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The beneficial effect of lime treatment on the bacteriological quality of water was noted by Houston (1) at London, England, in 1912. In the United States, most of the credit for the early observations (2-5) of this effect must be attributed to the late Charles P. Hoover, who was the guiding genius of the Columbus, Ohio, water purification plant for more than 40 years. Ironton, Cincinnati, and Youngstown, Ohio, verified Hoover's findings and took advantage of the disinfecting action of lime. Still further evidence was presented in reports by H. W. Streeter (6, 7) on the observations made at the US Public Health Service laboratories in Cincinnati. During World War II the need for further research on the bactericidal action of lime was brought out. Some Ohio cities that supplied water to Army installations were unwilling to depart from their then satisfactory treatment solely to satisfy the Army stipulation of 0.4 ppm chlorine residual in all active parts of the distribution system. Controversy on this subject was brought to the attention of the Ohio Dept. of Health. On the strength of the available evidence, the Army authorities decided, quite reluctantly, to accept the water from these cities. One result of this controversy was the inauguration of specific research, projects on lime as a sterilizing agent. The first of these was carried out under the supervision of Hj. W. Streeter and was reported by Wattie

The differential equations describing the thermochemical ablation-indepth process and the boundary layer transport processes which couple at the ablative surface are presented. Physical interpretations of the relationships are given along with the results of sensitivity analyses which pinpoint the properties of importance in ablation performance predictions. Char thermophysical properties are shown to have a considerable influence. Based on this observation, comparisons and discussion of recent ablative char thermal conductivity results are given for high-performance carbonphenolic and graphite-phenolic composites. Physical and chemical changes in the chars which influence the thermal transport properties are summarized and recommendations offered concerning the use of the information in ablation predictions. Finally, the important thermal and aerodynamic forces which may lead to thermomechanical and thermostructural erosion of the ablative are summarized.

An interferometer has been constructed with reflection optics and lamellar gratings to operate in the wavelength range of 175–400 μ. The gratings serve not only as beam splitters and recombiners but also as filters to separate out a narrow band of radiation. In this way a simple wide band Hg arc lamp can be used as the source. Because of the required response time for afterglow plasmas, a Putley detector measures the radiation. An application of the interferometer has been made to measure electron densities in repetitively pulsed plasma with λ = 200 μ and a time response of 3 μsec. The electron line density sensitivity is 3×1013 cm−2 and line densities have been measured up to 1015 cm−2, still substantially below the instrumental limit.

The relationship of phototransformable protochlorophyll-(ide) to photoinactive protochlorophyll(ide) has been studied in the primary leaves of 7- to 9-day-old dark-grown bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. var. Red Kidney) seedlings. Subjecting the leaves to an atmosphere of H(2)S causes an immediate loss of phototransformable protochlorophyll(ide)(650) and a simultaneous increase in photoinactive protochlorophyll(ide)(633). When such leaves are returned to air or N(2), the absorbance at 650 nm increases, whereas the absorbance at 633 nm decreases and photoactivity is restored. The reversion of protochlorophyll-(ide)(633) to protochlorophyll(ide)(650) is one-half complete in 3 minutes at 22 C in 8-day-old leaves. Ninety-five per cent recovery of protochlorophyll(ide)(650) is obtained when exposure to H(2)S is less than 3 minutes in duration; longer periods reduce the reversion capacity proportionately. The leaves are relatively undamaged by brief exposures to H(2)S, as judged by electron microscopy and by their ability to synthesize chlorophyll under continuous illumination. Hydrogen sulfide has no immediate effect upon the absorption properties of a partially purified preparation of the protochlorophyll(ide) holochrome, an etioplast suspension, or leaves subjected to freezing and thawing. Compounds such as HCN and HN(3) cause an irreversible conversion of protochlorophyll(ide)(650) to protochlorophyll(ide)(633) with total loss of photoactivity. Sulfhydryl agents, such as beta-mercaptoethanol and cysteine, cause a slow, irreversible transformation of the photoactive pigment to the photoinactive form and inhibit the ability of the leaves to synthesize chlorophyll under continuous illumination. The results obtained suggest that H(2)S may alter the interaction between the source of hydrogens on the protein moiety of the holochrome and the chromophore in vivo by reducing a disulfide bond in the protein, thereby causing a reversible conformational change in the complex.

