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SUMMARY Trees with rasp-leaf symptoms have been found in seventeen orchards in England. In some orchards only a few trees are infected, while in others the disease is prevalent. Transmission tests from diseased trees indicate that raspberry ringspot virus is the cause of cherry rasp-leaf disease in most English orchards, but arabis mosaic virus can cause similar symptoms.

RESP-5636

In this paper we explore the computational complexity measure defined by running times of programs on random access stored program machines, RASP''S. The purpose of this work is to study more realistic complexity measures and to provide a setting and some techniques to explore different computer organizations. The more interesting results of this paper are obtained by an argument about the size of the computed functions. For example, we show (without using diagonalization) that there exist arbitrarily complex functions with optimal RASP programs whose running time cannot be improved by any multiplicative constant. We show, furthermore, that these optimal programs cannot be fixed prodecures and self-modifying programs. The same technique is used to compare computation speed of machines with and without built in multiplication. We conclude the paper with a look at machines with associative memory and distributed logic machines.

n tiring and following head and neck surgery, surgeons may require intraand/or extraoral stents and obturators that are used (1) for grafts, (2) for repositioning tissues, (3) as medication carriers, (4) as dressings, and (5) for immediate obturation of defects created by the surgical eradication of malignancies.i-5 The proper fabrication of such prostheses is usually done from presurgical casts with the assistance of the surgeon. The design is made from a drawing on the cast and is an approximation of the anticipated extent, amount, and area of structure to be removed and/or the region requiring coverage. Often during surgery the prefabricated prostheses may require modifications to correct underor overextensions of the borders. Most surgeons are not trained to modify prostheses in the operating room and usually require the assistance of a maxillofacial prosthodontist and/or technician as well as special laboratory equipment. These added personnel increase the costs of the surgical procedure (personnel and operating room time). The proposed surgical stent and/or obturator can be modified easily and quickly by the surgeon with standard operating room equipment such as a scalpel, scissors, rasp, and marking pencil. The requirements of the prosthesis are that (1) it should be constructed of materials that are tissue tolerated, nonporous, easily sterilized, and easily relined postsurgically; (2) it must be easy, not time consuming, and inexpensive to make; (3) it should not distort easily and should be relatively flexible; (4) it should be overextended beyond the anticipated borders, and the overextensions should be readily adjusted; and (5) the corrected borders must be smooth and not cause pressure irritation. This article describes an alternative approach to the intraoral surgical maxillary obturator prosthesis by means of various designs and materials.

In conventional system reliability calculations, each component may be in the Operable state or the Under Repair state. These calculations derive system unavailability, or the probability of the system's being down for repairs. By introducing a third component state between Operable and Under Repair - namely, Defective, But Defect Undetected - the methods developed in this report enable system safety projections to be made in addition to availability projections. Also provided is a mechanism for computing the effect of inspection schedules on both safety and availability. A Reliability and Safety Program (RASP) is detailed which performs these computations and also calculates costs for system inspections and repairs. RASP is applied to a simplified wind energy conversion system example.

The barbed broach, root canal file, reamer, rat-tail file and rasp are described in fine detail, and their use and care indicated. An understanding of the working surfaces of these root canal instruments permits the operator to select the correct instrument and use it in the proper sequence.

With the improvement of administrations figuring and distributed computing, it has turned out to be conceivable to outsource extensive databases to database specialist co-ops and let the suppliers keep up the range-inquiry benefit. Nonetheless, a few information may be touchy that the information proprietor does not have any desire to move to the cloud unless the information classification and inquiry security are ensured. We propose the Random Space Encryption (RASP) approach that permits productive range look with more grounded assault versatility than existing proficiency centered methodologies. The arbitrary space irritation (RASP) information annoyance technique to give secure and proficient range question and kNN inquiry administrations for ensured information in the cloud. The RASP information annoyance strategy consolidates arrange protecting encryption, dimensionality development, arbitrary commotion infusion, and irregular projection, to give solid flexibility to assaults on the irritated information and questions. It likewise saves multidimensional reaches, which enables existing ordering systems to be connected to speedup extend question handling. The kNN-R calculation is intended to work with the RASP go inquiry calculation to process the kNNinquiries.

