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Missing values are common in the Internet of Things (IoT) environment for various reasons, including regular maintenance or malfunction. In time-series prediction in the IoT, missing values may have a relationship with the target labels, and their missing patterns result in informative missingness. Thus, missing values can be a barrier to achieving high accuracy of prediction and analysis in data mining in the IoT. Although several methods have been proposed to estimate values that are missing, few studies have investigated the comparison of interpolation methods using conventional and deep learning models. There has thus far been relatively little research into interpolation methods in the IoT environment. To address these problems, this paper presents the use of linear regression, support vector regression, artificial neural networks, and long short-term memory to make time-series predictions for missing values. Finally, a full comparison and analysis of interpolation methods are presented. We believe that these findings can be of value to future work in IoT applications.

This work demonstrates a simple approach to rational fabrication of multishelled hollow silica spheres via periodic injections of a given amount of tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) to catalyze ...

Cancer is characterized by high mortality and low curability. Recent studies have shown that the mechanism of tumor resistance involves not only endogenous changes to tumor cells, but also to the tumor microenvironment (TME), which provides the necessary conditions for the growth, invasion, and metastasis of cancer cells, akin to Stephen Paget’s hypothesis of “seed and soil.” Hence, the TME is a significant target for cancer therapy via nanoparticles, which can carry different kinds of drugs targeting different types or stages of tumors. The key step of nanotherapy is the achievement of accurate active or passive targeting to trigger drugs precisely at tumor cells, with less toxicity and fewer side effects. With deepened understanding of the tumor microenvironment and rapid development of the nanomaterial industry, the mechanisms of nanotherapy could be individualized according to the specific TME characteristics, including low pH, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), and increased expression of metalloproteinase. However, some abnormal features of the TME limit drugs from reaching all tumor cells in lethal concentrations, and the characteristics of tumors vary in numerous ways, resulting in great challenges for the clinical application of nanotherapy. In this review, we discuss the essential role of the tumor microenvironment in the genesis and development of tumors, as well as the measures required to improve the therapeutic effects of tumor microenvironment-targeting nanoparticles and ways to reduce damage to normal tissue.

This paper reports a modeling and experimental study of the mass transfer enhancement of water deoxygenation by using a helical hollow fiber membrane (HHFM) to enable Dean vortices. Experiments demonstrated that the HHFM deoxygenating rate was doubled compared with straight hollow fiber deoxygenation. A new model to describe the HHFM deoxygenation mass transfer was derived combining the helical coordinate system mass continuity equation on the lumen side and a modified dusty gas model for the mutual gaseous diffusion in the porous membrane. The model simulation showed that Dean vortices induce transverse fluid disturbance in the fiber, which significantly promotes lumen side mass transfer. The key parameters influencing the strength of Dean vortices are the Reynolds number of the lumen side and the curvature of HHFM. Operating and membrane structure parameters were optimized for HHFM deoxygenation design. The new model could be employed to describe quantitatively the mass transfer behavior of all types of HHFM gas-phase separation processes.

To form effective micro reaction locations in membrane, aminated lignin (AL) is used as porogen to enlarge channels of the ZrO2 shell for promoting mass transfer inside its shell, and cerium (Ce) is doped into ZrO2 crystal lattice to stabilize its tetragonal phase structure, and finally WO3/CexZr1-xO2 solid superacid coated TiO2 particles (WCZ-Tis) are fabricated via tungstate treatment. Moreover, the as-prepared WCZ-Tis are studied by SEM, TEM, XRD and BET. The results show that WCZ-Tis exhibit a typical porous core-shell structure. WCZ-Tis have a wider pore size distribution, and its mean pore size is expanded from 3.4 nm to 12.5 nm after removing AL. As for degrading methyl orange, the photodegradation efficiency of WCZ-Tis prepared by AL is 32.09%, showing 2.6-folds increase than that of WCZ-Tis prepared without AL (12.51%). Furthermore, the XRD diffraction peaks appear at 2θ = 30.15°, 35.28°, 50.38°, etc., meanwhile the peaks of monoclinic (2θ = 28.17°, 31.57°, etc.) or amorphous ZrO2 disappear after doping Ce confirming the formation of tetragonal ZrO2. Therefore, pore-expanding by AL is a feasible solution for enhancing the internal mass transfer of WCZ-Tis, while doping Ce indeed promotes the crystallization of tetragonal ZrO2 and stabilizes tetragonal ZrO2.

