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Four species of Tapeinochilos have been described from material collected in Wallacea. We designate the lectotype of the genus, T. pungens, which was synonymized with T. ananassae in 1917 and add here T. teysmannianus as another synonym. The type of T. koordersianus from Sulawesi has been rediscovered at Herbarium Bogoriense and is identified as Etlingera heliconiifolia (Zingiberaceae), the combination of which is published here. After establishing that T. koordersianus applies to a species of Etlingera, there is no evidence that any species of Tapeinochilos occurs in the island of Sulawesi; the westernmost presence of the genus being in the Sula Islands represented by T. ananassae, the only species thus presently occurring in Wallacea.

Ficus schwarzii as defined by Corner proved to be too heterogeneous and has to be split up into at least two entities, the Sulawesi one still heterogeneous and the other widespread one to be described as a new species, F. rosulata. Re-examination of herbarium material led to the discovery of a new species: F. kalimantana.

Twenty-eight species of Acalypha are recognized in Malesia. Acalypha paniculata is the sole member of subgenus Linostachys in Malesia and the rest of the species belong to subgenus Acalypha. Four previously synonymized species are resurrected as distinct species, namely A. angatensis, A. cardiophylla var. cardiophylla, A. grandis, and A. wilkesiana. Four species names are newly reduced to synonymy. The molecular phylogenetic analyses indicate that Acalypha is monophyletic, as is the subgenus Acalypha. The early-diverging lineages in the genus, and its closest outgroup, consist of African species. The Malesian species do not form a monophyletic group although the molecular data strongly support two small clades within the region that are morphologically homogeneous. The classification system that Pax and Hoffmann applied to subgenus Acalypha, which is based primarily on inflorescence morphology, appears to be unsatisfactory and incongruent with the phylogenetic analyses.

An identification key to all Malesian species of Mallotus was still lacking. So far, only keys per section of Mallotus or keys per island were generated. This is the first attempt to create a key for all species of Mallotus in Malesia.

The degree of overlap between the Malesian and Nepalese floras was analyzed by comparison of the distributions of twenty plant families revised for Flora Malesiana. Despite their geographic separation in some plant families there is significant overlap between the two areas at both the generic and specific levels. In seven of these families at least 40 % of Nepalese species were also found in Malesia. In some families with temperate distributions up to 29 % of Malesian species and all Malesian genera are also found in Nepal. It is suggested that a coordinated approach to the production of accounts of such families would improve the rate of production of accounts and would greatly facilitate knowledge transfer and help to build scientific networks and expertise in Nepal.

Traditionally most species of Grammitidaceae have been placed in three genera, Ctenopteris, Grammitis and Xiphopteris, defined by frond dissection. Grammitis has simple fronds, usually with one row of sori on each side of the midrib. Xiphopteris has lobed to pinnate fronds, and one row of sori on each side of the midrib or rachis. Ctenopteris has fronds deeply lobed to tripinnate, with more than one row of sori on each side of the midrib or rachis. There are problems with the usage of these three names: Grammitis is now defined to include only those species with a dark sclerotic frond border, the type species of Xiphopteris has been transferred to Cochlidium, and the type species of Ctenopteris belongs to Prosaptia. In both the Old World and the New World, new genera have been or will be published to accommodate species from these three genera. The new genera relevant to Malesia are discussed.

Two genera and four species of Podostemaceae in Malesia are enumerated and a key to the species is provided. They are morphologically distinct from each other. Cladopus javanicus and C. nymanii are endemic to Java and Malesia, respectively, and C. queenslandicus occurs in eastern Papua New Guinea and north-eastern Australia. Terniopsis malayana, formerly called Malaccotristicha malayana, is distributed in Peninsular Malaysia to Peninsular Thailand. Asian Podostemoideae including Cladopus are a product of secondary diversification following a single migration, while Tristichoideae with Terniopsis show primary diversification in Asia.

