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Bakanae is one of the important diseases of rice in Bangladesh that causes substantial yield loss every year. We collected thirty isolates of Fusarium spp. from bakanae-infected rice plants from different agroecological zones of Bangladesh and investigated the variations in cultural and morphological characteristics and pathogenicity. Diversity was found in cultural characteristics, viz., colony features, phialide, chlamydospore formation, shape, and size of macro- and microconidia. Three variants of Fusarium species such as F. moniliforme, F. fujikuroi, and F. proliferatum were identified on PDA media based on their cultural and morphological characteristics. Isolate FM10 (F. moniliforme) exhibited the highest disease aggressiveness in developing elongated plants (26.50 cm), the highest number of chlorotic leaves (5.75), and a lower germination percentage. We evaluated different bioagents against the virulent isolate of F. moniliforme to develop a rice bakanae disease management approach. Four bioagents, viz., Trichoderma spp., Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Achromobacter spp., were evaluated for growth suppression of F. moniliforme. Among the bioagents, Achromobacter spp. and B. subtilis (BS21) showed 73.54% and 71.61% growth suppression, respectively. The investigation revealed that the application of Achromobacter spp. and B. subtilis (BS21) would be a potential candidate for effective and eco-friendly management of the bakanae disease of rice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long-term gridded precipitation products (GPPs) are crucial for climatology and hydrological research to overcome the limitations of gauge observations. Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station data (CHIRPS) provides long-term daily precipitation data over the globe from 1981 to near-present, but its reliability varies across regions. This review aims to summarize the performance of CHIRPS from 123 research articles that mainly published between 2015 and 2021.The findings show that the number of CHIRPS validation studies has been increased dramatically in the past few years. These studies were primarily conducted in China, Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, and India, while a relatively few studies in North America, Central Asia, and Europe. The performance of CHIRPS varied depending on geographical location and climate condition, with greater performance in Africa. In contrast to other GPPs, CHIRPS is always not the best product, but it is considerably well in capturing monthly precipitation and is suitable for assessing drought. But, there are some common limitations such as less effectiveness across regions with sparse gauges and complex terrain and difficulty in detecting extremely high precipitation events. Future research directions on this topic should focus on (1) enhancing CHIPRS through bias correction and downscaling, (2) validating CHIRPS for extreme indices' calculations and relate to large-scale atmospheric circulations like ENSO, (3) evaluating the capability of CHIRPS in hydrological modelling, and (4) further validating CHIRPS under various topographical and climate conditions as well as other precipitation products. This review can act as a reference to scientists who wish to apply CHIRPS in their climatology analysis and hydroclimatic modelling as well as the developers to further improve the product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2021–2022 flood is one of the most serious flood events in Malaysian history, with approximately 70,000 victims evacuated daily, 54 killed and total losses up to MYR 6.1 billion. From this devastating event, we realized the lack of extreme precipitation and flood inundation information, which is a common problem in tropical regions. Therefore, we developed a Rapid Extreme TRopicAl preCipitation and flood inundation mapping framEwork (RETRACE) by utilizing: (1) a cloud computing platform, the Google Earth Engine (GEE); (2) open-source satellite images from missions such as Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM), Sentinel-1 SAR and Sentinel-2 optical satellites; and (3) flood victim information. The framework was demonstrated with the 2021–2022 Malaysia flood. The preliminary results were satisfactory with an optimal threshold of five for flood inundation mapping using the Sentinel-1 SAR data, as the accuracy of inundated floods was up to 70%. Extreme daily precipitation of up to 230 mm/day was observed and resulted in an inundated area of 77.43 km2 in Peninsular Malaysia. This framework can act as a useful tool for local authorities and scientists to retrace the extreme precipitation and flood information in a relatively short period for flood management and mitigation strategy development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salinity is a dominant obstacle to the proper germination of seeds, growth of seedlings, and, consequently, the production of crops. The priming of seeds with different treating agents can efficiently impart salinity tolerance. Kidney bean is a nutritious and popular vegetable crop in the world. Literature shows that salt stress negatively disturbs the germination and growth of kidney beans. In the present research, we investigated the potentiality of salicylic acid (SA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as priming and exogenous agents to alleviate the salinity-inhibited germination and growth of kidney beans. The seeds were pretreated with SA (1 mM and 2 mM) and H2O2 (0.1 mM and 0.15 mM) and soaked in normal tap water (hydro-priming) for 