The protoheme content of etiolated, greening, and fully greened bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. var. Light Red Kidney) leaves has been studied. The protoheme level in etiolated and fully greened leaf tissue stays relatively constant from age 7 to 14 days. In agreement with the studies reported for barley (Castelfranco and Jones 1975 Plant Physiol 55: 485-490), the protoheme content of greening bean and barley (Hordeum vulgare var. Larker) leaves does not change appreciably during the first 9 hours of illumination, but the level rises significantly by the 24th hour of illumination (cf. Hendry and Stobart 1977 Phytochemistry 16: 1545-1548). This increase also occurs in seedlings returned to the dark for 24 to 48 hours following a 10-minute pulse of light. These results demonstrate a limited correlation with previous studies on the development of b-type cytochromes during greening of these tissues (Gregory and Bradbeer 1973; Planta 109: 317-326).

Measurements of NO(2) flows are made without requiring prior experimental calibration of the flow meter. A tapered, variable area flow meter with a diameter ratio scale is used to make the real-time NO(2) flow measurements. The necessary parameters and calculations used to determine the viscosity and density of the flowing N(2)O(4)2NO(2) gas are presented. The limits of error associated with these parameters and errors associated with controlled flow measurement conditions are considered. Disregarding the scale reading error, which depends on the flow meter utilized, the limits of error are found to yield a measurement error less than 7%.

The thermal ionization energy for Mn acceptors in GaAs decreases with increasing density of either Mn atoms or compensators. Measurements of the correlation of Ea with Na or Nd are complicated by impurity inhomogeneity. Envelope functions fitted to the data show the same energy (0.11 eV) for the infinite dilution asymptotic value as is found for the optical activation threshold.

The in vivo oxidation of the C(4) and C(5) of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) to CO(2) has been studied in etiolated barley (Hordeum vulgare L. var. Larker) leaves in darkness. The rate of (14)CO(2) evolution from leaves fed [4-(14)C]ALA is strongly inhibited by aminooxyacetate, anaerobiosis, and malonate. The rate of (14)CO(2) evolution from leaves fed [5-(14)C]ALA is also inhibited by these treatments but to a lesser extent. These results suggest that (a) one step in ALA catabolism is a transamination reaction and (b) the C(4) is oxidized to CO(2) via the tricarboxylic acid cycle to a greater extent than is the C(5).

Application of levulinic acid (LA), a competitive inhibitor of delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) dehydratase, to greening plant tissues causes ALA to accumulate at the expense of chlorophyll. 4,6-Dioxoheptanoic acid (DA), which has been reported to be an effective inhibitor of this enzyme in animal systems, has a similar but more powerful effect on ALA and chlorophyll metabolism in greening leaves of Hordeum vulgare L. var. Larker. Both LA and DA also inhibit the uptake of [(14)C]amino acids into etiolated and greening barley leaves and reduce their incorporation into protein. Treatment of etiolated and greening leaves with these compounds results in the inhibition of (14)CO(2) evolution from labeled precursors, including amino and organic acids. Inhibition of (14)CO(2) evolution by these compounds is more effective in greening leaves than in etiolated leaves when [4-(14)C]ALA or [1-(14)C]glutamate are employed as precursors. Both LA and DA also inhibit the uptake and increase the incorporation of (32)Pi into organophosphorus by etiolated barley leaves. These results indicate that LA and DA have more far-reaching effects upon plant metabolism than was previously believed.

