169 results on '"Qiu, Liming"'
Search Results
152. Hypothermia in Traumatic Brain Injury – A Literature Review
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Qiu, Liming, primary
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- 2011
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153. Computer Simulations of Alzheimer's Beta Amyloid Interactions with Multicomponent Lipid Bilayers
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Buie, Creighton, primary, Qiu, Liming, additional, Vaughn, Mark, additional, and Cheng, Kwan H., additional
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- 2010
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154. Expression of biologically active recombinant antifreeze protein His-MpAFP149 from the desert beetle (Microdera punctipennis dzungarica) in Escherichia coli
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Qiu, Liming, primary, Wang, Yan, additional, Wang, Jing, additional, Zhang, Fuchun, additional, and Ma, Ji, additional
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- 2009
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155. Cholesterol Modulates the Interaction of β-Amyloid Peptide with Lipid Bilayers
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Qiu, Liming, primary, Lewis, Anthony, additional, Como, John, additional, Vaughn, Mark W., additional, Huang, Juyang, additional, Somerharju, Pentti, additional, Virtanen, Jorma, additional, and Cheng, Kwan Hon, additional
- Published
- 2009
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156. Functional Characterization of a Venom Protein Calreticulin in the Ectoparasitoid Pachycrepoideus vindemiae.
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Yang, Lei, Wang, Beibei, Qiu, Liming, Wan, Bin, Yang, Yi, Liu, Mingming, Wang, Fang, Fang, Qi, Stanley, David W., and Ye, Gongyin
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CALRETICULIN ,HOSTS of parasitoids ,VENOM ,VENOM glands ,HUMORAL immunity ,AMINO acid oxidase - Abstract
Venom proteins act in the immunological interactions between parasitoids and their host insects. The effect of venom proteins on host immunity is not fully understood in pupal parasitoids. We identified the functions of a venom protein, calreticulin (PvCRT), in the pupal ectoparasitoid Pachycrepoideus vindemiae. Here, we report that PvCRT features a signal peptide and two conserved "calreticulin" domains. Multiple sequence alignments show that PvCRT shares 83.54% amino acid identity with CRT from both Pteromalus puparum and Nasonia vitripennis, which infers a close relationship among these three species. Using qPCR analysis, we found a lower expression level of PvCRT (0.27-fold) in the venom apparatus compared to the corresponding carcass. Immunohistochemical localization revealed that PvCRT was ubiquitously expressed in venom gland. The expression of the PvCRT gene in Drosophila transgenic lines via the UAS/Gal4 binary expression system reduced the self-encapsulation phenotype of tu(1)Sz
1 mutants. Additionally, studies on humoral immunity indicate that PvCRT does not affect the antimicrobial immune responses of the host. This work on an ectoparasitoid will increase our understanding of venom–mediated host-parasitoid interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2020
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157. AFM characterization of surface mechanical and electrical properties of some common rocks
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Tian, Xianghui, He, Xueqiu, Song, Dazhao, Li, Zhenlei, Khan, Majid, Liu, Huifang, and Qiu, Liming
- Abstract
The characterization of micro-surface mechanical and electrical properties of the natural rock materials remains inadequate, and their macroscopic performance can be better comprehended by investigating the surface properties. With this purpose, the present research focuses on characterizing the micro-surface morphology, Derjaguin-Muller-Toporov (DMT) modulus, adhesion, and potential of granite, shale, and limestone by employing the atomic force microscope (AFM) as a pioneer attempt. The results show that the micro-surface morphology of the rock fluctuates within hundreds of nanometers, among which the granite micro-surface is comparatively the smoothest, followed by limestone. The morphology of the shale is the roughest, indicating that the regional difference of shale micro-surface is dominant. The distribution of the adhesion on rock micro-surface is uneven; the average adhesion of eight measuring areas for shale is 23.93 nN, accounting for three times of granite and limestone, while the surface DMT modulus of shale is relatively lower than granite and limestone. It is inferred from the obtained results that higher surface adhesion is helpful to the gas adsorption of shale, and the lower surface DMT (elastic) modulus is useful to the formation of fractures and pores. Thus, these two are the micromechanical basis of shale gas adsorption. Additionally, introducing a method to reduce the surface adhesion will benefit the exploration of unconventional resources such as shale gas. The micro-surface of the three types of rocks all shows electricity, with average potential ranging from tens of millivolts to hundreds of millivolts. Besides, the micro-surface potential of the rocks are heterogeneous, and both positive and negative points can be found. The existence and uneven distribution of micro-surface potential provide a robust physical basis for the electromagnetic radiation generated by rock fracture under loading. This study offers a new method for revealing the adsorption characteristics of unconventional gas reservoir rocks and the electromagnetic radiation mechanism of the rock fracture.