Adrenomedullin (ADM) exerts anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects in Leydig cells. However, the role and mechanism of ADM in the pyroptosis of Leydig cells are poorly understood. This study first showed the protective effects of ADM on the pyroptosis and biological functions of Leydig cells exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) by promoting autophagy. Primary rat Leydig cells were treated with various concentrations of LPS and ADM, together with or without N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) or 3-methyladenine (3-MA). Cell proliferation was detected through CCK-8 and BrdU incorporation assays, and ROS level was measured with the DCFDA assay. Real-time PCR, western blot, immunofluorescence, transmission electron microscopy, TUNEL and flow cytometry were performed to examine ADM’s effect on the pyroptosis, autophagy and steroidogenic enzymes of Leydig cells and AMPK/mTOR signalling. Like NAC, ADM dose-dependently reduced LPS-induced cytotoxicity and ROS overproduction. ADM also dose-dependently ameliorated LPS-induced pyroptosis by reversing the increased expression of NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1, IL-1β, IL-18, GSDMD, caspase-3, caspase-7, TUNEL-positive and PI and active caspase-1 double-stained positive rate, DNA fragmentation and LDH concentration, which could be rescued via co-incubation with 3-MA. ADM dose-dependently increased autophagy in LPS-induced Leydig cells, as confirmed by the increased expression of LC3-I/II, Beclin-1 and ATG-5; decreased expression of p62 and autophagosomes formation; and increased LC3-II/LC3-I ratio. However, co-treatment with 3-MA evidently decreased autophagy. Furthermore, ADM dose-dependently rescued the expression of steroidogenic enzymes, including StAR, P450scc, 3β-HSD and CYP17, and testosterone production in LPS-induced Leydig cells. Like rapamycin, ADM dose-dependently enhanced AMPK phosphorylation but reduced mTOR phosphorylation in LPS-induced Leydig cells, which could be rescued via co-incubation with 3-MA. In addition, pyroptosis was further decreased, and autophagy was further promoted in LPS-induced Leydig cells upon co-treatment with ADM and rapamycin. ADM may protect the steroidogenic functions of Leydig cells against pyroptosis by activating autophagy via the ROS–AMPK–mTOR axis.

The dynamics of DNA and RNA structures in live cells are important for understanding cell behaviors, such as transcription activity, protein expression, cell apoptosis, and hereditary disease, but are challenging to monitor in live organisms in real time. The difficulty is largely due to the lack of photostable imaging probes that can distinguish between DNA and RNA, and more importantly, are capable of crossing multiple membrane barriers ranging from the cell/organelle to the tissue/organ level. We report the discovery of a cationic carbon quantum dot (cQD) probe that emits spectrally distinguishable fluorescence upon binding with double-stranded DNA and single-stranded RNA in live cells, thereby enabling real-time monitoring of DNA and RNA localization and motion. A surprising finding is that the probe can penetrate through various types of biological barriers in vitro and in vivo. Combined with standard and super-resolution microscopy, photostable cQDs allow time-lapse imaging of chromatin and nucleoli during cell division and Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) growth.

Noble metal iridium nanostructures have been gaining significant research interest due to their unique optical, electronic and catalytic properties for promising applications, which critically depend on their size, shape/morphology and composition. As such, various synthetic strategies have been exploited to achieve these targeted properties for improved applications. This review focuses on the recent advances in the preparation, properties (e.g. catalytic activity, surface-enhanced Raman scattering and luminescence properties) and applications (primarily for catalysis) of Ir nanomaterials. It will also deliberate potential challenges and opportunities in preparing novel iridium nanomaterials and exploring their potential properties and applications.

