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Rhinusa linariae (Panzer, 1795) Figs 1, 10, 11, 24, 27, 33, 39 Curculio linariae Panzer, 1795: 18. Caldara 2008: 126 (nomen protectum). Cionus linariae (Panzer). Germar 1821: 314. Miarus linariae (Panzer). Stephens 1831: 16. Gymnetron linariae (Panzer). Rosenschoeld 1838: 769. H. Brisout de Barneville 1863: 651. Desbrochers des Loges 1893: 35. Reitter 1907: 43; 1916: 231. Hustache 1932: 412, 429. Hoffmann 1958: 1281, 1311. Smreczyński 1976: 35. Lohse & Tischler 1983: 267. Mecinus linariae (Panzer). Bedel 1885: 146; 1887: 307. Sainte-Claire Deville 1924: 69. Rhinusa linariae (Panzer). Caldara 2001: 185; 2008: 126. Caldara et al. 2010: 52. Alonso-Zarazaga et al. 2017: 203. Curculio curvirostris Rossi, 1790: 117. Hellwig 1795: 125. H. Brisout de Barneville 1863: 652. Caldara 2008: 126 (nomen oblitum). Type locality. Eberswalde (Brandeburg, Germany). Type series. The neotype was designated by Caldara (2008). Synonyms. Curculio curvirostris was described by Rossi (1790) from specimens collected in Tuscany (Italy). The neotype of this species (type locality: Italy, Lazio, Roma, Formello) was recently designated and its synonymy with R. linariae discussed by Caldara (2008). The junior name linariae can be maintained, since Curculio curvirostris Rossi is a junior homonym of Curculio curvirostris Fabricius, 1781, an Indonesian baridine, and also of Curculio curvirostris Herbst, 1784, a probable synonym of Exapion fuscirostre fuscirostre (Fabricius, 1775) (Alonso- Zarazaga et al. 2017). Redescription. Male. Body: oval, stout (Fig. 1). Rostrum: black, short (Rl/Pl 0.75); in lateral view strongly curved, very stout in basal third, further slightly narrowed to apex (Fig. 10); in dorsal view with subparallel sides, with moderately visible scrobes, striate-punctate in basal two thirds, smoother and shining along midline and in apical third, with sparse recumbent short (l/w 2���3) whitish scales in basal third. Head: between eyes as wide as rostrum at base, without fovea. Eyes almost flat. Antennae: dark brown, inserted at middle of rostrum; scape 2.5�� longer than wide, funicle distinctly longer than scape, with segment 1 twice longer than wide, slightly stouter than and about as long as segment 2, which is 2.5�� longer than wide, segments 3���5 gradually becoming more transverse; club oval, with segment 1 pubescent similarly to others. Pronotum: black, densely and rather regularly punctate, intervals between punctures narrow, smooth and shining, well visible between sparse recumbent moderately long (l/ w 4���6) subelliptical whitish scales; transverse (Pw/Pl 1.35), with distinctly rounded sides, widest between basal and middle thirds, distinctly constricted at apex, almost flat. Elytra: black, 1.28�� as long as wide, subelliptical, 1.32�� as wide as pronotum, with basal margin transverse until interstria 5, further beveled anteriorly, with moderately rounded sides, widest at middle, weakly convex on disc; interstriae well visible between sparse recumbent, elliptical to sublanceolate whitish scales, 0.50���0.75�� as long as width of interstria (l/w 4���7) and arranged in 2���3 irregular rows; striae well visible, half as wide as interstriae, with a row of scales slightly narrower than those on interstriae. Legs: stout, with sparse recumbent to suberect whitish scales distinctly shorter than width of tibia; femora black, subclavate, without tooth; tibiae black, stout, distinctly sinuous at middle, with outer margin moderately carinate; unci black, thin, all of same size; tarsi brown, with tarsomere 1 1.7�� longer than wide, tarsomere 2 1.2�� longer than wide, tarsomere 3 bilobed and distinctly wider than tarsomere 2, onychium as long as tarsomeres 1���3 taken together; claws dark brown, equal