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Late Triassic–Jurassic orogenic and Early Cretaceous epithermal Au deposits are significant producers of Au, Ag, and potentially critical elements (e.g., Te, Se and Sb) in the North Heilongjiang Belt in the Xing'an Block, NE China. However, the preservation mechanism of these Au deposits associated with tectonic evolution is unclear. Here, we conducted zircon U–Pb, sericite Ar–Ar, zircon and apatite (U–Th)/He dating as well as whole‐rock geochemistry in the Xing'an Block. Zircon U–Pb dating shows the ages of 174.1 ± 2.4 Ma for the granodiorite, 169.9 ± 1.6 Ma for the tonalite, 154.0 ± 2.0 Ma for the monzogranite and ca.122 Ma for the diorite. Sericite Ar–Ar dating presents plateau and isochron ages of 163.2 ± 1.8 Ma and 163.4 ± 2.8 Ma. The average apatite (U–Th)/He (AHe) and zircon (U–Th)/He (ZHe) ages from the Jurassic rocks have the ranges of ca. 146–89 Ma and ca. 150–116 Ma and from the Cretaceous are ca. 109–76 Ma and ca. 117–111 Ma, respectively. The Early‐Middle Jurassic intrusions are featured by the tonalite‐trondhjemite‐granodiorite (TTG) rock type. Late Jurassic monzogranite has the geochemical signature of adakitic rocks. The Early Cretaceous granitoids are classified as volcanic arc granites with a part of the Early Cretaceous granodiorite featured by adakitic. These new results reveal five group ages associated with tectonic evolution, Au mineralization and the preservation of the Au deposits. (i) Magmatic events were related to the subduction of the Mongolia‐Okhotsk Ocean during the Early Jurassic (ca. 177–170 Ma) and then the compressional settings with regional deformation (ca. 167–163 Ma). (ii) Thickening crust and orogenic Au mineralization were related to the closure of the Mongolia‐Okhotsk Ocean (ca. 154–145 Ma). (iii) The transformation was from compressional to extensional settings followed by exhumation during the Early Cretaceous (ca. 145–120 Ma), which is the factor of the exhumation of the orogenic Au deposits formed from the Late Triassic to Late Jurassic. (iv) Epithermal Au–Ag mineralization was associated with an extension related to the subduction of the Palaeo‐Pacific Plate (ca. 120–100 Ma). (v) Thermal history shows one thermal event during the Late Cretaceous (ca. 89–76 Ma). The Au deposits have been preserved since the Late Cretaceous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biochar is a promising material to improve soil quality. Effects of coconut shell biochar on tropical soil nitrogen mineralization and microbial community were less reported. The incubation experiment was conducted to observe the required effects. Biochar rates in latosol were 0%, 1%, 2% and 5% (w/w), respectively. Results showed: (1) soil pH and CEC improved with biochar rate; (2) urease activity was increased at the lower biochar rate (<2%) but reduced at the 5% rate, while acid phosphatase activity was not changed by biochar; (3) biochar addition reduced soil microbial diversity. The bacterial population like Proteobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, Planctomycetes, Verrucomicrobia and Bacteroidetes enhanced by more biochar addition, while Actinobacteria and Chloroflexi were found less at the high biochar rate. Fungal strains like Ascomycota decreased by biochar addition, but Basidiomycota and Chytridiomycota increased at high biochar rates. Genus of Haematonectria, Chaetomium, Gibberella, Aspergillus, Fusarium and Eupenicillium decreased effectively under biochar addition; (4) soil nitrogen mineralization with biochar amendment was described well by the exponential model (R2>0.95, P<0.01), but soil nitrogen mineralization potential was found to be less due to biochar application. Thus, the addition of biochar derived from coconut shells had positive effects on soil characteristics, microorganisms, and nitrogen mineralization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports the efficiency of photocatalytic process activated under hydrothermal conditions. This hybrid activation is efficient for effluent treatment at relatively low temperature (below 150 °C) and pressure (5 bar) in presence of TiO2 containing anatase phase alone or in mixture with rutile. We compared the efficiency of this hybrid process in regards to photocatalysis at ambient temperature and to catalytic oxidation under mild pressure and temperature (hydrothermal process) by investigating the impact of temperature (90–150 °C), irradiation type (UV-A centered at 365 nm and visible light [λ > 400 nm]) and nature of TiO2 (anatase, rutile or mixture of anatase and rutile) on the conversion and mineralization of glucose. This hybrid process (photocatalysis assisting by hydrothermal process) showed better mineralization of glucose than the two separated processes explained by a more important formation of hydroxide ions by hydrothermal process favoring HO° radical by photocatalysis. This new process was also efficient for industrial effluent mineralization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phosphodiesterase enzymes mediate calcium-phosphate deposition in various tissues, although which enzymes are active in bone mineralization is unclear. Using gene array analysis, we found that a member of ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase family, ENPP2, was strongly down-regulated with age in stromal stem cells that produce osteoblasts and make bone. This is in keeping with reduced bone formation in older animals. Thus, we hypothesized that ENPP2 is, at least in part, an early mediator of bone formation and thus may reflect reduced bone formation with age. Since ENPP2 has not previously been shown to have a role in osteoblast differentiation, we studied its effect on bone differentiation from stromal stem cells, verified by flow cytometry for stem cell antigens. In these remarkably uniform osteoblast precursors, we did transfection