Usually seen as a waste with low chemical value and limited commercial potential, lignin produced in large quantity from paper industry performs abundant valuable hydrophilic groups which make it a potential hydrophilic assistant. In this contribution, in order to improve hydrophilicity and antifouling properties of PVC ultrafiltration membrane, lignin was doped into PVC to prepare a uniform sol under strengthening heat and mass transfer process, and then PVC/lignin ultrafiltration membranes were prepared via phase inversion strategy. The resulted PVC/lignin ultrafiltration membranes were characterized by SEM, FT-IR, XPS, DSC and were also tested by oily wastewater. According to the results of SEM, XRD and DSC analyses, PVC is compatible with lignin and the homogeneous PVC/lignin sol can be formed. The hydrophilicity of membrane is significantly enhanced with water contact angle (WCA) decreasing from 106.73° to 41.53°. Particularly, the PVC/lignin ultrafiltration membranes exhibit attractive properties with oil rejection of 97.36% and oily wastewater permeation flux of 156.55 L m−2 h−1 (0.1 MPa), nearly 2.5 times that of pure one (65.06 L m−2 h−1). Lignin suggests to be a superior additive to improve hydrophilic and anti-fouling properties of PVC membranes, and the lignin-modified membranes are promising candidates for cleaning oily wastewater and sewage.

The mechanism of environmental pollution promoting gastric cancer incidence and difficulty of treatment is not fully understood. In the present article, perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), a common persistent environmental pollutant, was used to treat the gastric cell lines and mice to test its genotoxicity. The γ-H2AX immunoblot and plasmid fragment PCR results showed that PFDA had a promotion effect on the DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in human and mouse cells. Subsequent results showed that PFDA significantly altered the sensitivity of cells to chemotherapy. Microarray data showed that the expressions of some important DNA repair genes were changed. Further investigation discovered that PFDA inhibition of DNA repair was mediated by X-ray repair cross complementing 4 (XRCC4). The cells deficient in XRCC4 generally exhibited reduced proliferation and premature aging in culture; however, our results indicated that PFDA induced p53 inhibition rescued cells from the apoptosis that was triggered by nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) inactivation, and overexpression of p53 expression in PFDA-treated cells enhanced their apoptosis. Finally, T-cell specific factor 4 was suggested by the results as an upstream regulator of XRCC4. This article revealed for the first time that perfluorinated chemicals affect chemotherapeutic sensitivity and the NHEJ pathway, and p53 reduction rescues cells from death.

In this paper, an oxide upconversion nanomaterial, Gd2O3:Ln3+, as an alternative counterpart of NaGdF4:Ln3+ was developed via controlled surfactant-free synthesis, flexible lanthanide loading, compositional/size tuning, hexagonal-to-cubic lattice refinement, and positive surface charging to achieve a substantial enhancement of upconversion luminescence (∼30 times upon calcination at 1000 vs 600 °C; ∼4000 times versus its hydroxide form) due to high crystallinity and extremely low residual impurities for white emission and cellular imaging. Nanyang Technological University Accepted version This work is supported by School of Materials Science and Engineering of Nanyang Technological University and Institute of Materials Research and Engineering for funding support. Electron microscopy and XRD were performed at the Facility for Analysis, Characterization, Testing and Simulation, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.

Membranes with tunable charge characteristics and suitable nanopores are highly desired for their enormous potentials in specific membrane separation process. Herein, we present an effective approach to achieve this by using PVC-based grafting amphiphilic charged polymers (GACPs) as membrane additives. Non-solvent induced phase separation (NIPS) combined with a non-solvent annealing (NA) method is carried out to fabricate membranes with suitable nanopores. Employing scanning electron microscopy image analysis and PEG rejection tests on the prepared membranes, we observe pronounced shrinkage of pore size from around 10 to 3 nm caused by the NA process. In addition, the results of the zeta potentials and pore size distribution suggest the successful fabrication of membranes with tunable charge characteristics and large nanopores. Furthermore, the significant increase of Na2SO4 rejection from 20% to 80% demonstrates the effectiveness of this approach, which may have giant application potentials in loose nanofiltration (NF).

Different from the typical interfacial polymerization for nanofiltration membrane fabrication, we proposed a novel method to prepare charged nanofiltration membrane via rapid immersion thermal annealing process with the ultrafiltration membrane, which was prepared from the amphiphilic copolymer, poly(vinyl chloride)-g-poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (PVC-g-PDMA) via non-solvent induced phase separation. The pore structures and chemical properties of the membranes, and annealing conditions including the media where the membrane was annealed, annealing temperature and time, were investigated in detail. It is found that the porous separation layer was collapsed to be a stable, defect-free, and smooth film as the dense separation layer of nanofiltration membrane when it was annealed in n-heptane above its glass transition temperature (Tg) for only 1 min while the pore size cutoff was tailored from 20 nm to 2 nm. Salt rejections were in the order of MgCl2 > NaCl > MgSO4 > Na2SO4 at neutral condition due to Donnan repulsion, indicating a typical positively charged nanofiltration membrane. Overall, this rapid immersion thermal annealing process provides a facile and effective strategy to tailor ultrafiltration membrane toward nanofiltration applications for amphiphilic copolymer based membranes.