The voluminous data produced and consumed by digitalization, need resources that offer compute, storage, and communication facility. To withstand such demands, Cloud and Fog computing architectures are the viable solutions, due to their utility kind and accessibility nature. The success of any computing architecture depends on how efficiently its resources are allocated to the service requests. Among the existing survey articles on Cloud and Fog, issues like scalability and time-critical requirements of the Internet of Things (IoT) are rarely focused on. The proliferation of IoT leads to energy crises too. The proposed survey is aimed to build a Resource Allocation and Service Placement (RASP) strategy that addresses these issues. The survey recommends techniques like Reinforcement Learning (RL) and Energy Efficient Computing (EEC) in Fog and Cloud to escalate the efficacy of RASP. While RL meets the time-critical requirements of IoT with high scalability, EEC empowers RASP by saving cost and energy. As most of the early works are carried out using reactive policy, it paves the way to build RASP solutions using alternate policies. The findings of the survey help the researchers, to focus their attention on the research gaps and devise a robust RASP strategy in Fog and Cloud environment.

Background and Purpose —Benefit-risk ratios from recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) therapy for acute ischemic stroke demonstrate lack of efficacy if intravenous administration is commenced beyond 3 hours of symptom onset. We undertook to enhance therapeutic effectiveness by ensuring equitable access to rtPA for patients affected by acute ischemic stroke within a 20 000 km 2 population referral base served by a tertiary facility. Methods —Representatives of all provider groups involved in emergency medical services developed a Regional Acute Stroke Protocol (RASP), a coordinated regional system response by dispatch personnel, paramedics, physicians, community service providers, emergency and inpatient staff in community hospitals, and the tertiary facility acute stroke team. Results —As of July 26, 1999, all ambulance services in Southeastern Ontario began bypassing the closest hospital to deliver patients meeting the criteria for the RASP to the Kingston General Hospital. At 12 months, approximately 403 ischemic strokes have occurred in the region, the RASP has been activated 191 times, and 42 patients have received rtPA. Conclusions —We conclude that (1) acute stroke patients in Southeastern Ontario have improved access to interventions for stroke care; (2) geography of the region is not a barrier to access to interventions for patients with acute stroke; and (3) acute ischemic stroke patients treated with rtPA account for 5% of all acute strokes and 10% of all ischemic strokes in this region.

Social support can have beneficial effects on psychological and physiological well-being. During acute bodily pain, however, the effects of social support on pain are mixed. This variability may be due to the multifaceted nature of both pain and social support, as well as individual differences. In this paper, we present the development, psychometric assessment, and initial validation of the first self-report measure designed to address this variability in the general population; the Responses and Attitudes to Support during Pain questionnaire (RASP). The RASP includes questions on social support from the romantic partner as well as healthcare professionals (HCPs) and addresses different types of social support and pain responses. The development and validation of the RASP comprised four studies. In Study 1, a preliminary RASP version was completed by 179 healthy individuals regarding any type of acute pain. In Study 2, the reduced RASP was completed by 256 women with experiences of menstrual pain. Principal component analysis indicated a 22-item solution with five underlying dimensions reflecting general partner support, emotional support from HCPs, anxiety in the context of HCPs, pain behaviors during partner support, and distraction by the partner. Construct validity was assessed using a measure of adult attachment style. The RASP showed good validity and test-retest reliability. In Study 3, the 5-factor model received initial support through confirmatory factor analysis in a new sample of 120 individuals with recent musculoskeletal pain. Study 4 provided additional validation of the RASP in a sample of 180 individuals responding in reference to acute back pain. Overall, the RASP is a valid and reliable measure for assessing individual differences in attitudes and responses to social support in relation to acute pain.

A new rasp for rhinoplasty is presented. It can be dismantled and has a renewable blade that looks like the one you find in a plane. The main advantage of this rasp is that it rasps the cartilaginous septum as well as the bony part of the hump.

This new instrument is used to take the place of several instruments usually employed in the diagnosis and treatment for acute and chronic conditions of the maxillary sinus. The treatment for infections in this sinus depends on establishing a sufficient opening in the naso-antral wall to allow proper drainage, with or without irrigation. The instrument described is made for the purpose of supplying an irrigating cannula for puncturing and washing out the antrum com

My aim was to devise a simple, easy, almost dangerless way in which to open the sphenoid sinus and remove part or all of the anterior wall, usually without removal of the middle turbinate, in order that one may have a better opportunity of investigating the sinus, looking into it with a nasopharyngoscope, washing it out, etc. The Grayson burr partly answers this purpose. With this instrument the anterior sphenoidal wall can be trephined and the sinus washed out, or mopped out, thus demonstrating the presence or absence of pus, but the sinus cannot be inspected. I have, therefore, taken this burr, lengthened the shank and, at the opposite end, placed a rasp that can scrape bone and tissue on the pull. The rasp part of the instrument ends in a smooth, round extremity. With this burr and rasp an opening can be made in the anterior sphenoidal wall