60 min. In addition, for the control experiment, untreated seeds were used. Finally, primed seeds were subjected to salt stress (150 mM NaCl). Our results exhibited that salt stress considerably lowered the percentage of germination (GP), germination index (GI), seed vigor index (SVI), shoot length (SL), root length (RL), shoot–root fresh and dry biomass, and plant growth. The results also exhibited that salt stress significantly decreased the relative water content (RWC) and photosynthetic pigments such as chlorophyll, carotenoids, lycopene, and beta-carotene contents. The SA- and H2O2- and hydro-priming stimulated the GP, GI, SL, RL, SVI, and seedling growth. Data also revealed that the supplementation of SA and H2O2 enhanced RWC and photosynthetic pigments. When compared to other treatments, pretreatment with 1 mM SA was determined to be comparatively more effective at imparting the salt tolerance of kidney beans. Overall, these results, via a heatmap and principal component analysis, uncovered that priming and exogenous applications of SA and H2O2 can improve salt tolerance and enhance germination and seedling characteristics of kidney beans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The salicylalazine isolation from chloroform fraction of Micromeria biflora Benth. • Salicylalazine evaluation for (in vitro) inhibition of biological targets such as urease, phosphodiesterase-1, tyrosinase, and anti-glycation. • The results concluded that salicylalazine exhibits remarkable enzyme inhibition and anti-glycation effects. The aim of the present study was focused on experimental analysis for medicinal use of Micromeria biflora Benth. The plant was collected and subjected to extraction and fractionation; the chloroform fraction resulted in the isolation of a new constituent salicylalazine, using preparative HPLC. The Chemical structure of salicylalazine was confirmed through NMR and high-resolution mass spectrometry. Salicylalazine was evaluated (in vitro) against various biological targets such as urease, phosphodiesterase-1, tyrosinase, and anti-glycation studies. Furthermore, the binding orientation and interaction pattern of salicylalazine with crucial amino acid residues of the respective targets were used to explore the mechanism of enzymes inhibition. Results indicated that salicylalazine caused potent urease inhibition with an IC 50 value of 12.4 ± 1.10 µM, in comparison of standard thiourea (IC 50 = 21.0 ± 0.21 µM). The compound exhibited excellent inhibition potential against tyrosinase (89.4%), phosphodiesterase-1 (94.7%) compared to the standards kojic acid (86.3%) and EDTA (86.4%), respectively. Besides, salicylalazine possessed good anti-glycation activity with % inhibition of 86% and IC 50 value of 248.7 ± 2.09 µM, compared to the standard Rutin (96%, IC 50 value of 295 ± 3.14). Thus, it is concluded that salicylalazine, the active constituent Micromeria biflora Benth, exhibited remarkable in vitro inhibition of urease, phosphodiesterase-1, tyrosinase, and anti-glycation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Phleum pratense is an allergenic grass that pollinates in spring in Pakistan. Databases Allergenonline.org and Allergen.org record ten P. pratense allergens and their isoforms. Phl P 1, Phlp 5, and Phl p 11 are major P. pratense-pollen allergens with demonstrated basophil activity and skin test reactivity. Little is known about P. pratense pollen adaptive variations in different climatic regions and pollen-associated microbial diversity. In this study, we collected P. pratense-pollen and soils in the spring season 2022. Samples were collected from three climatic regions in Pakistan (R1, R2 and R3) with differences in mean monthly air temperature, mean monthly precipitation and elevation. The morphology of pollen was observed by light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), biochemical fingerprint analysis, and composition of pollen were investigated by fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The pollen-associated bacterial populations were identified through a Biolog GEN III microplate system. The pollen water-soluble proteins were isolated and stabilized in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) and tested for allergenicity responses through dot blots and western blots analysis. The morphology study found difference in pollen biochemical composition. Biolog identified Brevibacterium epidermidis and Pantoea agglomerans from P. pratense pollen. Protein extract quantification and sodium dodecyl sulfate-poly acrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) gel found decreased protein expression in R1 region pollen compared to R2 and R3 region pollen. Allergenicity studies found differential expression of beta-expansin and profilin allergens in pollen obtained from the three regions. Beta-expansin and profilin were suppressed in R1 pollen and expressed in compared to R2 and R3 pollen. This is the first study to identify B. epidermidis and P. agglomerans growth on P. pratense pollen. Variable allergen expression in P. pratense pollen has also been observed in different regions. Soil pH, an increase in mean monthly temperature and a decrease in mean monthly precipitation correlated with pollen biochemical composition, and reduced beta-expansin and profilin expression involved in pollen growth and development. The findings of this research are unique, which enhances basic knowledge and understanding of P. pratense-pollen associated microbiota and climate change impacts on the pollen allergen expression., (© 2024. The Author(s) under exclusive licence to International Society of Biometeorology.)