with ENPP2 DsiRNA, scrambled DsiRNA, or no transfection to make cells with normal or greatly reduced ENPP2 and analyzed osteoblast differentiation and mineralization. Osteoblast differentiation down-regulation was shown by alizarin red binding, silver staining, and alkaline phosphatase activity. Differences were confirmed by real-time PCR for alkaline phosphatase (ALPL), osteocalcin (BGLAP), and ENPP2 and by Western Blot for Enpp2. These were decreased, ~50%, in osteoblasts transfected with ENPP2 DsiRNA compared with cells transfected with a scrambled DsiRNA or not transfected (control) cells. This finding is the first evidence for the role of ENPP2 in osteoblast differentiation and mineralization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Angouran deposit (19.3 Mt at 23.4% Zn and 4% Pb) is the second-largest Zn-Pb deposit in Iran. The deposit is hosted in a Neoproterozoic-Cambrian marble-schist sequence within a breccia pipe in a domal structure, with sulfide mineralization under low-temperature hydrothermal conditions (<200 °C). The features of the ore-hosting breccias are similar to known halokinetic diapir breccias in the world but evaporite minerals are subtle. The common types of breccia clasts in the Angouran breccia pipe include a matrix-supported angular clast (float breccia) with highly variable sizes and orientations and exotic volcanic clasts. The volcanic clasts were derived from the underlying Miocene volcanic rocks, evidenced by the consistent petrography and zircon U-Pb ages dated at 20-19 Ma. Abundant smithsonite pseudomorphs after anhydrite and anhydrite inclusions within sphalerite and pre-ore marcasite in the breccia matrix indicate that the breccia pipe contains abundant anhydrite prior to the Zn-Pb mineralization. The enrichment of evaporite is also supported by the occurrence of considerable double-terminated quartz crystals that contain spherical and tabular carbonate inclusions and anomalously high Li, Na, and K concentrations, relatively high B concentration, and high d18O values (up to 28.3‰). These observations suggest the Angouran deposit formed in a former halokinetic diapir breccia pipe. The halokinetic diapirism was possibly triggered by thrust loading of the marble-schist sequence over the Miocene evaporite beds during the Arabia-Eurasia continental collision. Halokinetic structures elsewhere in the Angouran region warrant this consideration. Most of the evaporite minerals in the breccia pipe were dissolved and replaced before and/or during subsequent Zn-Pb sulfide and smithsonite mineralization events. This study provides a good example for the identification of vanished evaporites, halokinetic structure, and associated Mississippi Valley-type mineralization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A- and I-type magmas are commonly associated with rare earth element (REE) and gold (Au) mineralization. However, the behavior and solubility of the REEs and gold within the A- and I-type magmas and their synchronous magmatism remain unclear. This study focused on the synchronous Early Cretaceous A- and I-type magmatism that formed alkaline and granodioritic complexes within the Luxi and Jiaobei terranes of the central-eastern North China Block, terranes that contain the third largest known REE deposit in China and the third largest gold province in the world. Our integrated whole-rock geochemical and Nd isotopic data and zircon Hf-O isotopic data provide new insights into the petrogenesis of these contemporaneous A- and I-type magmas and their role in the generation of the REE and gold mineralization in this area. The alkaline magmas that formed the intrusions in the Luxi terrane had A- and I-type affinities, were oxidized, were fluorine-, sulfur-, and copper-rich, were H2Opoor, and were generated by low-pressure partial melting of a source region containing enriched lithospheric mantle material and minor amounts of Paleoproterozoic A-type granitic crust. In comparison, the granodioritic magmas within the Jiaobei terrane had I-type affinities, were relatively reduced, were sulfur-rich, contained low concentrations of Cu, were hydrous, and were formed by high-pressure partial melting of a source region containing enriched mantle material and large volumes of Archean to Paleoproterozoic crustal material. The A- and I-type magmas within the Luxi terrane also have higher high field strength element (HFSE; e.g., Th, Nb, Ta) and total light rare earth element (ΣLREE) concentrations as well as higher ΣLREE/total heavy rare earth element (ΣHREE) ratios than the I-type magmas enriched in large ion lithophile elements (LILEs; e.g., Ba, Sr) in the Jiaobei terrane. These characteristics suggest that the diversity of REE and gold mineralization was the result of interaction between the lithospheric mantle and hybrid sediment-derived melts and aqueous fluids under rutile-bearing eclogite-facies (>2.0 GPa) conditions within the Luxi terrane and with aqueous fluids under amphibolite- to eclogite-facies (>1.5 GPa) conditions within the Jiaobei terrane. Our study strongly suggests that the interaction between the lithospheric mantle and sediment-derived melts, the presence of coexisting REE- and fluorine-rich magmas, and low-pressure partial melting were all crucial factors in the formation of A-type intrusion-related REE deposits, whereas high-pressure partial melting and contemporaneous sulfur and chalcophile element enrichment were critical processes in the formation of I-type intrusions prospective for gold mineralization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-silica granitoids signal maturity of continental crust and are also closely associated with rare metal mineralization. However, the possible factors controlling the upper crustal differentiation and rare metal mineralization have not been well-constrained. In this work, we report zircon U-Pb ages, trace