Direct anterior approach to the hip joint utilizing a curved transverse skin incision and splitting the tensor fascia muscle longitudinally provides an effective exposure for carrying out primary total hip arthroplasty. Excellent visualization of the acetabulum is afforded by this direct approach. Modified femoral rasps of varying lengths are employed to rasp the femur with the leg in external rotation. Trochanteric osteotomy was carried out on only three occasions in a series of 104 procedures performed on 85 patients during a three-year period. The duration of operation averaged 65 minutes. Average blood replacement was 1.9 units in unilateral hips and 3.5 units in patients operated upon sequentially. Mean postoperative stay was 12.8 days following unilateral and 22.3 days following bilateral surgery. Four patients experienced perioperative complications. The anterior approach provides a safe and effective approach to total hip arthroplasty with limited morbidity.

A method for preparation of Gelfoam particles using an orthopedic rasp is described. Application of the method proved practical in eight recent embolization procedures.

One test that claims to measure binaural fusion, and is routinely utilized as a measure of central auditory function, is the rapidly alternating speech perception (RASP) test. There has been some controversy over the clinical validity of this test. The purpose of this study was to investigate information contained in a single channel of the RASP. Twenty‐four normal hearing subjects listened to one channel of the RASP: twelve to channel 1, twelve to channel 2. Sentence scores for a single channel of the RASP ranged from 0% to 70%, with mean sentence scores for subjects listening to channels 1 and 2 of 37.72% and 20.8%, respectively. An ideal binaural fusion test would contain no, or very little, information when listening to only one channel. It is possible that a single channel of the RASP contains too much information. Many of the sentences were repeated correctly, in their entirety, by at least a few of the subjects listening to either channel in isolation, a task previously assumed to be possible only ...

THE TRADITIONAL surgical bone rasp has small teeth whose action becomes dulled as they accumulate bone particles. The function of a rasp is to shape, trim, and form bone surfaces. This, in the author's experience, has been attained most efficiently by a modern surface-forming tool designed for use on wood and metals up to the hardness of mild steel. As shown in the illustration, the shaping is done by hardened steel teeth which project from the flat surface of a perforated blade. The perforations allow the bone chips to escape away from the cutting area. The blade is mounted on a frame which acts as a container, preventing the bone chips from being distributed in the work area. The instrument is always sharp, since the blade is replaceable. The tool is obtainable in most hardware stores for the price of approximately $2. Its chief use in the author's hands

The probe point frontal rasp is designed for intranasal operations. The probe point is so small that it will enter the same sized opening that a silver probe can enter, thereby enabling the physician to obtain an entry to the frontal opening, in most cases without forcing an instrument blindly through the floor of the frontal sinus. When the instrument has entered the opening it is gently manipulated, and the floor about the opening is broken down until the larger blunt pointed rasp, or the W. P. Reaves frontal punch, can be inserted. The teeth on these rasps are fine and sharp and cut away the edge of the floor instead of tearing it. The instruments are designed to remove as much of the floor as possible without destroying a large part of the mucosa about the nasofrontal duct. This is accomplished chiefly because the instrument is Fig. 1.—New antrum

The instrument illustrated here has been found useful in making a large opening into the maxillary sinus in the shortest possible time. It cannot be used in every case, but when there is sufficient room for its introduction or when sufficient room can be obtained by lifting the inferior turbinate, it is introduced well posteriorly through the antral wall, cutting by a sawing motion to the anterior limits. At this point its hooklike beak brings the excised piece of wall out between the two blades into the nasal cavity on withdrawal. The time saved and the facility with which the procedure can be carried out will be appreciated both by the patient and by the physician, while at the same time an opening sufficiently large for drainage and future irrigations will be obtained with a minimum of trauma. The instrument is being manufactured through the courtesy and cooperation of The

In performing either intranasal or external operations on the frontal sinuses, some means of enlarging the nasofrontal duct is essential. Halle and Ingal have each devised drills for this purpose, but they are somewhat cumbersome and dangerous in the hands of the inexperienced. The nasofrontal rasps devised by Thompson and Sullivan enjoy wide popularity on account of their simplicity. For many years I have used the former pattern, but object to the instrument in that it is a scratching or tearing rather than a cutting instrument and the teeth become easily clogged with bone dust and are easily dulled and cannot be sharpened. The handle is also somewhat small and difficult to hold. The accompanying illustration shows a rasp that I have devised which seems to me to be an improvement on other rasps in the following ways: 1. The teeth are file-cut and can be kept sharp. 2. The