in length. Venter: metasternum black, with sparse subrecumbent long setiform whitish scales. Mesepimera, mes- and metepisterna with sparse long setiform whitish scales. Abdomen black, with dense and somewhat regular punctures, well visible between sparse recumbent to subrecumbent setiform whitish scales; length ventrites 1+2/3+4 1.95 Penis (Fig. 27): body of penis very long (l/ w 6.0), nearly parallel-sided, with broad apex; apodemes distinctly shorter than body, in lateral view forming an angle of 60 degrees in relation to body. Female. Rostrum slightly longer (Rl/Pl 0.81) (Fig. 11), in dorsal view smooth and shining from antennal insertion to apex, antennae inserted between basal and middle thirds of rostrum. Spiculum ventrale: arms moderately spaced each other, apodeme slightly longer than arms (Fig. 33). Spermatheca: ramus very short, collum well-developed (Fig. 39). Variability. Length 2.6���3.1 mm. Pronotum and elytra vary slightly both in curvature of sides and convexity. The rostrum varies a little in length in both sexes (Rl/Pl male 0.72���0.78; female 0.78���0.85). Remarks and comparative notes. The three species of this group are very similar to each other and have very similar shape of the genitalia. Rhinusa linariae differs from the other two species by the completely black integument. In addition, it differs from R. brisouti by the less broad pronotum, the more elongate elytra and the protibiae being less distinctly carinate and with the outer margin less directed outward apically, and from R. kumatschevi by the protibiae being more deeply sinuate in the middle. Biological notes. Rhinusa linariae is a univoltine root galling weevil. Gall induction and larval development are mainly recorded on Linaria vulgaris Mill. and rarely on L. genistifolia (L.) P. Mill. in Southeastern Europe. Adults emerge in early spring, feed and copulate on the top of the young toadflax shoots. Females lay eggs singly or in small groups on toadflax roots or below root crowns. Shortly after, oviposition triggers gall formation, and larvae feed on galled root tissue through three instars. Pupation occurs in galls, while new adults emerge in mid- to late summer or rarely stay inside galls during winter, overwintering in soil or in plant litter close to their host plant. Twenty-five years ago, Rhinusa linariae was introduced as a biological control agent for invasive toadflaxes in Canada and USA, where it was recently confirmed as established only in British Columbia; however, the current populations are still too low to have a significant biological impact (Sing et al. 2015). Distribution. This species is widely distributed in the whole Europe, Turkey, Kazakhstan and Western Siberia. Introduced in North America. Non-type material examined. France: Paris (3, BMNH). Italy: Piemonte, Asti, Nizza Monferrato, Frazione Barca, 28.VII.1978, leg. Diotti (1, LDCC); Lombardia, Monza Parco, IV.1948, leg. Loro (1, MSNM); Lombardia, Lecco, Monte Barro, 15.VI.1990, leg. Leonardi (14, MSNM); Veneto, Verona, Fumane, 17.V.1981, leg. Osella (1, GOCV); Veneto, Vicenza, Alta Val d'Astico, 21.VI.1997, leg. Diotti (1, LDCC); Veneto, Vicenza, Monti Berici, Lago di Fimon, 26.IV.2010, leg. Diotti (1, LDCC); Veneto, Vicenza, Monti Berici, Soghe, 19.IV.2011, leg. Diotti (1, LDCC); Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Gorizia, Grado, Belvedere, 12.VI.1912, leg. Springer (1, MSNM); Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Trieste, Prosecco, 10.V.1925, leg. Springer (1, MSNM); Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Trieste, Zaule, 10.V.1923, leg. Springer (1, MSNM); Liguria, Genova, Madonna della Guardia, 4.VII.2002, leg. Diotti (1, LDCC); Liguria, Genova, Gattorna, 1���10.VII.1979, leg. Caldara (3, RCCM); Liguria, La Spezia, 