elements, Hf-O isotopes, and wholerock elemental and Sr-Nd-Hf isotopic data on six high-silica granitic intrusions from the Southern Great Xing'an Range Metallogenic Belt (SGXRMB), NE China, with a view to elucidate their source, differentiation mechanism, and rare metal mineralization potential. Zircon U-Pb dating of the granites (including porphyritic granite and alkalifeldspar granite) yields Early Cretaceous ages of ca. 144-135 Ma. Petrographic and geochemical features including the high SiO2, DI, and TE1,3 values, and similar Sr-Nd-Hf-O isotopes suggest that the rocks are weakly peraluminous, highly evolved I-type granites sharing a common silicic magma reservoir. Integrated isotope modeling suggests a complex source region for the evolved I-type granites involving dominantly juvenile lower crustal components with subordinate older continental basement and possible contribution of recycled pelagic sediments. The highsilica granite in the Jingpeng-Lindong region and the quartz diorite-monzonite, granodiorite, and monzogranite in the Lindong-Zalute region show close spatial-temporal distribution, common source and consistent variations in their whole-rock zircon compositions, indicating melt extraction processes in a highly crystalline mush rejuvenated by the injection of high temperature magma and F-enriched volatile filter-pressing, with the former derived from initial interstitial melts leaving behind residual silicic cumulates represented by the latter. Detailed comparisons of the rare metal-bearing and barren highsilica granites within the SGXRMB show that simple anatectic or fractional crystallization processes cannot account for the rare metal granites. Fluid-melt interactions combined with a high degree of crystallization differentiation and changes in melt structures are proposed as the potential mechanisms for generating the rare metal mineralization in I-type granitic magmas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although carbonatite-alkaline complexes are the primary source of the world's niobium (Nb) supply, the mineralization style is largely variable in these complexes and the processes behind their formation are still poorly understood. Exemplifying with our new observations on the ~430 Ma Miaoya and Shaxiongdong carbonatite-syenite complexes in the southern Qinling orogenic belt, central China, show that disseminated Nb mineralization in these two deposits is pervasive throughout the entire complexes in both syenite and carbonatite. Both magmatic and hydrothermal processes have contributed to Nb mineralization in both deposits, despite differences in the mineralization style. The Nb-bearing minerals in the mineralized Miaoya syenites include magmatic U-poor pyrochlore, rutile, and ilmenite with minor amounts of columbite, and hydrothermal columbite and rutile, whereas those in the mineralized carbonatites are mainly magmatic U-poor pyrochlore, uranpyrochlore, U-rich betafite, and rutile with minor amounts of columbite, and hydrothermal columbite and rutile. On the other hand, the Nb-bearing minerals in the mineralized Shaxiongdong syenites include magmatic U-poor pyrochlore, titanite, rutile, and ilmenite, and hydrothermal fersmite, rutile, and ilmenite, whereas those in the mineralized carbonatites are mainly magmatic U-poor pyrochlore without any hydrothermal Nb-bearing minerals. Field observations, whole-rock chemical and Sr-Nd isotopic compositions strongly constrained that assimilation of U-rich rocks (e.g., the hosting Yaolinghe and Meiziya Groups) and magma differentiation are responsible for diverse magmatic Nb mineralization in the two deposits. On the other hand, the diverse assemblages of hydrothermal Nb minerals in Miaoya and Shaxiongdong are mainly controlled by variations in the nature of the fluids, which is constrained to be genetically related to ~220 and ~420 Ma hydrothermal events, respectively. In summary, both magma evolution (e.g., differentiation, assimilation) and late hydrothermal overprinting are responsible for the diverse Nb mineralogy in carbonatite-alkaline complexes, a situation that is commonly observed worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Our study aimed to clarify the role of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1-stimulated mineralization in the human osteoblast-like MG63 cells. The viability of MG63 cells under TGF-β1 stimulation was assessed by MTS assay. Western blotting determined TGF-β1-mediated activation of extracellular signal-related protein kinase (ERK), p38, and c-Jun amino-terminal kinase (JNK). Mineralization-related gene expression was examined by quantitative real-time PCR, and mineral deposition levels were evaluated by alizarin red S staining. TGF-β1 had no effect on MG63 cell proliferation. Activation of p38 was observed at 3 h post TGF-β1 stimulation. Moreover, JNK phosphorylation was upregulated by TGF-β1 from 1 to 6 h post stimulation, but had no activation on ERK phosphorylation throughout the experimental period. Treatment with JNK inhibitor diminished the alizarin red S-stained area in a dose-dependent manner. Mineral deposition was unaffected by MEK inhibitor, whereas p38 inhibitor increased the red-stained area. Gene expression levels of ALP and BSP were significantly decreased under treatment with JNK inhibitor and p38 inhibitor. The MEK inhibitor had no effect on the TGF-β1–mediated upregulation of ALP and BSP. Although all three inhibitors suppressed expression of COL I , none were found to stimulate expression of OCN. Human osteoblast-like MG63 cells maturation and mineralization are induced through JNK activation of MAPK signaling in response to TGF-β1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Validation of promoted fracture healing via intramedullary Mg implantation. • Concurrent systemic and local bone modulation associated with retention of Mg implant. • Constructed radiological