The chemical induction of porphyrin synthesis has been investigated in etiolated and greening leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris L. var. Red Kidney. When these leaves are incubated in darkness with solutions of transition metal ion chelators such as alpha,alpha'-dipyridyl, 1,10-phenanthroline, pyridine-2-aldoxime, or other related aromatic heterocyclic nitrogenous bases, they synthesize large amounts of protochlorophyllide and Mg protoporphyrins. Greening leaves produce more porphyrin than do etiolated leaves under such conditions. If the leaves are then transferred to 1 millimolar solutions of various transition metal salts such as Fe(2+), Zn(2+), or Co(2+) (but not Mn(2+) or Mg(2+)), Mg protoporphyrin (monomethyl ester) synthesis immediately ceases and the pigment(s) rapidly disappear(s); protochlorophyllide synthesis gradually diminishes during 4 to 8 hours of treatment. The loss in Mg protoporphyrin(s) can be accounted for by a simultaneous increase in protochlorophyllide in partially greened leaves but not in etiolated leaves. In the latter, the decline in Mg protoporphyrin(s) initiated by the application of Zn(2+) is retarded by low temperature and anaerobiosis but not by respiratory inhibitors. Cycloheximide inhibits the loss of Mg protoporphyrin(s) but does not affect their conversion to protochlorophyllide.THESE RESULTS INDICATE THAT: (a) greening leaves have a greater capacity to synthesize delta-aminolevulinic acid than do etiolated leaves; (b) alpha,alpha'-dipyridyl induction of porphyrin synthesis in etiolated and greening leaves can be blocked by application of certain transition metal salts; (c) in greening leaves the accumulated Mg protoporphyrin(s) are stoichiometrically converted to protochlorophyllide upon treatment with these salts whereas in etiolated leaves the accumulated Mg protoporphyrin(s) are labile and are not quantitatively converted to protochlorophyllide upon such treatment; (d) in etiolated leaves the accumulated Mg protoporphyrin(s) are destroyed via a light-independent, probably enzymic process which requires cytoplasmic protein synthesis.

Fuel economy with experimental and commercial friction-modified engine oils has been measured in EPA 55/45 and road tests. Fuel economy improvements provided by the additives averaged 1.2 percent in road tests. Adding molybdenum disulfide to both the engine oil and rear axle lubricant improved EPA 55/45 test fuel economy 4.6 percent. Three commercial friction-modified engine oils were evaluated. In EPA and road tests, fuel economy with these oils improved an average 2.9 and 4.1 percent, respectively, over that obtained using the nonfriction-modified engine oils. Of these oils, the two containing soluble additives were most effective in improving fuel economy under warmed-up operation, whereas the graphite-containing oil was most effective during engine warm-up.

In an attempt to elucidate the usefulness of the Bleeding Time (BT) post Aspirin (ASA) ingestion this test was done with other tests of coagulation in 30 controls and 77 patients evaluated for a possible bleeding diathesis. Coagulation studies included PT, PTT, TT, VIII AHF & AGN, IX, XI, XIII platelet retention and aggregation, and modified Ivy BTs pre and 2 hrs. post 600 mgms ASA. The mean control BT in 25 normals was 3.6'±3.2' (3SD). Following ASA the BT was 6.4'±4.1' (3SD). 5/30 “controls” without bleeding histories had abnormal BTs post ASA. In this group, 4 were proven to have unrecognized von Willebrand’s disease (VWD) and one a platelet defect. Of the 74 patients studied, 28 had initial BTs that were abnormal (23 with VWD and 5 with platelet defects). Of the remaining 46 with initially normal BTs, 26 had abnormal BTs post ASA. 13/26 had VWD at their first evaluation. In 9/26, however, the abnormal BT post ASA was the only abnormality at initial evaluation. On repeated testing, these patients were also shown to have VWD. 4/26 with abnormal BTs post ASA were found to have platelet abnormalities. The remaining 20 patients had normal BTs pre and post ASA. 16/20 revealed no hemostatic abnormality. In 4 eventually proven to have VWD, the BT post ASA was normal. The use of the BT post ASA raised the sensitivity of the BT as a screening test from 48% to 93% in the abnormal patient population. VWD appears to be the most common symptomatic/ asymptomatic bleeding disorder. The BT post ASA is a valuable screen in the evaluation of hemostatic defects i.e., mainly VWD, as also the occasional patient with a thrombocytopathy.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between meaning or purpose in life as measured by Crumbaugh's Purpose in Life Test, and the degree of religious commitment of college students, with particular interest in the members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS). Religious commitment was measured by Hoge's Intrinsic Religious Motivation Scale (IRM). Two hundred and fifty-five undergraduates, 122 males and 132 females, enrolled in introductory psychology and sociology classes at Utah State University during spring quarter, 1975, served as subjects. A two-way analysis of variance calculated separately for the LDS and non-LDS groups was used to test three hypotheses: (1) there will be a significant difference among the mean PIL scores for the high, moderate, and low religious commitment groups (in that order); (2) females will be significantly higher in their sense of purpose in life than males; (3) females will be significantly higher in their sense of purpose in life in all religious commitment groups. Hypothesis 1 was significant beyond the .05 level for the LDS group. A Sheffe test indicated the difference was between the high and the low religious commitment groups only. Hypotheses 2 and 3 were not supported. None of the three hypotheses were supported for the nonLDS group. T-ratios computed between the three corresponding levels of religious commitment for the LDS and non-LDS groups were significant beyond the .05 level. A significant positive relationship for males beyond the .05 level was found between sex and religious commitment. No relationship was found between sex and purpose in life. A significant positive relationship beyond the .05 level was found between religious commitment and purpose in life. No significant differences were found between year in school, marital status, and socioeconomic status on either purpose in life or religious commitment. Significant differences beyond the .05 level were found between religious commitment and church attendance, and between religious commitment and activity in church organizations. It was concluded that the results support the premise that religion can have a significant impact on an individual's sense of purpose in life as defined by Frankl (1963), particularly if the individual's religion encourages active involvement on the part of the individual. The effect is especially strong if high religious belief, high religious participation, and social activity outside of church occur together.