6.VI.1971, leg. Caldara (1, RCCM); Liguria, La Spezia, Castelnuovo Magra, 12.V.1980, leg. Caldara (1, RCCM); Liguria, Savona, Celle Ligure, 10.V.1969, leg. Ragozzino (1, RCCM); Emilia Romagna, Piacenza, Bettola, 28.V.1970, leg. Caldara (1, RCCM); Toscana, Firenze, V.1942, leg. Lombardi (2, MSNM); Toscana, Firenze, Palazzuolo, 14.V.2000, leg. Mingazzini (1, LDCC); Toscana, Livorno, Piombino, 8.V.1971, leg. Caldara (1, RCCM); Lazio, Roma, Palestrina, Frazione Carchitti, 20.V.1973 (1, RCCM); Lazio, Roma, Rocca di Papa, Monte Cavo, 900 m, 30.V.2005, leg. Colonnelli (1, ECCR); Abruzzo, L'Aquila, Raiano, 10.V.2002, leg. Osella (1, GOCV); Abruzzo, Pescara, Popoli, 19.V.1996, leg. Osella (2, GOCV); Abruzzo, Pescara, Popoli, Sorgenti fiume Pescara, 11.V.2002, leg. Osella (3, GOCV); Abruzzo, Teramo, Campo Battaglia, 5.V.2002, leg. Osella (2, GOCV); Italy (Sicily): Messina, Monti Nebrodi, Alcara Li Fusi, 27.IV.2016, leg. Casalini (RCCR); Messina, Monte Etna, Piano Provenzana, 1800-2200 m, on Linaria purpurea, 22.VI.2012, leg. Baviera (CBCM). Germany: Baden-W��rttemberg, Leimen near Heidelberg, 400 m, 27.V.1990, leg. Ko��ť��l (1, MKCH). Hungary: Mecsek Mts., Hossz��het��ny Zeng�� Hill, 400 m, 25.IV.1987, leg. Ko��ť��l (1, MKCH). Slovenia: Istria, Podgorje, 28.X.1937, leg. Springer (1, MSNM); Nanos Mount, 750 m, 18.V.1994, leg. Ko��ť��l (1, MKCH). Romania: B��zi��s, leg. Zoppa (1, MSNM); C��mpia Crişurilor, Rovine near Arad, 21.IV.1983, leg. Ko��ť��l (1, MKCH). Turkey: Kirşehir, 4 km S of Mucur, 10.V.1997, leg. Sama (1, FTCM). Russia: Volgogradskaya Oblast���, 8 km E of Perekopskij, VI.2005, leg. Tronci (1, ECCR). Kazakhstan: Aktjubinsk, Karaholda River, Novoalekseevka, 26.V.2000 (1, RCCM)., Published as part of Caldara, Roberto & To��evski, Ivo, 2019, Rhinusa Stephens: a taxonomic revision of the species belonging to the R. linariae R. herbarum, R. melas, and R. mauritii groups (Coleoptera Curculionidae), pp. 318-340 in Zootaxa 4679 (2) on pages 320-322, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4679.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/3772583, {"references":["Panzer G. W. F. (1795) Deutschlands Insectenfaune oder entomologisches Taschenbuch fur das Iahr 1795. Entomologica Germanica exhibens insecta per Germaniam indigena secundum classes, ordines, genre, species adiectis synonymis, locis, observationibus. I. Eleuterata. Cum Tabulis Aeneis. Apud Felseckeri haeredes, Norimbergae, [8 unn. pp, Vorbericht] + 12 pl. + [24 unn. pp.] + 372 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11756","Germar, E. F. (1821) Genera quaedam Curculionitum proposita, et speciebus observatis illustrata. Magazin der Entomologie, 4, 291 - 345.","Stephens, J. F. (1831) Illustrations of British entomology; or, a synopsis of indigenous insects: containing their generic and specific distinctions; with an account of their metamorphoses, times of appearance, localities, food, and economy, as far as practicable. Mandibulata. Vol. IV. Signature C (pp. 15 - 30, pl. XX). Baldwin, Cradock, London, 413 + [1] pp., pls. XX- XXIII.","Brisout de Barneville, H. (1863) Monographie du genre Gymnetron. [Cont.]. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, Series 4, 2 (4), 637 - 668. [1862] https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00379271.1863.11755420","Desbrochers des Loges, J. (1893) Revision des especes de curculionides appartenant a la tribu des Gymnetridae d'Europe et circa. Le Frelon, 3, 1 - 68.","Reitter, E. (1907) Bestimmung-Tabellen der europaischen Coleopteren. LIX Heft. Curculionidae. 13 Theil: Mecinini (Gymnetrini). Verhandlungen des naturforschenden Vereines in Brunn, 1907, 1 - 50.","Reitter, E. (1916) Fauna Germanica. Die Kafer des Deutsches Reiches. Nach der analytische Methode bearbeitet. V. Band. K. G. Lutz, Stuttgart, 343 pp., pls. 153 - 168.","Hustache, A. (1932) Curculionidae gallo-rhenans. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 100, 153 - 470. [1931]","Hoffmann, A. (1958) Coleopteres Curculionides. Troisieme partie. Faune de France, 62, 1209 - 1839.","Smreczynski, S. (1976) Klucze do oznaczania owadow polski. XIX (98 f). Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Curculioninae. Polski Towarzystwo Entomologiczene, Wroclaw, 115 pp.","Lohse, G. A. & Tischler, T. (1983) Mecininae. In: Freude, H., Harde, K. W. & Lohse, G. A. (Eds.), Die Kafer Mitteleuropas. Band 11. Goecke & Evers, Krefeld, pp. 259 - 283.","Bedel, L. (1885) Faunes des Coleopteres du Bassin de la Seine. Vol. VI. Rhynchophora (Cont.). Annales de la Societe entomologique de France, Hors Serie, Series 6, 5, 145 - 200.","Bedel, L. (1887) Faunes des Coleopteres du Bassin de la Seine. Vol. VI. Rhynchophora (Cont.). Annales de la Societe entomologique de France, Hors Serie, Series 6, 7 (3), 361 - 384.","Sainte-Claire Deville, J. (1924) Faune d. es Coleopteres du Bassin de la Seine par Louis Bedel. Tome VI bis (Supplement aux Rhynchophora) redige d'apres les notes de L. Bedel. Publications Hors Serie. Societe Entomologique de France, Paris, 159 pp.","Caldara, R. (2001) Phylogenetic analysis and higher classification of the tribe Mecinini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Curculioninae). Koleopterologische Rundschau, 71, 171 - 203.","Caldara, R., Sassi, D. & Tosevski, I. (2010) Phylogeny of the weevil genus Rhinusa Stephens based on adult morphological characters and host plant information (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Zootaxa, 2627 (1), 39 - 56. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2627.1.3","Alonso-Zarazaga, M. A., Barrios, H., Borovec, R., Bouchard, P., Caldara, R., Colonnelli, E., Gultekin, L., Hlavac, P., Korotyaev, B., Lyal, C. H. C., Machado, A., Meregalli, M., Pierotti, H., Ren, L., Sanchez-Ruiz, M., Sforzi, A., Silfverberg, H., Skuhrovec, J., Tryzna, M., Velazquez de Castro, A. J. & Yunakov, N. N. (2017) Cooperative Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera Curculionoidea. Monografias electronicas de la Sociedad Entomologica Aragonesa, 8, 1 - 729.","Rossi, P. (1790) Fauna etrusca sistens insecta quae in provinciis florentina et pisana praesertim collegit Petrus Rossius in Regio Pisano Athenaeo. Tomus primus. Typis Thomae Masi, Sociorum, Liburni, xxii + 272 pp, 1 pl. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 15771","Hellwig, J. C. L. (1795) [new taxa]. In: Rossi, P. Fauna Etrusca sistens insecta quae in provinciis Florentina et Pisana praesertim collegit Petrus Rossius in regio pisano athenaeo. Tomus primus cum XI Tab. Mantissae priore parte adiecta iterum edita et annotatis perpetuis aucta a D. Ioh. Christ. Lud. Hellwig. C. G. Fleckeisen, Helmstadii, pp. i-xxviii + 1 - 457 pp., 12 pls.","Sing, S. E., De Clerck-Floate, R., Hansen, R. W., Pearce, H., Randall, C. B., Tosevski, I. & Ward, S. M. (2015) Biology and biological control of Dalmatian and Yellow Toadflax. USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team, Morgantown, West Virginia, 154 pp. [FHTET- 2015 - 03] https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 149716"]}