markers with improved differentiation of healing outcomes. • Preclinical evidence for comprehensive fracture research and developing Mg implants. The clinical application of magnesium (Mg) and its alloys for bone fractures has been well supported by in vitro and in vivo trials. However, there were studies indicating negative effects of high dose Mg intake and sustained local release of Mg ions on bone metabolism or repair, which should not be ignored when developing Mg-based implants. Thus, it remains necessary to assess the biological effects of Mg implants in animal models relevant to clinical treatment modalities. The primary purpose of this study was to validate the beneficial effects of intramedullary Mg implants on the healing outcome of femoral fractures in a modified rat model. In addition, the mineralization parameters at multiple anatomical sites were evaluated, to investigate their association with healing outcome and potential clinical applications. Compared to the control group without Mg implantation, postoperative imaging at week 12 demonstrated better healing outcomes in the Mg group, with more stable unions in 3D analysis and high-mineralized bridging in 2D evaluation. The bone tissue mineral density (TMD) was higher in the Mg group at the non-operated femur and lumbar vertebra, while no differences between groups were identified regarding the bone tissue volume (TV), TMD and bone mineral content (BMC) in humerus. In the surgical femur, the Mg group presented higher TMD, but lower TV and BMC in the distal metaphyseal region, as well as reduced BMC at the osteotomy site. Principal component analysis (PCA)-based machine learning revealed that by selecting clinically relevant parameters, radiological markers could be constructed for differentiation of healing outcomes, with better performance than 2D scoring. The study provides insights and preclinical evidence for the rational investigation of bioactive materials, the identification of potential adverse effects, and the promotion of diagnostic capabilities for fracture healing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With climate change expected to intensify the occurrence and severity of droughts, the control of groundwater table (GWT) depth and capillary rise on topsoil moisture may render a critical driver of biological activity. Consequently, GWT depth could influence topsoil carbon mineralization. In this study, undisturbed 200 cm long soil columns of three different textures (loamy sand, sandy loam and silt loam) were subjected to two artificial GWT depths (–165 cm and –115 cm) in the laboratory. We examined (1) moisture supply by capillary rise along the soil profile and specifically into the top 20 cm soil, and (2) consequently the effect of GWT on decomposition of an added 13C-enriched substrate (ryegrass) over a period of ten weeks, with limited water applications representing a dry summer. A 50 cm difference in GWT depth (–165 cm vs. –115 cm) resulted in different topsoil moisture for the sandy loam (31 % vs. 38 % Water-filled pore space (WFPS)) and silt loam (33 % vs. 43 % WFPS) soils. In the loamy sand soil, GWT-induced moisture differences appeared only up to 85 cm above the GWT. The expected acceleration of mineralization of the added ryegrass under a shallower GWT was not confirmed. In contrast, C mineralization pulses after the wetting events were even higher for the drier –165 cm GWT soils. For the silt loam soil, where capillary rise supply had the largest contribution to topsoil moisture, a lower mineralization rate of the stable Cryegrass pool was also found with shallower GWT. These findings suggest that a potential capillary rise effect of increased topsoil moisture on ryegrass mineralization might have been counteracted by other processes. We postulate that the Birch effect might have been magnified following the rewetting of drier topsoils under deeper GWT levels, ultimately enhancing mineralization compared to where the soil remains consistently wetter under shallower GWT levels. Based on our findings, including the process of texture-specific capillary supply from the GWT can be required to adequately simulate moisture in the topsoil during droughts as they occurred over the past summers in North-West Europe, depending on GWT and texture combination. However, the net effect on topsoil C mineralization is complex and correct simulation of C mineralization may require further integration of specific processes connected to fluctuating soil moisture state, such as the Birch effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic vegetable producers in Georgia, USA, utilize a range of amendments to supply nitrogen (N) for crop production. However, differences in soil type, fertilizers and environmental conditions can result in variability in N mineralization rates among commonly utilized organic fertilizers in the region. In this study, the effects of temperature on N mineralization from three commercial organic fertilizers [feather meal (FM), pelleted poultry litter (PPL) and a mixed organic fertilizer (MIX)] in two soil types from Georgia, USA (Cecil sandy clay loam and Tifton loamy sand) were evaluated for 120 d. Net N mineralization (Net Nmin) varied with soil type, fertilizer and temperature. After 120 d, Net Nmin from the FM fertilizer ranged between 41% and 77% of total organic N applied, the MIX fertilizer ranged between 26% and 59% and the PPL fertilizer ranged between 0% and 22% across all soil types and temperatures. Incubation at higher temperatures (20 °C and 30 °C) impacted Net Nmin of FM fertilizer in the Tifton series soil. Temperature and soil type had a relatively minor impact on the potentially mineralizable N of the PPL and MIX fertilizers after 120 d of incubation; however, both factors impacted the rate of fertilizer release shortly after application, which could impact the synchronicity of N availability and plant uptake. Temperature-related differences in the mineralization of organic fertilizers may not be large enough to influence a grower's decisions regarding N fertilizer inputs for vegetable crop production in the two soils. However, organic fertilizer source will likely play a significant role in N availability during the cropping season. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mineralization has found widespread use in the fabrication of composite biomaterials for hard tissue regeneration. The current mineralization processes are mainly carried out in neutral aqueous solutions of biomineral counter-ions (a pair of cation and anion that form the corresponding minerals at certain conditions), which are stable only at very low concentrations. This typically results in inefficient mineralization and weak control over biomineral formation. Here, we find that, in the organic solvent glycerol, a variety of biomineral counter-ions (e.g., Ca/PO4, Ca/CO3, Ca/SO4, Mg/PO4, or Fe/OH) corresponding to distinct biominerals at significantly high concentrations (up to hundreds-fold greater than those of simulated body fluid (SBF)) are able to form translucent and stable solutions (mineralizing solution of highly concentrated counter-ions (MSCIs)), and mineralization can be triggered upon them with external solvents (e.g., water or ethanol). Furthermore, with pristine bacterial cellulose (BC) membrane as a model, we demonstrate an effective and controllable mineralization performance of MSCIs on organic substrates. This approach not only forms the homogeneous biominerals on the BC fibers and in the interspaces, but also provides regulations over mineralization rate, mineral content, phase, and dopants. The resulting mineralized BC membranes (MBCs) exhibit high cytocompatibility and favor the proliferation of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (rBMSC). Following this, we prepare a mineralized bone suture (MBS) from MBC for non-weight bearing bone fixation, which then is tested on a rabbit median sternotomy model. It shows firm fixation of the rabbit sternum without causing discernible toxicity or inflammatory response. This study, by extending the mineralization to the organic solution system of highly concentrated counter-ions, develops a promising strategy to design and build targeted mineral-based composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is still limited understanding of the microstructural reasons for the higher susceptibility to fractures in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In this study, we examined bone mineralization, osteocyte lacunar parameters, and microhardness of the femoral neck trabeculae in 18 individuals with T2DM who sustained low-energy fracture (T2DMFx: 78 ± 7 years, 15 women and 3 men) and 20 controls (74 ± 7 years, 16 women and 4 men). Femoral necks of the T2DMFx subjects were obtained at a tertiary orthopedic hospital, while those of the controls were collected at autopsy. T2DMFx individuals had lower trabecular microhardness (P  = .023) and mineralization heterogeneity (P  = .001), and a tendency to a lower bone area with mineralization above 95th percentile (P  = .058) than the controls. There were no significant intergroup differences in the numbers of osteocyte lacunae per bone area, mineralized lacunae per bone area, and total lacunae per bone area (each P  > .05). After dividing the T2DMFx group based on the presence of vascular complications (VD) to T2DMFxVD (VD present) and T2DMFxNVD (VD absent), we observed that microhardness was particularly reduced in the T2DMFxVD group (vs. control group, P  = .02), while mineralization heterogeneity was significantly reduced in both T2DMFx subgroups (T2DMFxNVD vs. control, P  = .002; T2DMFxVD vs. control, P  = .038). The observed changes in mineralization and microhardness may contribute to the increased hip fracture susceptibility in individuals with T2DM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is caused by Echinococcus multilocularis, affecting dogs as accidental intermediate hosts. CT is increasingly used for abdominal imaging in small animals, providing valuable information, particularly for large masses and limited ultrasound accessibility. This study describes CT findings of hepatic lesions in 13 dogs with AE. All cases displayed well‐defined cavitary lesions in the liver. Lesions showed minimal to no contrast uptake in the periphery, no uptake centrally, irregular internal walls, and soft tissue septa. Eight of 13 cases exhibited large cavitary masses (mean diameter 18.7 cm) with thick walls and feathery mineralization. Three of 13 cases had multiple smaller cavitary lesions with thin walls and without mineralization (mean diameter 8.4 cm). Two of 13 cases presented with both lesion types. These findings suggest two typical CT appearances correlated with AE: large thick‐walled‐ and smaller thin‐walled lesions. These groups may represent different stages of AE, with smaller lesions merging and progressing into larger ones. In conclusion, CT provides valuable information in evaluating hepatic lesions in dogs with AE. Large cavitary, thick‐walled liver lesions with feathery wall mineralization, irregular inner margination, septation, and no central contrast uptake strongly indicate hepatic AE in dogs, differentiating it from other masses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the association between rainfall and the disappearance of mineral mixtures in the supplementation of cattle on pasture. Supplement consumption and rainfall data were obtained from five experiments carried out between 2016 and 2022. The experiments lasted from 84 to 126 days and had 12 to 18 paddocks formed by Brachiaria spp. under grazing by beef cattle (n = 544), receiving mineral supplementation. Supplement disappearance (SD), difference between the amount offered and leftovers (considering intake and losses) and precipitation (PR), was measured over periods of 14 to 21 days. The periods (n = 565) were classified as very dry, dry, normal, rainy, and very rainy, using the Quantis method. The number of rainy days (RD) and the average precipitation per RD (APRD) per period and the average body weight (BW) of the animals in the periods were also determined. Linear regression analyses assessed the association between BW, PR, RD, and APRD. The average PR in the periods studied was 68.5 mm, ranging from 0.00 to 160.3 mm. Each period had up to six RD, with up to 129.5 mm precipitated. The average BW was 270 kg, ranging from 208 to 335 kg and the average SD was 82.2 g/animal/day, ranging from 0.52 to 176.7 g/animal/day. Differences in RD and APRD are consistent across precipitation classes. In the regression analysis, the model with the highest coefficient of determination was the one that contained the linear and quadratic terms for the RD variable. Including linear and quadratic terms of all variables in a multiple regression represented more than half of the variation in the disappearance of the supplement (R2 = 0.5823). There is no clear relationship between the intensity of precipitation, reflected in the form of classes, and the disappearance of supplements offered to cattle on pasture since dry and very rainy periods can be equivalent. However, variables that characterize the precipitation pattern are more relevant than animal live weight to explain existing variations in supplement disappearance. Among them, the frequency with which precipitation occurs (number of rainy days in the period) seems to be more important than the precipitation rate itself, probably because it is related to the volume of precipitation accumulated in the period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fossilized wood is a key geoheritage feature found in many protected areas. Knowledge about its formation is also key to the understanding of such areas. This study investigates the mineralization processes of the world's longest petrified wood (Koompassioxylon elegans), BT1, located in Tak, Thailand, an extraordinary and rare specimen with significance for scientific, educational, geotourism, recreational, geopark, and geoheritage purposes. Multiple techniques including petrography, scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEMEDS), and X-ray diffractometer (XRD) were employed. Petrographically, the wood structures exhibit different types of quartz crystals, with microcrystalline quartz and spherulitic chalcedony being prominent. The vessels contain chalcedony and crypto-to micro- crystalline quartz, with vug-like precipitation occurring within them. Prismatic quartz crystals grow divergently around the vessels, while other cells such as tracheids, rays, and parenchyma (see Appendix for definition of these terms) are permineralized by polycrystalline quartz, chalcedony, and opal, indicating degradation of these cells. The cells outside the vessels also contain the larger polycrystalline quartz grains cross-cutting the wood cell boundaries. Red to reddish-brown Feoxides coat some fissures and cracks. XRD analysis reveals dominant peaks of quartz, followed by analcite, feldspar, montmorillonite, and goethite. SEM-EDS analysis identifies major and trace elements in the wood, showing incomplete permineralization with remnants of carbon in the wood cells. Mineral replacement and permineralization occur in the cell walls, tracheid lumen, vessels, intercellular spaces, and void spaces. The weathering in BT1 is identified by the presence of iron stains, goethite inclusions, a spongy appearance, lenticular features, and fungal growth on the perforated texture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here, a novel fabrication method for making free‐standing 3D hierarchical porous carbon aerogels from molecularly engineered biomass‐derived hydrogels is presented. In situ formed flower‐like CaCO3 molecularly embedded within the hydrogel network regulated the pore structure during in situ mineralization assisted one‐step activation graphitization (iMAG), while the intrinsic structural integrity of the carbon aerogels was maintained. The homogenously distributed minerals simultaneously acted as a hard template, activating agent, and graphitization catalyst. The decomposition of the homogenously distributed CaCO3 during iMAG followed by the etching of residual CaO through a mild acid washing endowed a robust carbon aerogel with high porosity and excellent electrochemical performance. At 0.5 mA cm−2, the gravimetric capacitance increased from 0.01 F g−1 without mineralization to 322 F g−1 with iMAG, which exceeds values reported for any other free‐standing or powder‐based biomass‐derived carbon electrodes. An outstanding cycling stability of ~104% after 1000 cycles in 1 M HClO4 was demonstrated. The assembled symmetric supercapacitor device delivered a high specific capacitance of 376 F g−1 and a high energy density of 26 W h kg−1 at a power density of 4000 W kg−1, with excellent cycling performance (98.5% retention after 2000 cycles). In combination with the proposed 3D printed mold‐assisted solution casting (3DMASC), iMAG allows for the generation of free‐standing carbon aerogel architectures with arbitrary shapes. Furthermore, the novel method introduces flexibility in constructing free‐standing carbon aerogels from any ionically cross‐linkable biopolymer while maintaining the ability to tailor the design, dimensions, and pore size distribution for specific energy storage applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 16-week incubation experiment was conducted to determine the pattern of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and sulphur (S) mineralization in soils treated with poultry manure slurry (PMS), poultry manure with bedding (PMB), cattle manure (CM), horse