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- 2021
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158. Discriminating physiological from non‐physiological interfaces in structures of protein complexes: A community‐wide study
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Schweke, Hugo, Xu, Qifang, Tauriello, Gerardo, Pantolini, Lorenzo, Schwede, Torsten, Cazals, Frédéric, Lhéritier, Alix, Fernandez‐Recio, Juan, Rodríguez‐Lumbreras, Luis Angel, Schueler‐Furman, Ora, Varga, Julia K., Jiménez‐García, Brian, Réau, Manon F., Bonvin, Alexandre M. J. J., Savojardo, Castrense, Martelli, Pier‐Luigi, Casadio, Rita, Tubiana, Jérôme, Wolfson, Haim J., Oliva, Romina, Barradas‐Bautista, Didier, Ricciardelli, Tiziana, Cavallo, Luigi, Venclovas, Česlovas, Olechnovič, Kliment, Guerois, Raphael, Andreani, Jessica, Martin, Juliette, Wang, Xiao, Terashi, Genki, Sarkar, Daipayan, Christoffer, Charles, Aderinwale, Tunde, Verburgt, Jacob, Kihara, Daisuke, Marchand, Anthony, Correia, Bruno E., Duan, Rui, Qiu, Liming, Xu, Xianjin, Zhang, Shuang, Zou, Xiaoqin, Dey, Sucharita, Dunbrack, Roland L., Levy, Emmanuel D., and Wodak, Shoshana J.
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complexes ,physiological ,interface ,AlphaFold ,prediction ,protein - Abstract
Reliably scoring and ranking candidate models of protein complexes and assigning their oligomeric state from the structure of the crystal lattice represent outstanding challenges. A community-wide effort was launched to tackle these challenges. The latest resources on protein complexes and interfaces were exploited to derive a benchmark dataset consisting of 1677 homodimer protein crystal structures, including a balanced mix of physiological and non-physiological complexes. The non-physiological complexes in the benchmark were selected to bury a similar or larger interface area than their physiological counterparts, making it more difficult for scoring functions to differentiate between them. Next, 252 functions for scoring protein-protein interfaces previously developed by 13 groups were collected and evaluated for their ability to discriminate between physiological and non-physiological complexes. A simple consensus score generated using the best performing score of each of the 13 groups, and a cross-validated Random Forest (RF) classifier were created. Both approaches showed excellent performance, with an area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve of 0.93 and 0.94, respectively, outperforming individual scores developed by different groups. Additionally, AlphaFold2 engines recalled the physiological dimers with significantly higher accuracy than the non-physiological set, lending support to the reliability of our benchmark dataset annotations. Optimizing the combined power of interface scoring functions and evaluating it on challenging benchmark datasets appears to be a promising strategy.
159. Similar simulation study on the characteristics of the electric potential response to coal mining.
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Niu, Yue, Li, Zhonghui, Kong, Biao, Wang, Enyuan, Lou, Quan, Qiu, Liming, Kong, Xiangguo, Wang, Jiali, Dong, Mingfu, and Li, Baolin
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- 2018
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160. Research on electromagnetic radiation (EMR) waveform characteristics of coal failure process using Hilbert-Huang transform (HHT).