Background Biodiversity at all levels from microbial populations up to inter- and intra-specific diversity of plants is a major component in self-regulating systems. Aims and methods for breeding of crops adapted to self-regulating systems, such as heterogeneous populations, are different from most current breeding programs in several aspects. This study attempts to use wheat lines selected from composite cross populations (CCPs) in order to test the applicability as diverse, but still restricted population for genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Material and Methods Out of 200 CCP lines, derived from different winter wheat CCPs, DNA was isolated from 184, selected for contrasting phenotypes and homozygosity and genotyped using a 20K (15K+5K) SNP micro array chip. The genotyping data, together with the phenotypic data are being used for the GWAS to link allelic changes to trait expressions. GAPIT-related GWAS: GLM, MLM, MLMM, and FarmCPU included K and Q matrix. Covariate (Q matrix) was calculated using principal component analysis (PCA) based on 8961 selected SNPs. Network-based GWAS: using Gaussian copula graphical model for reconstructing conditional independence networks. Results Preliminary GWAS results were obtained from up to ten phenotypic traits at the organically and conventional managed trial farms of the University of Kassel (KU) and the Technical University of Munich (TUM; Germany) for the season 2017/18. GAPIT-related GWAS resulted in up to 13 candidate for up 6 of the 10 traits and 31--65 potential candidates for all traits. In contrast, the network-based GWAS resulted in 50--52 candidates for 9 of the 10 traits. Conclusions Further investigations and comparison with different environments and methods are needed for a more complex understanding of the phenotypic traits in the development of diverse populations and mixtures in organic plant breeding., {"references":["Behrouzi, P., Arends, D., & Wit, E. C. (2018). Netgwas: An R package for network-based genome-wide association studies. arXiv:1710.01236v4 [stat.AP].","Behrouzi, P., & Wit, E. C. (2019). Detecting epistatic selection with partially observed genotype data by using copula graphical models. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series C (Applied Statistics), 68(1):141–160.","Döring, T. F., Annicchiarico, P., Clarke, S., Haigh, Z., Jones, H. E., Pearce, H., Snape, J., Zhan, J., & Wolfe, M. S. (2015). Comparative analysis of performance and stability among composite cross populations, variety mixtures and pure lines of winter wheat in organic and conventional cropping systems. Field Crops Research, 183:235–245.","Döring, T. F., Pautasso, M., Finckh, M. R., & Wolfe, M. S. (2011). Concepts of plant health—reviewing and challenging the foundations of plant protection. Plant Pathology, 61(1):1–15.","Lipka, A. E., Tian, F., Wang, Q., Peiffer, J., Li, M., Bradbury, P. J., Gore, M. A., Buckler, E. S., & Zhang, Z. (2012). Gapit: Genome association and prediction integrated tool. Bioinformatics, 28(18):2397–2399.","Loreau, M. (2010). Linking biodiversity and ecosystems: Towards a unifying ecological theory. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences, 365(1537):49–60.","Tang, Y., Liu, X., Wang, J., Li, M., Wang, Q., Tian, F., Su, Z., Pan, Y., Liu, D., Lipka, A. E., Buckler, E. S., & Zhang, Z. (2016). Gapit version 2: An enhanced integrated tool for genomic association and prediction. The Plant Genome Journal, 9(2):1–9.","Wang, J., & Zhang, Z. (2019). GAPIT version 3: An interactive analytical tool for genomic association and prediction. Retrieved February 19, 2019, from https://github.com/jiabowang/GAPIT3."]}

This study investigated vertical versus shared leadership as predictors of the effectiveness of 71 change management teams. Vertical leadership stems from an appointed or formal leader of a team, whereas shared leadership (C. L. Pearce, 1997; C. L. Pearce & J. A. Conger, in press; C. L. Pearce & H. P. Sims, 2000) is a group process in which leadership is distributed among, and stems from, team members. Team effectiveness was measured approximately 6 months after the assessment of leadership and was also measured from the viewpoints of managers, internal customers, and team members. Using multiple regression, the authors found both