Thank you for asking me to participate in this conference, the first of its kind in the eastern United States. We are glad that some funding from the Renewable Resources Extension Act has helped to make this conference possible. Jim Miller, National Pro-gram Leader for Fish and Wildlife, Extension Service-USDA, provided early impetus in planning the program, and as a member of the conference committee, served as chairman of publicity and encouraged wide participation. We are pleased that, along with SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry and the New York Department of Environmental Conservation, the Extension Service, USDA, could join with Cooperative Extension Service at Cornell University to help sponsor this conference.

The protoheme content of etiolated, greening, and fully greened bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. var. Light Red Kidney) leaves has been studied. The protoheme level in etiolated and fully greened leaf tissue stays relatively constant from age 7 to 14 days. In agreement with the studies reported for barley (Castelfranco and Jones 1975 Plant Physiol 55: 485-490), the protoheme content of greening bean and barley (Hordeum vulgare var. Larker) leaves does not change appreciably during the first 9 hours of illumination, but the level rises significantly by the 24th hour of illumination (cf. Hendry and Stobart 1977 Phytochemistry 16: 1545-1548). This increase also occurs in seedlings returned to the dark for 24 to 48 hours following a 10-minute pulse of light. These results demonstrate a limited correlation with previous studies on the development of b-type cytochromes during greening of these tissues (Gregory and Bradbeer 1973; Planta 109: 317-326).

When [2,4- 14 C]porphobilinogen (PBG) or [2 (aminomethyl),5- 14 C]PBG is administered to etiolated barley ( Hordeum vulgare L. var. Larker) leaves in darkness, label becomes incorporated into CO 2 , organic and amino acids, sugars, lipids, and proteins during a 4-hour incubation. Less than 1% of the label, however, is incorporated into porphyrins. The rate of 14 CO 2 evolution from leaves fed [2,4- 14 C]PBG is strongly inhibited by anaerobiosis but is unaffected by aminooxyacetic acid, while the rate of 14 CO 2 evolution from [2(aminomethyl),5- 14 C]PBG is strongly inhibited by aminooxyacetic acid but is not affected by anaerobiosis. These results suggest that: (a) exogenous PBG is taken up and metabolized by etiolated barley leaves; (b) PBG is not metabolized exclusively to porphyrins but can be converted to a variety of intermediary metabolites; (c) this metabolism involves reactions which are partially dependent upon O 2 and pyridoxal phosphate.