manure (HM), rabbit manure (RM), swine manure (SM), and goat and sheep manure (GSM) applied at 120 kg N ha−1. The concentrations of nitrate–N (NO3-N), ammonium-N (NH4-N), total mineral nitrogen (TMN), available P, and S were determined fortnightly. Result showed that SM and HM had significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher C:N, C:P, C:S, N:P and N:S than other manures. The percentage of TMN, P, and S mineralized was in the order of SM > CM > HM > GSM > RM > PMB > PMS. From 8 to 14 weeks, SM, CM, HM, GSM, and RM exhibited net negative ammonification, while net positive nitrification of NO3-N occurred from 6 to 14 weeks of incubation in all manures. Soil treated with SM had a significantly higher proportion of total mineral N, available P, and S by 24, 54, and 45%, respectively. PMS had the highest mineralization and concentration of TMN, P and S; and peak at 10, 8, and 6 weeks, respectively. NO3-N was the dominant form of total mineral N (R2 = 0.99), and positive correlation occurred between TMN and cumulative P (R2 = 0.82) and S (R2 = 0.94). The study concluded that manure quality and properties are good predictors of N, P, and S mineralization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The mineralization rate of soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) is important for determining soil C storage as well as nutrient supply and retention. Soil C and N decomposition processes are microbially driven and are therefore expected to be influenced by the balance between soil resource availability and microbial resource demand. However, we lack understanding of how the microbial uptake and mineralization of soil C and N is affected by different levels of fertilization and crop rotation patterns in agricultural systems. Materials and methods: Soils from a field experiment including five levels of N fertilization (0 kg N ha−1 (control, 0), 84 kg N ha−1 (low N application), 95 kg N ha−1 (moderate N application), 105 kg N ha−1 (conventional N application) and 115.5 kg N ha−1 (high N application)) were used to determine soil C and N mineralization and retention, in either a tobacco plantation either under tobacco monoculture or tobacco-maize rotation. Results and discussion: Nitrogen fertilizer application increased net N mineralization (40–307%), net nitrification (150–400%), microbial NUE (131–373%) and CUE (16–57%) but decreased respiration (11–42%) in monoculture system, due to the significant higher DOC concentration and microbial C limitation. However, N fertilizer application increased net N mineralization (67–400%), net nitrification (50–544%), and microbial NUE (84–438%) but reduced microbial respiration (56–71%) and CUE (8–39%) in rotation system, due to the lower microbial activity caused by significant higher microbial C and N limitation and poorer C quality. Therefore, fertilization aggravated microbial resource limitation and lowered quality indicated by elemental stoichiometry in rotation system, leading to decoupling of microbial respiration and metabolism. Conclusions: Together, our results suggest that elemental stoichiometry and enzyme activities can be used to predict soil C and N cycling under different agricultural management practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bio-Gide® is a collagen membrane routinely used in guided bone regeneration. Recent studies have shown that this collagen membrane has osteoconductive properties, meaning that it can support the growth of new bone. However, it has also been observed that the collagen membrane has areas of mineralized fibers which can occur spontaneously and independently of osteoblasts. To better understand how this works, we established a model using minced collagen membranes to reduce the active mineralization of intact collagen membranes in favor of passive mineralization. We thus compared the original intact membrane with a minced collagen membrane in a 5 mm calvarial defect model in Sprague Dawley rats. After three weeks of healing, histology and microcomputed tomography (μCT) were performed. Histological analysis confirmed the osteoconductive properties, with new bone growing inside the intact collagen membrane. However, in minced collagen membranes, the osteoconductive properties were restricted to the defect margins. Interestingly, histology revealed large mineralized areas indicating passive mineralization with no signs of bone formation. In the μCT analysis, the intact collagen membranes caused a higher median mineralized volume (1.5 mm3) compared with the minced group (0.4 mm3), but this lacked significance (p = 0.09). The μCT analysis needs to be interpreted carefully, particularly in defects filled with minced membranes, considering that the mineralized tissue may not necessarily be bone but also the result of passive mineralization. Taken together, the findings suggest that Bio-Gide® collagen membranes support bone formation while also exhibiting potential for passive mineralization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, fluorine-doped SnO2-based dimensionally stable anode (DSA) types were fabricated as electrocatalytic materials to degrade methylene blue (MB) in water. The materials were obtained by using a modified Pechini method. The F-doping in anodes improved the electrocatalytic properties, which were reflected by the decrease in the Tafel slope (from 820 to 338 mVdec−1) and during the MB degradation process. A ~ 98% degradation was achieved on the F-doped anode with Cl− ions in the reaction media. The Cl− addition improved the degradation kinetics (kPSO = 0.025 min−1), and the MB degradation pathway was corroborated through liquid chromatography coupled with mass detection. The doped anode showed more than 98% of MB mineralization for 5 cycles. The obtained anodes are low cost and effective electrocatalytic materials for wastewater treatment applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Imini mining district (southern foreland of the intraplate Atlasic belt of Morocco) hosts the largest Mn resources of North Africa, consisting of two laterally extensive bodies of high-grade pyrolusite-rich manganese ore and a third discontinuous medium-grade coronadite-rich Mn ore in a ~ 10–15-m-thick Cenomanian–Turonian dolostone unit. Until now, the origin and timing of the Mn ore have been poorly constrained. New Pb isotopic ratios show that Triassic series (basalts and ferruginous sandstone) are likely the source of the metals. 