vertical and shared leadership to be significantly related to team effectiveness ( p .05), although shared leadership appears to be a more useful predictor of team effectiveness than vertical leadership. The increasing use of empowered teams and concomitant flattening of organizational structures (Mohrman, Cohen, & Mohrman, 1995) brings into question the more traditional models of leadership. What kind of leadership is more appropriate for this new team-based environment? Pearce (1997), Yukl (1998), Pearce and Sims (2000), and Pearce and Conger (in press) have suggested that shared leadership—leadership that emanates from the members of teams, and not simply from the appointed team leader— may provide the answer to this question. Thus, we investigated this issue within the context of change management teams (CMTs). The CMTs in this study are teams that, while not fully self-managing, have a very high degree of decision-making latitude for improving the operations in their respective areas of responsibility. Thus, our results are most applicable to highautonomy teams that engage in complex tasks, and they may not generalize to traditional work groups. The teams in this study are also all drawn from one organization, which helps to control for situational variables that might influence team effectiveness (e.g., organizational culture) but may limit the generalizability to alternate organizational contexts. More specifically, we explored how the behavior of the appointed team leaders (vertical leadership) versus distributed influence from within the team (shared leadership) accounted for the effectiveness of the CMTs. In this article, we briefly review the behavioral model of leadership that forms the basis of this study and then review literature related to the shared leadership process. We offer several hypotheses regarding the potential role of team leadership in team effectiveness. Subsequently, we describe our methods, present our results, and offer a discussion and conclusion.

Microbial coinfections challenge the immune system—different pathogens often require different flavors of immune responses for their elimination or containment (see the Perspective by Maizels and Gause). Two teams studied what happens when parasitic worms and viruses infect mice at the same time. Reese et al. found that parasite coinfection woke up a dormant virus. Osborne et al. found that mice already infected with parasitic worms were worse at fighting off viruses. In both cases, worms skewed the immune response so that the immune cells and the molecules they secreted created an environment favorable for the worm at the expense of antiviral immunity. T. A. Reese, B. S. Wakeman, H. S. Choi, M. M. Hufford, S. C. Huang, X. Zhang, M. D. Buck, A. Jezewski, A. Kambal, C. Y. Liu, G. Goel, P. J. Murray, R. J. Xavier, M. H. Kaplan, R. Renne, S. H. Speck, M. N. Artyomov, E. J. Pearce, H. W. Virgin, Helminth infection reactivates latent γ-herpesvirus via cytokine competition at a viral promoter. Science 345, 573–577 (2014). [Abstract][Full Text] L. C. Osborne, L. A. Monticelli, T. J. Nice, T. E. Sutherland, M. C. Siracusa, M. R. Hepworth, V. T. Tomov, D. Kobuley, S. V. Tran, K. Bittinger, A. G. Bailey, A. L. Laughlin, J.-L. Boucher, E. J. Wherry, F. D. Bushman, J. E. Allen, H. W. Virgin, D. Artis, Virus-helminth coinfection reveals a microbiota-independent mechanism of immunomodulation. Science 345, 578–582 (2014). [Abstract][Full Text] R. M. Maizels, W. C. Gause, How helminths go viral. Science 345, 517–518 (2014). [Abstract][Full Text]

Title devised by cataloguer., Taken by Dease Studios, Barrack Street, Perth., Written on back of negative: H. Pearce, name of sitter or customer, and order instructions to photographer. Found in negative box 1827 dated to 1916.