Distribution patterns or the recognition of phytogeographical areas is usually based on the presence and absence of species. The taxa on which the analyses are based remain virtually anonymous. Here we want to determine which Malesian plant families (within the sample) are responsible for species richness and composition patterns. The other aim is to determine whether the different islands groups in Southeast Asia can be grouped into separate phytogeographical areas. A Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCO) showed the presence of three phytogeographical areas within Malesia: The Sunda Shelf (Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo) in the west, the Sahul Shelf (New Guinea) in the east, and all remaining central areas forming Wallacea. The latter can be divided into two parts (Java and the Lesser Sunda Islands versus the Philippines, Sulawesi and the Moluccas). Only twenty plant families (out of 164 sampled) account for most of the biodiversity on the island groups, both in total and endemic species numbers. These twenty families show a limited number of species richness patterns that are significantly associated with one or several of the detected phytogeographical areas. Only a few plant families were equally common throughout the whole Malesian region. Conservation efforts in Malesia should take this spatial distribution pattern into account in order to maximise preservation of both species diversity and complementarity.

Ceriops zippeliana, a member of the mangrove Rhizophoraceae, was first reported in 1849. It was considered to be a synonym of C. decandra, which is still widely accepted. We present morphological and molecular evidence to show that C. zippeliana is significantly distinct from C. decandra, and illustrations and an identification key to both spe

A revisional study on Ficus glandulifera and allied species was carried out, resulting in emended descriptions of F. glandulifera and F. lamponga and the description of a new species, F. lumutana.

The range of diagnostic morphological features in the whole genus Mallotus is reviewed as background to the taxonomic treatment of section Rottleropsis s.l. Special emphasis is given to the indumentum, habit, stipules, leaves, extrafloral nectaries, domatia, inflorescences, flowers, pollen and fruits. Notes on the geographical distribution, ecology, pollinators, fruit and seed dispersal, and uses of the genus are also presented. The section Axenfeldia is reduced to sect. Rottleropsis on account of the absence of suitable morphological characters to distinguish them. A taxonomic revision of 38 species of sect. Rottleropsis s.l. from Malesia, Thailand and Africa is presented, together with regional and synoptical identification keys, distribution maps and illustrations. Four new species are described: Mallotus connatus, M. longinervis, M. minimifructus and M. mirus. Several non-Malesian species not included in this revision are briefly discussed. This paper concludes a series of taxonomic revisions of the genus Mallotus in Malesia and Thailand.

The genus Inocarpus J.R. & G. Forst. is revised. Three species are recognized of which one is new (I. glabellus Adema). A key to the species is provided.

The taxonomy of several, mainly stoloniflorous, Ficus species from Thailand and Malesia is revised resulting in a new species, F. bukitrayaensis C.C. Berg and two new names, F. malayana C.C. Berg & Chantarasuwan and F. ridleyana C.C. Berg & Chantarasuwan. Ficus megaleia Corner and F. uncinata (King) Becc. are redefined and F. heterostyla Merr. is reinstated. Ficus arfakensis King and F. scortechinii King are reduced to synonyms of F. ribes Blume.

A recent molecular phylogenetic study of Mallotus and related genera showed that three small Asiatic genera are clearly part of a strongly supported main Mallotus clade (Mallotus s.s. clade), rendering the genus paraphyletic. In this paper these genera, Neotrewia, Octospermum and Trewia, are merged with Mallotus. The monotypic Neotrewia and Octospermum were originally described within Mallotus and are now transferred back to it. Trewia was never included in Mallotus; it has two distinct species, for which new combinations within Mallotus are made. A full taxonomic treatment with descriptions, distribution maps and drawings is given for the species transferred, and a new generic description for Mallotus is provided. The morphology of the newly transferred species in comparison to Mallotus in general and to related species in particular is discussed.