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Yin, Shan, Song, Dazhao, Li, Jie, He, Xueqiu, Qiu, Liming, Lou, Quan, Wei, Menghan, and Liu, Yang
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- *
ELECTROMAGNETIC radiation , *HILBERT-Huang transform , *COAL , *WAVELET transforms , *FOURIER transforms - Abstract
• HHT method can well process and analyze the EMR waveform signal of coal failure. • The EMR parameters extracted by HHT improve the identification of coal failure. • Compared with STFT and WT, HHT has more advantages in processing EMR waveform. Electromagnetic radiation (EMR) waveforms contain rich information on coal fracture law, which is of great value to the refined study of their characteristics. In this paper, the Hilbert-Huang transform (HHT) method is used to analyze and process EMR waveform of coal failure process. The results show that HHT method can adapt well to the nonstationary and nonlinear characteristics of EMR waveform. It adaptively decomposes EMR waveforms by empirical mode decomposition (EMD), extracts the intrinsic mode function (IMF) characteristics of EMR waveforms, and obtains the law of instantaneous energy changes of EMR waveforms. At the same time, EMR waveform energy is quantitatively expressed on the three-dimensional Hilbert energy spectrum (time–frequency-energy distribution), and the refined features of EMR waveform signal are effectively extracted. The instantaneous energy of EMR and the three-dimensional Hilbert energy spectrum processed by HHT method more easily describe the fracture law of coal body. Compared with conventional characteristic parameters, such as EMR amplitude and dominant frequency, the identification degree of the precursor characteristics of coal body instability is greatly improved. Among the short-term Fourier transform (STFT), wavelet transform (WT) and HHT nonstationary signal processing methods, HHT method has an improved adaptability and superiority and can reveal the characteristics of coal deformation and failure more carefully and accurately, which provides a new means for better using and improving EMR method to monitor coal instability and failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
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161. Exploring the evolution of research connectivity and funding in global neurosurgical publications.
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Seas A, Qiu L, Paradie E, Hughes J, Warman PI, Waguia-Kouam R, Shlobin NA, Carpenter K, von Isenburg M, Haglund MM, Fuller AT, and Ukachukwu AK
- Abstract
Background and Objectives: There are critical disparities in the neurosurgical care provided around the globe due to challenges in resource allocation, training, and infrastructure. Global neurosurgical collaborations have replaced classical mission trips to address these disparities. However, the development of these collaborations and the impact of research funding on their growth has not yet been systematically studied. In this article, we use a graph theoretical approach to investigate trends in funding and co-authorship between and among authors from high-income countries (HICs) and authors from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs)., Methods: A bibliometric search of the global neurosurgical literature returned 307 articles between 1985 and 2020. A connectivity analysis was conducted to compute the number of co-authorships between HIC-HIC, LMIC-HIC, and LMIC-LMIC authors. The number of connections, summarized as either a global sum of connections or an average number of connections per manuscript, were analyzed in the context of time and funding through parametric statistical tests., Results: An exponential increase in co-authorship collaboration was observed over time, especially after 2015. Notably, LMIC-LMIC collaborations appear to be rising at over twice the rate of other collaboration types. The presence of funding, in general, was associated with increased co-authorship of manuscripts by LMIC and HIC authors together (p = 0.033). A significant majority of the funding associated with LMIC-HIC co-authorships was supplied through charitable organizations and government grants (p = 0.034, p = 0.009, respectively). Most LMIC-LMIC co-authorships had no funding., Conclusion: This work shows significant and rapid growth in international neurosurgical partnerships, especially in HIC-LMIC and LMIC-LMIC collaborations. Also, a significant positive relationship exists between research funding and LMIC-HIC co-authorship trends. This work encourages us as a community to continue to expand our translational collaborations with LMIC neurosurgeons and establish funding mechanisms independent of HIC authors., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
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- 2024
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162. Are we getting closer to offering deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant depression in clinical practice?
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Qiu L, Halpern CH, and Barbosa DAN
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- Humans, Depression, Deep Brain Stimulation, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant therapy
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- 2023
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163. Computational Modeling of IN-CTD/TAR Complex to Elucidate Additional Strategies to Inhibit HIV-1 Replication.
