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Although consumer behaviour (CB) is one of the most researched areas in the field of tourism, few extensive reviews of the body of knowledge in this area exist. This review article examines what we argue are the key concepts, external influences and opportune research contexts in contemporary tourism CB research. Using a narrative review, we examine the CB literature published in three major tourism journals from 2000 to 2012. Of 519 articles identified and reviewed, 191 are included in this article. We examine the development of and scope for future research on nine key concepts, including decision-making, values, motivations, self-concept and personality, expectations, attitudes, perceptions, satisfaction, trust and loyalty. We then examine three important external influences on tourism behaviour, technology, Generation Y and the rise in concern over ethical consumption. Finally, we identify and discuss five research contexts that represent major areas for future scholarship: group and joint decision-making, under-researched segments, cross-cultural issues in emerging markets, emotions and consumer misbehaviour. Our examination of key research gaps is concluded by arguing that the hedonic and affective aspects of CB research in tourism must be brought to bear on the wider CB and marketing literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the developmental theory of place attachment, this study evaluates several psychological antecedents of tourist intention to recommend a heritage site. Specifically, self-concept, motivation, positive, and negative emotions are evaluated as determinants of place attachment, tourist satisfaction and intention to recommend. We test a proposed theoretical model on a sample of 500 visitors (250 international and 250 domestic) to Su Nuraxi, a UNESCO World Heritage site in Sardinia, Italy. The results supported 11 of the 14 hypothesized relationships. Self-concept had a significant and positive relationship with tourist motivation, satisfaction and place attachment, highlighting its conceptual importance in the heritage tourism context. Tourist motivation had a significant and positive effect on positive emotions, and also exerted a positive effect on negative emotions. Visitor type moderated only the relationship between tourist motivation and negative emotions. The findings have both theoretical and managerial implications, particularly for heritage site management, marketing and destination management. • Proposes a model of psychological determinants of tourist intention to recommend. • Self-concept has a positive effect on tourist motivation, satisfaction and place attachment. • Positive emotions of gratitude, joy, pride, love and positive surprise have a positive relationship with place attachment. • Visitor type (domestic and international) has a limited moderating role on the proposed relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article evaluates a theoretical model based on hypothesized relationships among four constructs, namely, destination image, place attachment, personal involvement, and visitors’ satisfaction as antecedents of loyalty. These relationships are explored for a sample of 705 international visitors staying in hotels on the island of Mauritius. Confirmatory factor analysis is used initially to ascertain the dimensions of the various constructs but also to assess the convergent and discriminant validity of the measurement items. The structural model indicates that destination image, personal involvement and place attachment are antecedents of visitors’ loyalty but this relationship is mediated by satisfaction levels. The findings offer important implications for tourism theory and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The purpose of this research is to assess the influence of socio-demographic characteristics on destination image and loyalty, thereby offering a segmentation perspective of visitors to the island of Mauritius. A self-administered survey of hotel guests was undertaken and resulted in a sample of 705 respondents. Using a k-means clustering algorithm and discriminant analysis, three clusters of visitors were identified. Different image attributes predict visitors' revisit and recommendation intentions. These findings allow destination marketers to adapt the marketing mix elements to different segments while enabling a destination to emphasize the relevant attributes in promotion and positioning efforts. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reviews existing published academic literature on five Indian Ocean islands namely, Madagascar, Maldives, Mauritius, Reunion Island, and Seychelles, and offers future research directions. The Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) list of tourism and hospitality journals was used to identify articles related to tourism development of these small island developing states (SIDS) and Google Scholar (GS) was used to identify their citation counts. The findings indicated that Mauritius remains the most researched while Reunion Island is the least. Researchers employ mostly quantitative techniques with modeling/forecasting papers having the highest citation counts. The review clearly showed a lack of studies on the hospitality sector, host culture, tourism impacts and policy, and comparative studies on these islands. Future research directions are offered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Destination image is a multi-faceted concept, but the