Only abstract. Paper copies of master’s theses are listed in the Helka database (http://www.helsinki.fi/helka). Electronic copies of master’s theses are either available as open access or only on thesis terminals in the Helsinki University Library. Vain tiivistelmä. Sidottujen gradujen saatavuuden voit tarkistaa Helka-tietokannasta (http://www.helsinki.fi/helka). Digitaaliset gradut voivat olla luettavissa avoimesti verkossa tai rajoitetusti kirjaston opinnäytekioskeilla. Endast sammandrag. Inbundna avhandlingar kan sökas i Helka-databasen (http://www.helsinki.fi/helka). Elektroniska kopior av avhandlingar finns antingen öppet på nätet eller endast tillgängliga i bibliotekets avhandlingsterminaler. Tämä pro-gradu -työ esittelee Malesian alkuperäiskansan, semaiden, konflikteja ja rauhaa koskevia käsityksiä. Semait tunnetaan yhtenä väkivallattomimmista yhteisöistä maailmassa, ja keskeisiksi tutkimuskysymyksiksi nouseekin, miksi konfliktien vältteleminen on niin keskeistä tässä yhteisössä ja mistä konflikteissa on oikeastaan kysymys. Työ perustuu kolmen kuukauden pituiseen antropologiseen kenttätyöhön yhdessä semaikylässä Perakin osavaltiossa keväällä 2004, ja aihetta koskevaan antropologiseen kirjallisuuteen. Kenttätyöaineisto koostuu kenttäpäiväkirjoista, nauhoitetuista haastatteluista ja keskusteluista sekä sanomalehtileikkeistä. Tutkimuksen strategiana on keskittyä kontekstiin, jossa konflikteista puhutaan. Semaiden suhtautuminen konflikteihin on sidoksissa heidän kulttuurisiin oletuksiinsa, keskeisiin arvoihinsa ja siihen tapaan, jolla he ovat rakentaneet sosiaaliset suhteensa. On olennaista ymmärtää heidän maailmankuvaansa ja erityisesti monimutkaista suhtautumistaan laajempiin valtarakenteisiin ja Malesian valtioon. Semait haluavat pitää valtion mahdollisimman loitolla omasta yhteisöstään, koska ovat lähes jatkuvasti olleet valtion sortotoimenpiteiden kohteina. Toisaalta analyysini pohjalta havaitsin, että he olivat tietoisia valtion läsnäolosta, ja että tämä tietoisuus vaikutti myös heidän käsitykseensä oman yhteisönsä sosiaalisuutta koskevista arvoista Tässä työssä olen kuvaillut ja analysoinut semaiden parannusrituaalin ja tulkinnut sen olevan heidän tapansa käsitellä ja ratkaista konflikteja. Parannusrituaalissa semaiden suhde valtioon ja valtarakenteisiin sekä rauhan ylläpitämisen keskeisyys näyttäytyvät jonain, mitä voidaan pitää semaiden sosiaalisuuden perustana. Parannusrituaali tekee semaiden sosiaalisuudesta olennaista. Vaikka semait ovat pyrkineet elämään eristyksissä ympäröivästä yhteiskunnasta, on valtion läsnäolo historiallinen tosiasia. Toisaalta semaiden esimerkin avulla on myös selvää, että sosiaalisuuden rakentumisessa on kyse muustakin kuin vallasta. Semaiden mielestä konfliktit ovat yhteisöllisiä ja ne tulee hoitaa yhteisön ja perheen kesken. Analyysini perusteella näyttäisi kuitenkin siltä, että konfliktien ratkaiseminen ja rauhan ylläpitäminen perustuvatkin yhteisöelämän ulkopuolisten auttajien toimintaan. Myös tärkeimmän moraalisen arvon, väkivallattomuuden, ylläpitämisen auktoriteetti näyttäisi olevan semaiden yhteisöelämän ulkopuolella. Konfliktien ratkaisemisen ja muun vallankäytön projisoiminen yhteisön ulkopuolelle on tämän työn yksi ratkaisevimmista semaiden yhteiskunnan kontrastia ja rakennetta kuvaavista havainnoista.