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Qiu L, Bhutoria S, Kalpana GV, and Zou X
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- RNA, Viral chemistry, Virus Replication, Computer Simulation, HIV-1 genetics
- Abstract
HIV-1 integrase (IN) is a key enzyme that is essential for mediating the insertion of retroviral DNA into the host chromosome. IN also exhibits additional functions which are not fully elucidated, including its ability to bind to viral genomic RNA. Lack of binding of IN to RNA within the virions has been shown to be associated with production of morphologically defective virus particles. However, the exact structure of HIV-1 IN bound to RNA is not known. Based on the studies that C-terminal domain (CTD) of IN binds to TAR RNA region and based on the observation that TAR and the host factor INI1 binding to IN-CTD are identical, we computationally modelled the IN-CTD/TAR complex structure. Computational modeling of nucleic acid binding to proteins is a valuable method to understand the macromolecular interaction when experimental methods of solving the complex structures are not feasible. The current model of the IN-CTD/TAR complex may facilitate further understanding of this interaction and may lead to therapeutic targeting of IN-CTD/RNA interactions to inhibit HIV-1 replication., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)
- Published
- 2023
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164. The Scope, Growth, and Inequities of the Global Neurosurgery Literature: A Bibliometric Analysis.
- Author
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Paradie E, Warman PI, Waguia-Kouam R, Seas A, Qiu L, Shlobin NA, Carpenter K, Hughes J, von Isenburg M, Haglund MM, Fuller AT, and Ukachukwu AK
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- Humans, Developing Countries, Neurosurgical Procedures, Bibliometrics, Authorship, Neurosurgery
- Abstract
Background: Here, we evaluate the evolution and growth of global neurosurgery publications over time, further focusing on the contributions and impact of authors in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs)., Methods: In this systematic bibliometric analysis, we conducted a two-stage blinded screening process of global neurosurgery publications from 5 databases from inception through July 2021. Articles involving multi-national/multi-institutional research collaborations, detailing any area of global neurosurgery collaboration, or influencing global neurosurgery practice were included. Statistical hypothesis testing was conducted to analyze trends and hypotheses of LMIC authorship contributions., Results: The number of global neurosurgery publications has soared in the last decade. Overall, authors from HIC countries were most commonly from the US (41.1%), Canada (4.0%), and the UK (3.9%), while authors from LMIC countries were most commonly from Uganda (4.2%), Tanzania (2.6%), Cameroon (1.8%), and India (1.8%). Over a quarter (28%) of publications had no LMIC authors, while only 11% had 3 or more LMIC authors. The proportion of LMIC authors (LMIC-R) was not correlated with the citation rate of individual articles or with the year of publication, and a positive trend emerged when the LMIC-R of top-publishing LMICs was individually examined and compared to the year of publication., Conclusions: Despite recent growth, the number of global neurosurgery publications arising from LMICs pales in comparison to those from HICs. Collaborative efforts between certain HICs and LMICs have likely contributed to the observed increase in LMIC author independence over time., (Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
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- 2022
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165. INI1/SMARCB1 Rpt1 domain mimics TAR RNA in binding to integrase to facilitate HIV-1 replication.
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Dixit U, Bhutoria S, Wu X, Qiu L, Spira M, Mathew S, Harris R, Adams LJ, Cahill S, Pathak R, Rajesh Kumar P, Nguyen M, Acharya SA, Brenowitz M, Almo SC, Zou X, Steven AC, Cowburn D, Girvin M, and Kalpana GV
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- Genome, Viral, HIV Integrase chemistry, HIV Integrase genetics, Host-Pathogen Interactions, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Models, Molecular, Molecular Docking Simulation, Protein Binding, Protein Domains, RNA, Viral chemistry, SMARCB1 Protein chemistry, SMARCB1 Protein genetics, Virion growth & development, Virion metabolism, HIV Integrase metabolism, HIV-1 physiology, RNA, Viral metabolism, SMARCB1 Protein metabolism, Virus Replication
- Abstract
INI1/SMARCB1 binds to HIV-1 integrase (IN) through its Rpt1 domain and exhibits multifaceted role in HIV-1 replication. Determining the NMR structure of INI1-Rpt1 and modeling its interaction with the IN-C-terminal domain (IN-CTD) reveal that INI1-Rpt1/IN-CTD interface residues overlap with those required for IN/RNA interaction. Mutational analyses validate our model and indicate that the same IN residues are involved in both INI1 and RNA binding. INI1-Rpt1 and TAR RNA compete with each other for IN binding with similar IC
50 values. INI1-interaction-defective IN mutant viruses are impaired for incorporation of INI1 into virions and for particle morphogenesis. Computational modeling of IN-CTD/TAR complex indicates that the TAR interface phosphates overlap with negatively charged surface residues of INI1-Rpt1 in three-dimensional space, suggesting that INI1-Rpt1 domain structurally mimics TAR. This possible mimicry between INI1-Rpt1 and TAR explains the mechanism by which INI1/SMARCB1 influences HIV-1 late events and suggests additional strategies to inhibit HIV-1 replication.- Published
- 2021
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166. An open label randomized trial to assess the efficacy of tranexamic acid in reducing post-operative recurrence of chronic subdural haemorrhage.