measurement of its multisensory elements has been largely ignored, and its relationship with brand personality has been overlooked. Adopting a qualitative approach, this study explores the relationship between destination image and brand personality, using projective techniques such as word association, brand fingerprint and brand personification. The paper contributes to lessen the gap on brand personalities of supra and sub-brands, within an African context. A convenience sample of eighty-five international tourists was interviewed at selected accommodation units in Cape Town. The findings reveal that word association is an effective technique at uncovering positive and negative cognitive images of a brand, but rather weak at identifying affective images. The brand fingerprint technique is useful for identification of both cognitive and affective images, as well as other sensorial images of a destination. This technique effectively establishes a link between affective images and brand personality of Cape Town. The brand personification technique revealed specific traits for the two brands, thereby highlighting point of differences in positioning. Cape Town brand was perceived as 'young' and more 'adventurous' than South Africa brand, with imagery of the latter anchored in tradition, cultural values and ethnic differences. These results emphasise the importance of including a sensorial stimulation to better structure destination image and brand personality, which highlight the usefulness of projective techniques. The findings have implications for advertising, promotion, and positioning of tourist destinations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increased competition among international tourism destinations has turned many countries to seek growth from destination branding and positioning strategies. The most popular type of destination of interest for positioning studies has been countries, followed by states and very few studies have focused on city products. This study aims at contributing to city marketing and positioning literature. The objectives of this study are two-fold:firstly to identify whether cognitive images of Cape Town are perceived differently from that of Johannesburg, Durban and Pretoria, and secondly, whether demographic and travelling characteristics have an impact on image perceptions. A systematic sample of international visitors was interviewed using the face-to-face method, which led to a response rate of 199 completed questionnaires. Correspondence analysis revealed that Cape Town was perceived to be similar to the other three cities on attributes such as service levels, variety of accommodation, and transport and infrastructure. The other three cities were rated worse than Cape Town in terms of variety of activities, attractions and scenery, and to some extent safety. Additional analyses showed that demographic and travelling characteristics had a significant influence on perceived image of the various cities. The results of the study therefore suggest that attributes such as nightlife, friendly people and culture could be used more effectively to differentiate Cape Town. Thereof, the marketing implications are highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heritage tourists' motives are heterogeneous but few studies examine the relationship between these motives, emotions felt after the visit, and tourists' perceptions of the attributes that contribute to World Heritage Status (WHS) listing of a site. Using cognitive appraisal theory (CAT) as the theoretical lens, we evaluate the relationship between motivation, emotion and site characteristics. Based on a sample of 1531 international visitors to Petra, we segment their motives and emotions and profile these with respect to perceptions of the attributes for WHS listing. The results show the existence of two motivation clusters "General Tourists" and "Heritage Tourists", with the latter being drawn to Petra for reasons related to both site characteristics and heritage. Three clusters of emotions were identified namely, "Positive Arousals", "Low Arousals" and "Mixed Arousals". Significant relationships were identified between the motivation and emotion clusters and their respective perceptions of the attributes for WHS listing. A logit model confirmed that the emotion felt by the different clusters can be predicted by motivation clusters, demographic and travel characteristics. Implications for theory and practice are offered. • Examines the relationship between heritage motives and emotions. • Evaluates the relationship between motivation segments and perceptions of WHS attributes. • Identifies the existence of three clusters of emotions (positive, low and mixed arousals). • Evaluates the relationship between emotion segments and perceptions of WHS attributes. • Demonstrates that positive emotions are influenced by heritage motives and demographic profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existing tourist emotion studies are biased toward examining tourists' positive emotions due to their positive influence on a range of post-consumption behaviors. Tourists' negative emotions have potentially a stronger influence on future behaviors, with a significant omission being how tourists explain their own and others' behavior. Using attribution theory and the psychological constructivist view of emotions, we evaluate the relationship between nine main categories of tourists' negative emotions identified in travelogues (disgust, distress, anger, fear, sadness, regret, shame, boredom, and