A recent phylogenetic study based on DNA sequence data detected a well-supported clade of a number of Mallotus species together with the genus Cordemoya. This clade is distinct from the large Mallotus s.s. clade. In this paper, Cordemoya (formerly monotypic with C. integrifolia from the Mascarene Islands) is expanded with sixteen additional species previously assigned to Mallotus. Taxa transferred to Cordemoya are: Mallotus sections Hancea and Oliganthae from Asia and M. baillonianus, M. capuronii, and M. spinulosus from Madagascar. The genus Cordemoya can be distinguished from Mallotus s.s. by the presence of pollen with areolate ornamentation with scabrae (perforate/microreticulate ornamentation with scabrae in the sample of Mallotus s.s. studied up to now) and of capitate glandular hairs with multicellular stalks and sessile peltate-stellate hairs with a central cell (spherical to disc-shaped multicellular glandular hairs in Mallotus). In the new circumscription of Cordemoya two subgenera are recognized: Cordemoya from Madagascar and Mascarenes and Diplochlamys from Asia. The latter is divided into two sections: Diplochlamys (former sect. Hancea), and Oliganthae. A taxonomic revision of part of these taxa is provided (excl. section Diplochlamys); descriptions, distribution maps, habit drawings and a key are included.

The Mallotus wrayi King ex Hook.f. complex on the Sunda Shelf of the Malay Archipelago (Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Borneo) appeared to comprise four species instead of a single, very heterogeneous one. Two synonyms (M. caudatus Merr. and M. lancifolius Hook.f.) are resurrected and a new species, M. spinifructus, is described. Important characters can be found in the density of the hairs (glandular scale-like, simple or stellate), type of stellately bundled hairs, lengths of inflorescences, bracts, and bracts of the terminal bud, and in the stigma width and hairiness.

The genus Labisia (Myrsinaceae) is revised for the Flora Malesiana region. Seven species are recognised. Several earlier described species are synonymous to L. pumila and reduced to varieties of that species: var. alata, var. lanceolata, var. neriifolia and var. sessilifolia. A new record of L. longistyla is mentioned. Labisia malouiana and L. obtusifolia are excluded from the genus.

A revision of Mallotus section Mallotus in Malesia is given. Descriptions, distribution maps, habit drawings and a key to all species are provided. The diagnostic characters for the section are briefly discussed. Four species (M. barbatus, M. macrostachyus, M. mollissimus, M. paniculatus) and one variety (M. paniculatus var. formosanus) are recognised.

Lasiococca brevipes (Merr.) Welzen & S.E.C. Sierra is a new combination based on Mallotus brevipes Merr. The new combination replaces Lasiococca malaccensis Airy Shaw, which appears to be a later synonym. The species is very rare, but widespread and seemingly with a very disjunct distribution, found in Sumatra, the Philippines, Sulawesi, and the Lesser Sunda Islands.

Vaccinium section Rigiolepis (Hook.f.) Sleumer is revised for the Flora Malesiana region. In the introduction a short history of the genus (section) and its defining characters are presented followed by comments about Sleumer’s classification for this section. Numerical techniques using features suggested by Sleumer on ‘indet’ specimens at Leiden counsel a more conservative approach to species delimitation and the resultant revision for this section recognizes thirteen species including three new taxa, viz., V. crinigrum, V. suberosum, and V. linearifolium. Lectotypes for V. borneense W.W. Sm. and V. leptanthum Miq. are also proposed.

Section Dissimiles C.B. Clarke is reviewed. Eleven species are known, one of which is newly described here (C. fulvisericea), and one species is reduced to synonymy (C. producta = C. trisepala). The section is centred on Borneo, with two outlying species in Sumatra and one in Peninsular Malaysia. Section Dissimiles is defined by a unique combination of characters, the most distinctive of these are: a zygomorphic calyx (the upper three lobes are fused to form one but the tips remain free, and the lower two lobes are completely separated to the base); anisophyllous leaf pairs, and a small (generally less than 2 cm long), predominantly white, somewhat translucent corolla.