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Wan KR, Qiu L, Saffari SE, Khong WXL, Ong JCL, See AA, Ng WH, and King NKK
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- Aged, Antifibrinolytic Agents administration & dosage, Female, Humans, Male, Neurosurgical Procedures, Postoperative Period, Prospective Studies, Recurrence, Tranexamic Acid administration & dosage, Treatment Outcome, Hematoma, Subdural, Chronic drug therapy, Hematoma, Subdural, Chronic surgery, Tranexamic Acid therapeutic use
- Abstract
Chronic subdural haemorrhage (CSDH) is a common neurosurgical entity with complex pathophysiological pathways. The generally favourable surgical outcome may be affected by its associated risks including recurrence rates. We performed a prospective randomized multi-center clinical trial comparing the addition of tranexamic acid (TXA) to standard neurosurgical procedures for patients with symptomatic CSDH. The primary endpoint was CSDH requiring repeat surgery within 6-month post-operatively. Secondary endpoints were comparison of post-operative volumes between the treatment arms and safety evaluation of the dosing regime. 90 patients were analyzed with 49 patients in the observation arm and 41 patients in the TXA arm. The observation arm had five (10.2%) recurrences compared to two (4.8%, p = 0.221) in the TXA arm. Patients in the TXA arm demonstrated a greater reduction of their CSDH volume at 6 weeks follow up (36.6%) compared to the observation arm (23.3%, p = 0.6648). There were no reportable serious adverse events recorded in the observation arm, compared to 4 (9.8%) patients in the TXA arm. The addition of TXA treatment to standard surgical drainage of CSH did not significantly reduce symptomatic post-operative recurrence. Patients in the TXA arm had a delay in the CSDH recurrence with a comparative reduction of residual hematoma volume at the 6-week follow up although the effect was unsustained. Larger randomized trials with dose adjustments should be considered to investigate subgroups of patients that may benefit from this medical adjunct., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2020
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167. Effects of anticoagulant and antiplatelet agents in severe traumatic brain injury in an asian population - A matched case-control study.
- Author
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Qiu L, Han JX, See AAQ, and King NKK
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- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Asian People, Case-Control Studies, Female, Humans, Logistic Models, Middle Aged, Prognosis, Retrospective Studies, Singapore, Anticoagulants adverse effects, Brain Injuries, Traumatic mortality, Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors adverse effects, Recovery of Function drug effects
- Abstract
The use of anticoagulation and antiplatelet agents (ACAP) has steadily increased over recent years. However, the effects of ACAP on traumatic brain injuries (TBI) are not well investigated. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of pre-injury ACAP use on clinical outcome and mortality in severe TBI. A retrospective case-control study was performed for all patients who presented with severe TBI (GCS < 8) to the National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, between 2006 and 2009. Patients with pre-injury ACAP use were compared to matched controls. Outcome measures were mortality at 14 days and 6 months, and Glasgow Outcome Score (GOS) at 6 months using a sliding dichotomy approach. Univariate analysis was performed using Chi-square and student's t-test and logistic regression was used to model the effect of ACAP on mortality rate. Forty-five patients with pre-injury use of ACAP were compared with matched controls. The mortality at 14 days (OR = 0.5, 95% CI 0.2-1.4) and 6 months (OR = 0.7, 95% CI 0.2-1.9) were not significantly different between the 2 groups. Using the sliding dichotomy approach, there was no difference in the odds for unfavorable functional outcomes at 6 months (OR = 1.2, 95% CI 0.4-3.7). In this case-control study, the use of ACAP did not have a significant effect on mortality and adverse outcomes in patients with severe TBI. This would suggest that in severe TBI, ACAP use may not contribute significantly to the overall prognosis., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2019
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168. Bioadhesives in neurosurgery: a review.