Includes bibliography., The problem of pile stick-up, where the pile has been stabbed into the pile guide of the platform to be fixed to the sea-bed and is loaded by the current and waves of the ocean, was recently of concern when the fixation of the first local offshore production platform took place. A previous investigation considered the resonant behaviour of the undriven pile subjected to various predicted sea states and various methods were examined to limit the large displacements anticipated. In the present work, a refined model of the problem is developed using the ABAQUS finite element program. Of particular interest is the applicability of the , probabilistic finite element method (PFEM). It is important to appreciate that a mere deterministic dynamic analysis - however accurate analytically - may be of limited value when applied to structures in the ocean. The response achieved thus will either be unelegantly conservative or very unreliable due to the many uncertain parameters that pervade the field of structural dynamics in the ocean. Traditionally, statistical methods are reverted to with uncertainty analyses, but they seldom have much appeal because of the computational effort involved. The PFEM was found quite attractive with a formulation where the uncertainty of the drag coefficient and the inertia coefficient were investigated. It was concluded that the uncertainty in these coefficients should be limited to a coefficient of variation of approximately 20% and that the simplified model on which the formulation was based should be refined if acceptable results for the purposes of design were required.

Includes bibliographical references., The extraction of mineral resources from deep ocean waters has been made possible by the development of large compliant offshore structures. Mooring cables are crucial components in these offshore facilities and form the basis of this study. The aims of this thesis are: to provide a comprehensive review on all aspects of cables, to determine criteria for numerical modelling, and to ascertain the capabilities of the finite element method for cable analyses using the F.E. package ABAQUS. Difficulties associated with large sag cables arise as a result of their inherent flexibility which causes ill-conditioning of the stiffness matrices. Furthermore, the cable winding configuration causes a nonlinear stress-strain relationship, it's sagged geometry results in nonlinear strain-displacement relations, and the immersion in water leads to nonlinear fluid loadings arising from Morison's Equation as well as uncertainties in the fluid parameters. Various models, starting with the developed. Convergence difficulties basic catenary, have been at start-up, caused by a lack of stiffness in the transverse direction, are avoided by supporting the cable when applying loads. It is further established that numerical analyses of flexible structures are most stable in dynamic analyses and when under tension. In general both displacement based isoparametric and hybrid beam elements were found to be more reliable and applicable than truss elements. Cable whip, ocean floor contact and harmonic motions of cables were analysed. Finally a cable/tower interaction was modelled and subjected to a Stokes's wave. Conclusions and guidelines are presented based on the numerical experiments carried out in this study.

This thesis reviews the development and current methods of numerical convection heat transfer from available literature, encompassing an analysis of the various finite element formulations available for investigating convection. It further describes the finite element formulation for the primitive variable convection heat transfer equations via a Galerkin weighted residual scheme and using mixed interpolation, and it demonstrates the capability of this method by means of five practical examples, namely natural convection in a thermally driven square cavity, a thermally driven vertical slot, a thermally driven triangular cavity, and a liquid convective diode, and forced convection in a cooling pond. This study also provides the background and framework for the problem of transient convection heat transfer, and for further steady-state studies using parameters outside those considered herein.