A polyvinyl chloride (PVC)-based positively-charged nanofiltration membrane was fabricated from polyvinyl chloride-graft-poly(N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) by heating and crosslinking treatment. We characterized the surface chemical compositions, membranes structures, surface hydrophilicity and surface charges of the prepared membrane. The estimated membrane pore diameter is 1.98 nm and the pore diameters are in the range of 0.5–2.0 nm. The membrane exhibits excellent water permeability (9.3 L m−2 h−1 bar−1) and salt rejection (93.1% with MgCl2 solution). Both the heating treatment and crosslinking reaction can diminish the pore size of the precursor membrane. The membrane hydrophilicity is improved after quaternization, leading to higher water permeability compared with the membrane treated by heating only. Moreover, surface quaternization and crosslinking offer the membrane excellent pressure resistance and long-term stability. The prepared nanofiltration membrane has great promise in many applications including water softening and multivalent ion removal.

In nasopharyngeal carcinoma, deep-learning extracted signatures on MR images might be correlated with survival. In this study, we sought to develop an individualizing model using deep-learning MRI signatures and clinical data to predict survival and to estimate the benefit of induction chemotherapy on survivals of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Two thousand ninety-seven patients from three independent hospitals were identified and randomly assigned. When the deep-learning signatures of the primary tumor and clinically involved gross cervical lymph nodes extracted from MR images were added to the clinical data and TNM staging for the progression-free survival prediction model, the combined model achieved better prediction performance. Its application is among patients deciding on treatment regimens. Under the same conditions, with the increasing MRI signatures, the survival benefits achieved by induction chemotherapy are increased. In nasopharyngeal carcinoma, these prediction models are the first to provide an individualized estimation of survivals and model the benefit of induction chemotherapy on survivals.

China is home to a small but expanding population of wild Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). Both research interest and conservation efforts have increased in recent years, but these have been fragmented. Here we present the results from a collaborative, multi-sectorial, multi-stakeholder exercise to identify priorities for Chinese elephant research and conservation. We first compiled a comprehensive list of issues, categorized under nine research and nine conservation themes, through an on-line survey of stakeholders. These issues were subsequently consolidated, timelined (as short-, mid-, or long-term issues), and ranked by their perceived priority in a two-day workshop attended by 44 people representing 28 organizations. The initial list of 656 issues (337 research and 319 conservation) was consolidated into a list of 251 (121 research and 130 conservation) issues. After priority ranking, we retained the top-three issues within each theme (making a total of 55 priority issues, due to a tie), which are then discussed in detail in this paper. Most (87%, n = 55) priority issues were classified as short-term, suggesting that the exercise might have succeeded in identifying the current priorities, but not emerging issues that might require attention in future. Some issues appeared in various forms in different themes. Among research questions, participants highlighted the importance of understanding the carrying capacity of the current elephant range habitats, elephant movement patterns and expected range changes, the drivers of human-elephant conflict (HEC), improvements to the current HEC financial compensation mechanism, and ways of engaging local communities in HEC mitigation. Regarding elephant conservation, recurrent issues included effectively engaging communities, improving HEC early-warning systems and financial compensation mechanisms, establishing a new national park within elephant range, and creating mechanisms for communication and collaboration among elephant research and conservation stakeholders in China. Our exercise was effective in engaging experts from a diversity of different sectors and organizations in discussions about Asian elephants in China, and generated a list of priorities that can help guide elephant research and conservation efforts.