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Qiu L, Qi See AA, Steele TWJ, and Kam King NK
- Abstract
Objective: Neurosurgery presents unique surgical challenges arising from delicate neural structures, limited accessibility, and the risk of CSF leakage that can lead to CNS infections. Sutures and staples may have limited applicability in the complex anatomical constraints of cranial and spinal surgeries, especially in trauma settings when time is of the essence. Surgical bioadhesives are emerging as attractive alternatives because they avoid traumatic application methods, provide a stress-distributed fixation, and provide good cosmesis and outcomes. This article presents the history of the development of surgical bioadhesives, and is also a review of current applications of commercial surgical bioadhesives within neurosurgical procedures and the unmet clinical needs that should be addressed in bioadhesives technologies., Methods: A PubMed literature search was performed using the terms "(glue OR bioadhesive OR fibrin OR tisseel OR evicel OR tachosil OR cyanoacrylate OR duraseal OR bioglue) AND (neurosurgery OR spine OR spinal OR dural OR microvascular decompression OR transsphenoidal OR endovascular)." Of 2433 records screened, 168 studies were identified that described the use of bioadhesives in neurosurgical procedures., Results: The greatest number of studies describing the use of bioadhesives in neurosurgery were identified for endovascular embolization, followed by dural closure and transsphenoidal surgeries. Other common areas of application were for microvascular decompression, skin closure, peripheral nerve repair, and other novel uses. Numerous case reports were also identified describing complications associated with bioadhesive use., Conclusions: Despite the paucity of approved indications, surgical bioadhesive use in neurosurgical procedures is prevalent. However, current bioadhesives still each have their own limitations and research is intense in the development of novel solutions.
- Published
- 2019
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169. Cholesterol modulates the interaction of beta-amyloid peptide with lipid bilayers.
- Author
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Qiu L, Lewis A, Como J, Vaughn MW, Huang J, Somerharju P, Virtanen J, and Cheng KH
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- Alzheimer Disease metabolism, Alzheimer Disease pathology, Amino Acid Sequence, Amyloid beta-Peptides chemistry, Ergosterol analogs & derivatives, Ergosterol metabolism, Fluorescence Polarization, Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer, Molecular Sequence Data, Peptide Fragments chemistry, Protein Binding, Time Factors, Tyrosine metabolism, Amyloid beta-Peptides metabolism, Cholesterol metabolism, Lipid Bilayers chemistry, Lipid Bilayers metabolism, Peptide Fragments metabolism
- Abstract
The interaction of an amphiphilic, 40-amino acid beta-amyloid (Abeta) peptide with liposomal membranes as a function of sterol mole fraction (X(sterol)) was studied based on the fluorescence anisotropy of a site-specific membrane sterol probe, dehydroergosterol (DHE), and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) from the native Tyr-10 residue of Abeta to DHE. Without Abeta, peaks or kinks in the DHE anisotropy versus X(sterol) plot were detected at X(sterol) approximately 0.25, 0.33, and 0.53. Monomeric Abeta preserved these peaks/kinks, but oligomeric Abeta suppressed them and created a new DHE anisotropy peak at X(sterol) approximately 0.38. The above critical X(sterol) values coincide favorably with the superlattice compositions predicted by the cholesterol superlattice model, suggesting that membrane cholesterol tends to adopt a regular lateral arrangement, or domain formation, in the lipid bilayers. For FRET, a peak was also detected at X(sterol) approximately 0.38 for both monomeric and oligomeric Abeta, implying increased penetration of Abeta into the lipid bilayer at this sterol mole fraction. We conclude that the interaction of Abeta with membranes is affected by the lateral organization of cholesterol, and hypothesize that the formation of an oligomeric Abeta/cholesterol domain complex may be linked to the toxicity of Abeta in neuronal membranes.
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
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