Background Globally, infectious diarrhea poses a serious threat to public health, especially in emergency department (ED) settings where timely and efficient treatment is essential. The primary objective of this study was to explore and evaluate the efficacy of a multidisciplinary approach (MDA) in the management of infectious diarrhea within the ED setting. Methodology This prospective cohort study was conducted from January to December 2023 at the Lady Reading Hospital ED in Peshawar, Pakistan. Individuals 18 years of age or older with a confirmed diagnosis of infectious diarrhea were included in the study. Those who refused to participate or had non-infectious reasons were excluded from the study. Through successive sampling, 650 patients comprised the study sample. Using a standardized form, demographic information, clinical presentations, test results, treatment methods, and patient outcomes were collected. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were used in statistical studies to assess treatment outcomes and complications. Results Of the 650 patients, the majority (203 patients, 31.23%) were between the ages of 30 and 39 years. The gender distribution was about equal (332 men, 51.08%; 318 females, 48.92%). Abdominal pain (383 patients, 58.92%) was the most common presenting complaint. In 310 instances, bacterial pathogens were found, 160 had viral infections, and 110 had parasitic infections. There were notable complications, such as sepsis (37 patients, 5.69%), although the response to treatment effectiveness was notably high (593 patients, 91.08%). Upon follow-up, 590 (90.77%) patients had symptom and sign resolution, while 80 (12.31%) patients had a low recurrence rate. Longer symptom duration (odds ratio (OR) = 1.45, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.12-1.88, p = 0.005) and specific antibiotics (OR = 1.68, 95% CI = 1.25-2.25, p = 0.001) were found to improve treatment success using logistic regression, whereas the risks of complications increased with age (OR = 1.05, 95% CI = 1.01-1.09, p = 0.012) and severe dehydration (OR = 1.75, 95% CI = 1.32-2.31, p < 0.001). Conclusions The MDA to manage infectious diarrhea in the ED significantly improved patient outcomes and reduced complications., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Institutional Review Board of Lady Reading Hospital issued approval NA. The Institutional Review Board of Lady Reading Hospital in Peshawar, Pakistan, granted ethical clearance for this research before data collection started. Prior to their involvement in the study, all participants or their legal guardians provided informed permission, guaranteeing that the ethical standards of patient autonomy, beneficence, and confidentiality were upheld throughout the investigation. Animal subjects: All authors have confirmed that this study did not involve animal subjects or tissue. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Ullah et al.)

Background Antibiotic resistance is a global health concern, yet research on the identities and proportions of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the oral microflora of healthy children remains limited. These resistant bacteria could play a role in various conditions, such as dental infections, periodontitis, or systemic infections following dental procedures, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. This study aimed to assess the prevalence, proportions, and identities of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the oral microflora of healthy children. Methodology This cross-sectional study, conducted from January to December 2023 across three tertiary care hospitals in Peshawar, Pakistan, involved 364 healthy children aged 7-13 years. Data on antibiotic use were collected via structured interviews and medical records, detailing specific antibiotics (e.g., amoxicillin, ceftriaxone, azithromycin), including dosage, duration, and reason for use. Oral swabs were taken from various sites in the oral cavity using sterile techniques and analyzed using microbiological culture methods and polymerase chain reaction to identify antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS version 27.0, utilizing chi-square tests to explore associations between demographic factors and resistance patterns, with significance set at p < 0.05. Results Significant proportions of antibiotic use were found among the participants: 172 (47.25%) received penicillins, 91 (25.00%) cephalosporins, and 101 (27.75%) macrolides, with associated side effects including gastrointestinal disorders and allergic responses. Age and gender differences were observed in antibiotic resistance proportions: among 7-9-year-olds, resistance to penicillins was 44 (18.33%), to cephalosporins 29 (12.08%), and to macrolides 33 (13.75%). In contrast, among 10-13-year-olds, these proportions increased to 55 (22.92%), 36 (15.00%), and 43 (17.92%), respectively. Male participants exhibited resistance to cephalosporins at a proportion of 24 (10.00%), to macrolides 45 (18.75%), and to penicillin 46 (19.17%), while female participants showed proportions of 53 (22.08%), 41 (17.08%), and 31 (12.92%), respectively. Among oral swab locations, the buccal mucosa had the highest resistance proportions: 35 (14.58%) to penicillins, 27 (11.25%) to cephalosporins, and 33 (13.92%) to macrolides. Specific bacterial species showed distinct resistance patterns, with notable proportions observed in Staphylococcus aureus (n=18; 50.00%, n=12; 33.33%, and n=6; 16.67%, respectively), Escherichia coli (n=16; 40.00%, n=10; 25.00%, and n=14; 35.00%, respectively), Enterococcus faecalis (n=29; 45.31%, n=14; 21.88%, and n=21; 32.81%, respectively), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (n=19; 36.54%, n=13; 25.00%, and n=20; 38.46%, respectively). Conclusions This study focused on healthy children aged 7-13 years in Peshawar, Pakistan, to assess the prevalence and types of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in their oral microbiota. The findings highlight resistance patterns by age, gender, and bacterial species. However, the regional context may limit the generalizability of these results. Differences in local antibiotic use, healthcare practices, and environmental factors could influence resistance patterns in other regions. Future research should expand to include diverse geographic locations to evaluate the broader applicability of these findings and identify region-specific factors affecting antibiotic resistance., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Rehman Medical Institute, Research Ethics Committee issued approval RMI/RMI-REC/Article Approval/76, September 07, 2022. Animal subjects: All authors have confirmed that this study did not involve animal subjects or tissue. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Khan et al.)