The white-backed planthopper, WBPH, Sogatella furcifera (Horváth) is a plant pest that migrates long-distances. The migration pathway of WBPH in eastern China coincides with the north-south round trip of the East Asian monsoon. However, in Yunnan China, which is affected by two monsoon systems, the migration pathway is unclear. Light-trap data and analysis of female ovarian development showed that the peak period of immigration of WBPH into western Yunnan was earlier than in eastern Yunnan. Using meteorological reanalysis data and flight parameters of WBPH, trajectory modeling showed that there are two immigration pathways to Yunnan. One is from Myanmar to western Yunnan, and the other is from Vietnam and Laos to eastern Yunnan. The reason for the differences in source areas and immigration pathways between eastern and western Yunnan is that the west wind prevails in western Yunnan and is controlled by South Asian monsoon, while southwesterly winds prevail in eastern Yunnan due to the combined influence of South Asian monsoon and East Asian monsoon. The results indicate that WBPH invades Yunnan via two pathways under a two-monsoon system. These data will allow earlier prediction and population management of WBPH.

We report the synthesis and optical and electronic properties of a one-dimensional sulfoxonium-based hybrid metal halide in an orthorhombic crystal system with a Pnma space group. To provide direct insights, a method is developed to calculate tolerance factors with the ionic radii of non-spherical cations from X-ray crystallographic data.

Background: One of the most important diseases that affect the reproductive organs of Bactrian camels is called Genital Myiasis. It can cause serious mechanical damage to the vaginal tissue of female Bactrian camels. The accumulation of bacteria in the vagina of female camels can affect their health and reproductive ability. The effect of this damage is commonly found in the vaginal flora and vaginal mucosal immune system. Therefore, this research is a study of the diversity of the vaginal flora and the differences between healthy Bactrian camels and those suffering from Genital Myiasis.Results: Vaginal microbiota samples were collected from two groups of female Bactrian camels of the same age. Illumina Miseq was used to sequence V3-V4 hypervariable genes of 16S rRNA in the samples, and the results showed that the vaginal microflora of the infected camel had a significantly greater OTU value. According to the Alpha diversity index and the level of vaginal pH, the diversity index of the infected camel flora were higher than that of the normal camel flora, and the pH were lower than that of the normal camel flora (P=0.006). There was no significant difference between the two groups in the abundance of dominant genera of Bactrian camel vaginal (P＞0.05), indicating that the structure of dominant flora of Bactrian camel vagina had a certain stability.Conclusions: Overall this comparison revealed the differences and similarities between vaginal flora Bactrian camels in various health states. In addition, this data provides a reference point for understanding the types of bacteria that cause genital myiasis that damages healthy development of Bactrian camels.

In Singapore, sexual education programmes have traditionally placed strong focus on abstinence1; however, abstinence-only sexual education has shown to be ineffective in other settings.2 Here, we report on an online sexual health education workshop targeted to Singapore citizens or permanent residents 18–29 years old who identified as either women, heterosexual men, or gay, bisexual and queer (GBQ) men. Participants were targeted through the community-based organisation, Action for AIDS Singapore’s mailing list, and were able to register their interest for the workshop through an enrolment survey embedded in the invitation email. Participants were asked to provide documented informed consent prior to enrolment in the study, as well as before each survey. The module was conducted over Zoom for 2 hours. Content focused on building awareness and skills associated with recognising one’s sexual power or privilege and negotiating peer pressure in relationships and sexual partnerships, as well as knowledge on HIV and other STIs. Participants were invited to complete pre-workshop and post-workshop surveys to document the following outcomes: sexual communication self-efficacy , …

Background Genital myasis is one of the most important diseases that affects the reproductive organs of Bactrian camels in which can cause serious mechanical damage to the vaginal tissue. The accumulation of bacteria in the vagina of female camels can affect their health and reproductive ability. The effect of this damage is commonly manifested in the vaginal flora and vaginal mucosal immune system. Therefore, this investigation is a study of the diversity of the vaginal flora and the differences between healthy Bactrian camels and those suffering from genital myiasis. Results Vaginal microbiota samples were collected from two groups of female Bactrian camels of the same age. An Illumina MiSeq was used to sequence the 16S rRNA V3-V4 hypervariable sequence in the samples. The results showed that the vaginal microflora of the infected camels had a significantly greater operational taxonomic unit (OTU) value. According to the assessment of the alpha diversity index and the vaginal pH, the diversity index of the infected camel flora was higher than that of the normal camel flora, and the vaginal pH was lower than that of the normal camels (p P > 0.05), indicating that the certain stability is maintained. Conclusions Overall, this comparison revealed the differences and similarities between the vaginal microbiota of Bactrian camels in various health statues. In addition, these data provide a reference point for understanding the types of bacteria that cause genital myiasis affecting the healthy development of Bactrian camels.