The relationship of phototransformable protochlorophyllide to photoinactive protochlorophyllide has been studied in primary leaves of 7- to 9-day-old dark-grown bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. var. Red Kidney) seedlings. Various levels of photoinactive protochlorophyllide, absorbing at 633 nm in vivo, were induced by administering delta-aminolevulinic acid to the leaves in darkness. Phototransformable protochlorophyllide, absorbing at 650 nm in vivo, was subsequently transformed to chlorophyllide by a light flash, and the regeneration of the photoactive pigment was followed by monitoring the absorbance increase at 650 nm in vivo. A small increase in the level of protochlorophyllide(633) causes a marked increase in the extent of regeneration of protochlorphyllide(650) following a flash. High levels of the inactive pigment species, however, retard the capacity to reform photoactive protochlorophyllide. A nonstoichiometric and kinetically complex decrease in absorbance at 633 nm in vivo accompanied the absorbance increase at 650 nm. The half-time for protochlorophyllide(650) regeneration in control leaves was found to be three times longer than the half-time for conversion of chlorophyllide(678) to chlorophyllide(683) at 22 C. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that protochlorophyllide(633) is a direct precursor of protochlorophyllide(650) and that the protein moiety of the protochlorophyllide holochrome acts as a "photoenzyme" in the conversion of protochlorophylide to chlorophyllide.

Chronic ITP, unlike acute ITP, may be the result of an underlying immunologic disorder. To examine this possibility 3 children, and their families (totalling 13 members) were studied in an attempt to identify underlying abnormalities in cellular and humoral immunity. All 3 patients had their disease for more than 1 year. All had shortened platelet life spans. None were receiving drugs, and none had had their spleens removed. In these patients, 2 of 3 were found to have decreased numbers of T lymphocytes and PHA reactivity; 2 of 3 had dysgammaglobulinemias; 1 of 3 had decreased isohemagglutinins, and all 3 had abnormal reactivity to a variety of intradermal antigens. In the family members these same abnormalities were found with increased frequency. 6/13 were found to have decreased numbers of T lymphocytes and PHA reactivity; 6/13 dysgammaglobulinemias and 1/13 decreased isohemagglutinins. In addition, autoantibodies such as a biologically false positive serological test for syphilis, and antithyroid antibodies were also found. A parent of one of the propositi, and 2 asymptomatic siblings of another were also documented to have shortened platelet life spans in the presence of normal platelet counts. The HLA antigens, A3 and B7 were found in all 3 families. These 2 HLA antigens have previously been documented to occur with increased frequency in a variety of “auto-immune” disorders. These studies demonstrate that chronic ITP occurs in families with immunologic defects, and suggests that this disease has a genetic rather than an exclusively environmental basis.

Effects of reducing engine oil and rear axle lubricant viscosities on fuel economy were determined in EPA combined City and Highway (EPA 55/45) tests and in road tests, using four different sized cars. In EPA 55/45 tests, fuel economy rating improvements averaged about 1.5 percent; warmed-up and cold-start road test fuel economy improvements averaged about 4 and 8 percent, respectively. /GMRL/

The value of an irrigated farm rests In the land and in the water available for irrigation. Usually the water right for an acre is worth considerably more than the land itself. Under irrigation it is just as important to secure the largest yield per unit of water as it is to obtain the largest yield per acre. Owing to the high cost of water, the production per unit of water is frequently more important than the yield per acre. In Utah and the other irrigated states, the water available for irrigation, or that which may be made available, is sufficient to cover but a very small part of the total land area. It, therefore, becomes desirable to extend the irrigated zone as far as possible, by using the water at the disposal of the irrigation farmers in the best possible way.

The effects of various inhibitors of nucleic acid and protein synthesis on protochlorophyllide synthesis in dark-grown Phaseolus vulgaris var. Red Kidney have been studied. Actinomycin D, chloramphenicol, and puromycin inhibit the regeneration of protochlorophyllide holochrome (detected as a 650 mmu absorption peak) in vivo in darkness after photoconversion of endogenous protochlorophyllide a to chlorophyllide a; this inhibition does not occur in similarly treated leaves supplied with delta-aminolevulinic acid.These data suggest that the regeneration of protochlorophyllide results from the synthesis of RNA and enzymes required for the production of delta-aminolevulinate.