The use of pheromone traps can minimize the excess application of synthetic insecticides, while can also benefit the environment. The use of pheromone traps has been promoted and suggested to vegetable farmers of Bangladesh for widespread adoption. However, the majority of farmers have continued to spray insecticides instead of using pheromone traps. The present study investigated the factors influencing farmers' adoption, dis-adoption, and non-adoption behavior of pheromone traps for managing insect pests. Primary data were collected from 438 vegetable growers. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multinomial logistic regression. About 27% of the farmers abandoned the technique shortly after it was adopted as it was time-consuming to manage insect pests. Marginal effect analysis revealed that the likelihood of continued adoption was 34.6% higher for farmers who perceived that pheromone traps were useful in controlling insect pests. In contrast, the likelihood of dis-adoption was 16.5% and 10.4% higher for farmers who maintained communication with private pesticide company agents and neighbor farmers, respectively. Extension services by government extension personnel might be encouraged and maintained as a key component in increasing farmer awareness regarding the use of pheromone trap. Strategies to promote pheromone traps in vegetable production should highlight the positive impacts to farmers and the environment, as this would most likely lead to their continued and widespread use after initial adoption., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2023 Kabir et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

Background and Aim: Endoscopic biopsies can be taken using either single or double bite technique. In the single bite method, intubation time may be proportionately prolonged depending upon the number of biopsies taken. In contrast to this, double bite, though a greater number of biopsies may be taken per unit time, it may influence the quality of the biopsy specimen. The aim of the study was to compare these methods and to see if taking double bite has significant effect on the histological quality of the endoscopic biopsies., Methods: A prospective, randomised and partly blind study ( n  = 135, M: 54%, age 21-91 years) divided into two equal arms to compare 144 procedures was conducted. Specimen were compared for time taken to size, depth, crush artefacts, necrosis, fragmentation, distortion, and epithelial stripping. Time taken to collect specimens was also recorded in the upper GI procedures., Results: No significant difference was observed in the histological quality of single and double bite specimens ( p  < 0.05). However, DB took significantly less time ( M  = 88.5, SD ± 28.5) as compared to SB ( M  = 180, SD ± 55.9) ( p  < 0.05)., Conclusions: There is no difference between the histological quality of DB and SB and the former technique takes less time, hence reducing intubation time.

Enzymatic polymerization is an environmentally benign process for the synthesis of biodegradable and biocompatible polymers. The regioselectivity of lipase B from Candida Antarctica (CAL-B) produces linear functional polyesters without protection-deprotection steps. In this work, two different methods for the enzymatic synthesis of functional polyesters based on renewable resources, as, e.g., glycerol, using CAL-B are outlined. Poly(glycerol adipate) was synthesized by enzymatic transesterification between glycerol and divinyl adipate or dimethyl adipate. Methods are also reported to graft poly(glycerol adipate) with different amounts of hydrophobic side chains (lauric, stearic, behenic, and oleic acids) and hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol) side chains, respectively. The hydrophilicity or lipophilicity of grafted polyesters is well controlled by changing the degree of grafting of hydrophilic and hydrophobic side chains. The multiple grafted polyesters are characterized by NMR spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, gel permeation chromatography, and X-ray diffraction. Furthermore, the self-assembly of the graft copolymers in water and their use as steric stabilizers for cubosomes are discussed. For this purpose mainly dynamic light scattering and small angle X-ray scattering have been employed., (© 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

In the title compound, C(12)H(13)NO(3)S, a saccharin derivative, the dihedral angle between the aromatic and isothia-zole rings is 2.91 (12)°. The planar 3,3-dimethyl-allyl group [maximum deviation = 0.0086 (16) Å] is oriented at dihedral angles of 71.86 (7) and 74.35 (7)° with respect to the aromatic and isothia-zole rings, respectively. In the crystal structure, weak inter-molecular C-H⋯O inter-actions link the mol-ecules into chains along the c axis. A weak C-H⋯π inter-action is also present.