shock) and their attributions (locus of control and stability). By analyzing 298 travelogues via an a priori approach, and using correspondence analysis, the results show that feelings of shame are attributed to self-control while feelings of distress, regret, and sadness are attributed to the behavior of other tourists. Negative emotions such as anger and disgust are attributed to stability while the negative emotion of shock is ascribed to instability. Theoretical and managerial implications are provided. • We identify tourists' negative emotions from travelogues. • We examine the relationship between negative emotions and tourists' attributions. • We show that tourists' attribute shame to self-control. • Negative emotions of distress, regret and sadness are attributed to the behavior of other tourists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This special edition focuses on "Consumer Experience Management and Customer Journeys in Tourism, Hospitality and Events". This introduction considers current topics concerning researchers and practitioners about consumer journeys and experience management and introduces the six papers in the special issue. We would like to thank the authors and reviewers for this special issue. • To explore studies on consumer experience management and customer journeys in tourism, hospitality and events. • Their studies offers several methodological approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study clarifies the role of sense of place, social capital, and psychological resilience as valuable resources that can build psychological wellbeing (PWB) in long-term disaster recovery. Existing studies on disaster recovery often examine these intangible resources in isolation, without recognizing their inter-dependencies. Based on 25 in-depth interviews with residents, following the Canterbury earthquake sequence, we identify themes and visualize them through a post-disaster wheel of wellbeing (PDWWB) to highlight the need for greater recognition of PWB in the provision of tangible resources in disaster recovery. The results show that both individual (psychological resilience) and community resources (social capital) as well as an individual's sense of place provide different levers to activate in rebuilding residents' PWB (hedonic and eudaimonic aspects). For example, social capital can enhance psychological resilience and PWB while sense of place can contribute positively to social capital, psychological resilience and PWB. Thus, re-establishing sense of place and supporting social ties and networks can improve both psychological resilience and PWB post-disaster. • Suggests a better integration of psychological wellbeing of individuals in long-term disaster recovery is required. • Emphasises the important role that sense of place and social capital plays in long-term disaster recovery. • Highlights how individual and social level resources can be leveraged to improve psychological wellbeing of individuals. • Visualizes the identified themes through a post-disaster wheel of wellbeing (PDWWB). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With disruptive events of higher magnitudes increasing globally, building resilience has become a priority for many organizations. Existing studies have prioritized the contribution of internal factors to building organizational resilience. This study examines social capital emanating from supply chain partners as an external factor building organizational resilience. Using social capital theory, we develop a conceptual model that postulates three dimensions of social capital (cognitive, structural and relational) as antecedents of both proactive and reactive organizational resilience. The model is tested on a sample of Chinese firms that survived the 2008 Sichuan earthquake. The findings show that not all facets of social capital contribute to the development of organizational resilience. While stronger structural capital improves proactive organizational resilience, relational capital only improves reactive organizational resilience. The findings have both theoretical and managerial implications for post-disaster resilience building. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psychological capital (PsyCap) of tourism business owners and managers in the face of adversity has received scant attention. This study explores how the four components (self-efficacy, hope, optimism and psychological resilience) of PsyCap affect organizational resilience in a post-quake environment. Using a case-study approach and in-depth interviews with small tourism business owners and managers in Kaikoura, New Zealand, we found that problem-focused and emotion-focused coping mechanisms enabled participants to activate PsyCap components to build organizational resilience. Realistic optimism of owners and managers, for example, fuelled problem-focused coping strategies that led to greater situation awareness of changes in both the internal and external business environment. The findings have implications for small tourism businesses as they navigate the recovery process following major disasters. • Offers an understanding of psychological capital in a post-disaster context • Examines the coping mechanisms employed by small tourism business owners and managers • Offers an understanding of how coping affects organizational resilience • Shows how hope, optimism, self-efficacy and psychological resilience affect business recovery [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]