In clinical practice, the degree of iliac vein stenosis has often been inconsistent with the symptoms of chronic venous disease (CVD). To the best of our knowledge, no clinical studies have evaluated the hemodynamic changes associated with iliac vein stenosis. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can noninvasively provide hemodynamic information. In the present study, we assessed the degree of stenosis associated with iliac venous compression syndrome and the relationships between iliac venous compression syndrome-induced, MRI-determined hemodynamic changes and lower limb symptoms.Stenosis severity, the presence of collateral vessels, and flow rate (FR) differences between the common and external iliac veins secondary to iliac vein stenosis were measured using MRI in 69 patients with CVD. Villalta scores were used as a measure of symptom severity for all patients, and the percentage of change in the Villalta score was used as a measure of symptom improvement for the patients who had received iliac vein stents. Symptom severity for all patients, a subgroup of patients with iliac vein compression (affected limbs), and a group of patients with unilateral iliac vein compression treated with stents was correlated with stenosis, differences in the external and common iliac vein FRs (0-mL/s group, indicating stenosis-induced decreased common iliac vein flow, and ≥0-mL/s group), and stenosis-induced collateral vessel formation.Iliac vein stenosis severity and FR differences in all affected limbs were correlated with the Villalta scores of the affected limbs (stenosis: r = 0.38, P .001, n = 95; FR difference: r = -0.44, P .001). In the unilateral compression subgroup, stenosis severity, FR differences, and the presence of collateral vessels were not associated with significant changes in contralateral symptoms. In the endovascular treatment subgroup, both lower limbs exhibited significant improvement after stent implantation (affected limb symptom remission, 64.6% ± 18.2%, n = 15; contralateral limb symptom remission, 49.1% ± 29.1%, n = 11). The rate of symptom remission was greater for patients with decreased iliac vein flow in the affected limbs (0-mL/s group: 74.6% ± 16.4%, n = 7; ≥0-mL/s group: 52.2% ± 16.6%, n = 6; P = .032).Iliac vein stenosis, the presence of collateral vessels, and decreased FRs due to stenosis correlated significantly with lower limb symptom severity. Endovascular treatment yielded good outcomes in patients with stenosis50%. A decreased iliac venous FR could indicate a better response to stent implantation and could be used in the diagnosis and guiding decisions to treat iliac venous compression.

Electromagnetically induced transparency and absorption in atomic systems have applications such as slow-light generation. Coupled-resonator-induced transparency (CRIT) and absorption (CRIA) are the optical analogy to them. Here we theoretically and experimentally study CRIT and CRIA in two directly coupled whispering-gallery-mode microresonators. The theoretical results give conditions for observing CRIT and CRIA, and predict that a transition between them will happen if we change the coupling strength between the two microresonators or the coupling strength between the fiber taper and the first microresonator. The experimental results demonstrate the transitions between CRIT and CRIA using a microsphere coupled to a sausagelike microresonator. The obtained results give some guidelines to observe CRIT and CRIA.

Background To investigate the influence of signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3) on spinal cord tissue grafts of rat fetuses with spina bifida aperta. In particular, we wished to determine if STAT3 overexpression plasmid transfection would increase survival of spinal cord transplantation to improve therapeutic efficiency. Methods The fetal rat model of spina bifida aperta was established by retinoic acid and treated by microsurgical injection of stem cells. They were divided into blank control group (n = 12), negative control group (n = 10) and experimental group (n = 11). The optical density (OD) value of BMSCs viability was determined by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8). The expression of STAT3, pSTAT3, nerve markers (Glial fibrillary acidic protein, Neuron-specific enolase, Neurofilament and Nestin) and apoptosis related factors (Caspase 8 and Bcl-2) were tested by the method of real-time PCR and Western blot. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 20.0 software. One-way analysis of variance was used to analyze differences among three or more groups. The data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation from at least three independent experiments. P P < 0.05). There was no statistical difference in OD peak time and value between blank control group and negative control group. The expression levels of pSTAT3, Glial fibrillary acidic protein, Neuron-specific enolase, Neurofilament and Nestin in experimental group were remarkably higher than those in blank control group and negative control group (P P < 0.05). The relative expression levels of Caspase-8 and Bcl-2 in experimental group were tremendously lower than those in blank control group and negative control group (P