A revision of the Malesian species in the genus Cleidion is presented. Cleidion javanicum is shown to be the correct name for the widespread type species (instead of the name C. spiciflorum). A new species, C. luziae, resembling C. javanicum, is described from the Moluccas, New Guinea and the Solomon Islands. In addition, C. salomonis is synonymised with C. papuanum and C. lanceolatum is treated as a variety of C. ramosii. In total 7 Malesian Cleidion species are recognized. Cleidion megistophyllum from the Philippines cannot reliably be confirmed to belong to the genus due to lack of information and specimens and is treated as a doubtful species.

Boraginaceae is expanded to comprise seven subfamilies, two of which are based on Hydrophyllaceae and Lennoaceae, respectively. The type species of Tournefortia sect. Tournefortia is transferred to Heliotropium, as are its Malesian–Australian representatives.

A revision of Mallotus section Philippinenses (former section Rottlera) in Malesia and Thailand is given. Descriptions, distribution maps, habit drawings, and a key to the species are provided. The diagnostic characters for the section are briefly discussed. Five species (M. kongkandae, M. leptostachyus, M. pallidus, M. philippensis, and M. repandus) are recognised. Mallotus chromocarpus is excluded from the section because it has more shared characters with the monospecific genus Octospermum, like the presence of indehiscent fruits, absence of stipules, marginal extrafloral nectaries on the upper side of the leaf blade, broad connectives (shaped umbrella-like), and its occurrence in New Guinea, and is therefore probably closely related to it.

The genus Ochrosia Juss. is revised in the Malesian region. Thirteen species are recognized as Ochrosia, including one new species, O. basistamina. Seven species previously placed in Neisosperma Raf. are now included in Ochrosia. The names Ochrosia section Echinocaryon F. Muell. and Ochrosia section Ochrosia are applied for the fibrous-fruited species and cavity-fruited species of Ochrosia, respectively. Neisosperma Raf. is reduced to Ochrosia section Echinocaryon F. Muell. Separate keys are given for the species of both sections.

Ms. Amshoff (1945) coined the combination Syzygium gracile (korth.) Amshoff, based on Jambosa gracilis korth. (1847). she cited an apparently earlier place where the combination would have been made: the ‘Noodflora voor Java’ (1944). However, all new taxa and combinations found there must be regarded as invalid, as the Noodflora was prepared to safeguard Backer’s manuscripts in a number of places. Hence the publication in 1945 was necessary to validate some new names and taxa. However, Amshoff also cited Myrtus glabrata Blume (1826–1827: 1083, ‘1088’), which is a later homonym of M. glabrata sw. (1788). she was apparently not aware that Blume’s taxon was given a valid name, Jambosa glabrata, by de Candolle (1828), i.e. older than korthals’ name. Syzygium gracile (korth.) Amshoff is superfluous: ‘glabratum’ should have been used, as there seems to be no Syzygium glabratum then and now (IPNI, May 21, 2003).

Selective logging applied in tropical forests is based on one universal criterion: a minimum diameter cutting limit for all commercial timber species. Minimum diameter cutting limits in mixed dipterocarp forests of the Malesia region lead to high felling intensities (10–20+ trees ha−1). Such extraction rates create massive stand damage (>50% of the remaining tree population), which has a negative impact on the regeneration and growth of many harvested dipterocarp species. As such, the minimum diameter cutting limit approach is seldom compatible with sustainable forest management. Where basic ecological characteristics of the commercial species are considered in timber harvesting prescriptions, mixed dipterocarp forests appear capable of sustained timber yields, habitat conservation, and providing other goods and services. This paper first presents the main silvicultural systems developed in mixed dipterocarp forests of Western Malesia and then reviews current knowledge of dipterocarp biology to finally develop guidelines aimed at improving the ecological sustainability of production forests of Western Malesia. These guidelines, a pragmatic reflection of science and ‘best guess’ judgement, include: (1) integration of reduced-impact logging practices into normal management operations; (2) cutting of eight trees ha−1 or less (with a felling cycle of 40–60 years to be determined according to local conditions); (3) defining minimum diameter cutting limits according to the structure, density and diameter at reproduction of target species; (4) avoiding harvesting species with less than one adult tree ha−1 (diameter at breast height [dbh] ≥ 50 cm over an area of 50–100 ha); (5) minimizing the size and connectivity of gaps (2 whenever possible); (6) refraining from treatments such as understorey clearing; and (7) providing explicit protection for key forest species and the ecological processes they perform. Further refinement is encouraged to allow for local conditions, and for other forest types.

