414. Rhus coriaria. Dod. pempt. 779. Habitat in Europa australi. ���, Published as part of Linnaeus, Carolus, 1753, Species plantarum: exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas, Stockholm :Laurentius Salvius on page 265, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3931989

Angiogenesis, formation of new blood vessels, play an important role in some diseases such as cancer and its metastasis. Using angiogenesis inhibitors, therefore, is one of the ways for cancer treatment and prevention of metastasis. Medicinal plants have been shown to play a major role in the treatment of a variety of cancers. In this direction, cytotoxic and angiogenic effects of oleo gum resin extracts of Rhus coriaria, Pistacia vera and Pistacia khinjuk from Anacardiaceae family were studied. For IC50 values, cytotoxic effects of the plant extracts were evaluated at different concentrations (1, 10, 20, 40, 80,100 μg/ml) against human umbilical vein endothelial normal cell (HUVEC) and Y79 cell lines using 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. In vitro tube formation on matrigel base was used to evaluate angiogenic effects in the presence of increasing concentrations (50, 100, 250 μg/ml) of the extracts. Vascular endothelium growth factor was used as angiogenesis stimulator. Gas chromatography results showed that α-pinene and β-pinene were the major essential oils constituents of all plant extracts. According to the MTT assay results, the R. coriaria resin extract was more cytotoxic than those of P. vera and P. khinjuk extracts (IC50, 9.1 ± 1.6 vs 9.8 ± 2.1 and 12.0 ± 1.9, respectively; P

Background Syrian Sumac, scientifically defined as Rhus coriaria, is a commonly used spice powder in the Middle East. Rhus coriaria has been shown to contain numerous compounds that have a substantial role in the food industry and in homeopathic therapy. From the retardation of oxidative processes to the treatment of fungal and bacterial infections and many more, these compounds are of great importance in improving human health and economy. Scope and approach Several studies have been done to explore the benefits and potential uses of Rhus coriaria. In the following review, the relevant phytochemical and biological research available on Rhus coriaria have been explored. A comprehensive account of its healing activity is shown. Also presented are its phytochemical components which have medicinal, nutritional and industrial significance. Key findings and conclusions Sumac has been studied for its use as an antibacterial, antioxidant, colorant, food and animal feed supplement, steel inhibitor in sea water and much more. Its antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant properties make it a great and versatile tool to be used in the food industry, where it can be used as an efficient food preservative and natural, harmless food additive., Food science; Rhus coriaria, Sumac properties, Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antioxidant, Phytochemical characteristics

Rhus coriaria L. (sumac) is a small plant widely diffused in the Mediterranean region. Its fruit are often consumed as a spice but are also present in traditional medicine of several countries. Recently, interest in this plant has increased and many scientific works reported its beneficial effects including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Plant extracts can be successfully used against ultraviolet rays, which are able to reach and damage the human skin; however, sumac extracts were never applied to this usage. Thus, in this study, we used a macerated ethanol extract of Rhus coriaria L. dried fruit (mERC) to demonstrate its preventive role against the damage induced by ultraviolet-A rays (UV-A) on microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1). In vitro effects of the extract pre-treatment and UV-A exposure were evaluated in detail. The antioxidant capacity was assessed by reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and cellular antioxidant activity measurement. Genoprotective effects of mERC were investigated as well. Our findings indicate that the extract acts as a cell cycle inhibitor or apoptosis inducer, according to the level of damage. The present work provides new insights into the usage of Rhus coriaria extracts against skin injuries.

A rapid and simple reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method using a monolithic column was developed and validated for the separation and quantification of myricetin, quercetin, and kaempferol in Rhus coriaria L. The method employed the isocratic mobile phase acetonitrile10 mM potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate buffer adjusted to pH 3.0 using orthophosphoric acid (38 + 62, v/v) at a flow rate of 4.0 mL/min; a Chromolith Performance RP-18e (100 4.6 mm) monolithic column kept at 40C; and UV detection at 370 nm. Although the elution order was identical and the selectivity was equivalent, the comparison between monolithic and particulate columns showed that the monolithic column could reduce the separation time to 0.999) over the concentration range of 0.8888.3 g/mL for myricetin, 0.9595 g/mL for quercetin, and 1.43143.3 g/mL for kaempferol. The recoveries for all three compounds were above 89. Myricetin was found to be the major flavonol in the examined plant extracts, followed by minor quantities of quercetin and kaempferol.