Fourteen species of Sauropus are recognised for Malesia, 21 for Thailand. Two species are described as new, S. asymmetricus of Sumatra and S. shawii of Borneo. Many new synonyms, especially for S. androgynus and S. rhamnoides, are provided. The latter two species have a much wider distribution than described before and both are difficult to separate from each other. A phylogeny based on morphological and palynological data proved futile, but showed that Sauropus together with Breynia and Glochidion are embedded in the paraphyletic Phyllanthus. Most species which formerly belonged to Synostemon and are now included in Sauropus are probably, with the exception of S. bacciformis, related to Breynia and Glochidion. Because of the poor phylogenetic results the circumscription of Sauropus is not changed (Synostemon still included), and an infrageneric classification is not provided.

During the process of compiling a checklist of Malesian Zingiberaceae, material referred to the synonymous genus Geanthus was examined carefully as the presently accepted genus Etlingera was likely to be involved. In this process it became evident that a new name, Amomum centrocephalum, and eight new combinations in Etlingera had to be made.

Derris Lour. is revised for the Flora Malesiana region. In the introduction comments are given on some characters and the seedlings of D. trifoliata Lour. are described. The introduction is followed by a section ‘Notes on species’ in which the varieties of D. elegans Graham ex Benth. are described, including a new one from Celebes (var. celebica Adema) and a new one from Malaysia, Java, Borneo, the Philippines and the Moluccas (var. korthalsiana (Blume ex Miq.) Adema). Several other species are discussed at some length. A key to the species of Derris in Malesia is presented. The paper concludes with notes on aberrant specimens and excluded species.

Micrococca is a rare genus represented in the Malesian region by only three species. Micrococca mercurialis (L.) Benth. is widespread, but in Malesia it is found only in Peninsular Malaysia. Micrococca malaccensis Airy Shaw and M. johorica Airy Shaw are both endemic to Johore. Micrococca can be distinguished from its close allies, Erythrococca and Claoxylon, by its interrupted racemes (with long internodes), pistillate flowers with elongated (strap-like) disc lobes, and a deeply 3-lobed, thinly crustaceous capsule dehiscing both septicidally and loculicidally. Micrococca mercurialis is a small-leaved shrub, while the other two species are trees with much larger leaves. Micrococca johorica has glands on the leaf bases, narrow leaves, and short inflorescences, whereas M. malaccensis lacks glands on the leaf bases, has wider leaves, and longer inflorescences.

Some Malesian species of Pouteria are described or redescribed in view of new or additional material. In some taxa a wide variability is found. It is proposed to accept Pennington’s system of the Sapotaceae as final, because the century-long battle over the systematics of that family has seriously havocked its taxonomy. Presented are: additions to the descriptions of Pouteria garcinioides, P. lamii, P. obovata, and P. occidentalis, redescriptions of P. anteridifera, P. cyclopensis, P. densinervia, P. kaernbachiana, P. keyensis, P. lanatifolia, P. ledermannii, P. monticola, P. thyrsoidea, and P. vrieseana, and descriptions of the new species P. gillisonii, P. menait, P. orkor, P. pullenii, P. ridsdalei, P. wandae, and P. whitmorei. Planchonella dies-reginae P. Royen is transferred and becomes Pouteria dies-reginae (P. Royen) Vink. Palaquium komakomar P. Royen becomes a synonym of Pouteria anteridifera (Lane-Poole) Baehni, Planchonella clementis H.J. Lam of Pouteria ledermannii (K. Krause) Baehni, and Planchonella maculata P. Royen of Pouteria monticola (K. Krause) H.J. Lam. Pouteria rhopalocarpa P. Royen is transferred from sect. Pierrisideroxylon to sect. Oligotheca.