40Ar/39Ar dating of K-Mn oxides shows that the Mn-rich orebodies formed during at least three periods: late Cretaceous to late Paleocene (> 58 Ma), late Eocene (ca. 36.3 Ma), and early Burdigalian to early Serravalian probably in two pulses at ca. 19–20 Ma and ca. 13 Ma. These periods coincide with three known building phases of the Atlasic relief during late Cretaceous, late Eocene, and the Early(?)-Middle Miocene. We therefore propose the Atlasic tectonics as the first-order control of the Mn mineralization. Periods with regionally high elevations modified the climate to wetter conditions that supplied meteoric water to feed temporary aquifers. Relief building created the required hydraulic head to sustain (1) fluid-rock interaction between O2-poor acidic fluids and the Triassic series, (2) migration of the metal-rich fluid, and (3) to overpressure fluid in the Imini depositional site. The decreasing thickness of Triassic series in front of the Imini anticline forced these low-temperature (< 100 °C) fluids to mix with oxygenated and alkaline ground waters in the karst system and precipitate Mn oxides. The N70°-oriented Atlasic tectonic structure controls the orientation of the Mn deposits. The late Eocene–Early/Middle Miocene uplifts generated additional supplies and/or in situ remobilization of the primary late Cretaceous medium-grade ore to form the high-grade pyrolusite-rich ore. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The geological structural patterns and hydrothermal alteration zones of Atauro Island, Timor-Leste, which are influenced by the collision mechanism between the Banda Arc and the Australian Continent, are the subject of this study. The study identifies fault types and alteration zones through stereographic analysis. It indicates the possibility of mineralisation in the area. Four alteration zones were identified in this study: argillic, Propylitic, calcosite, and geotite. The analysis results show that left-striking and normal faulting were essential in forming these zones. The mineralisation zones, mainly chalcopyrite and chalcocite, are related to the north-northeast trending left horizontal Fault. In addition, this study suggests additional research that includes mineralogy, geochemical, and geophysical analyses to understand more about the characteristics of hydrothermal alteration zones and possible mineralisation on Atauro Island. The results of this study are expected to improve our understanding of mineral resources in the region, and it is suggested that this information be considered by authorities responsible for the management of potential natural resources on Atauro Island, Timor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Changes in soil nutrient dynamics after biochar application may affect indirect carbon sequestration through changes in plant productivity in forest ecosystems. In the present study, we examined the effects of woody biochar application on soil nitrogen (N) cycling over 8 months in a warm-temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest. Mineral soil samples were collected from the plots treated with different biochar applications (0, 5, and 10 Mg ha−1), and the soil inorganic N concentration was measured. Net mineralization and nitrification rates were determined in each plot using the resin–core method. Soil temperature and water content did not change significantly, but the pH increased significantly following biochar application. Soil inorganic N concentrations (NH4+ and NO3−) and net N transformation rates (mineralization and nitrification rates) were significantly reduced. Microbial biomass and the nitrification ratio (the ratio of nitrification rate to mineralization rate) were unchanged, indicating that the decrease in soil inorganic N concentration was due to the reduced mineralization rate. Adsorption of substrates (from organic matter) by the applied biochar is the most likely reason for the reduction in the N mineralization rate. The results indicate that biochar application does not necessarily stimulate N transformation, which will affect indirect carbon sequestration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methane (CH4) emissions from reservoir to the atmosphere depend on the balance of microbial CH4 production and oxidation, and temperature is an important factor to both processes by influencing directly the activity of microorganism. Six sediment cores of 30 cm were collected from the Meiziya Reservoir, China, a small water conservancy project with the maximum water depth of 9.7 m. The main input of reservoir was terrigenous organic matter, and the δ13C of organic matter in sediments ranged from − 27.5 to − 23.3‰. Using a self-made device for monitoring CH4 production rate, we measured the CH4 production and oxidation rates in sediment cores simultaneously at the range of 6–27 °C with an interval of 3 °C. The CH4 net production rates and oxidation rates in sediment cores varied in the range of (4.2–2489.0) × 10−3 µmol/L·h−1 and (16.0–1287.5) × 10−3 µmol/L·h−1, respectively. Increasing temperature enhanced the CH4 production and oxidation rates, and the former increased over temperature with an exponential trend. In the Meiziya Reservoir, a large proportion of CH4 (69.7–70.6%) that originated from sediments was depleted before escaping to the surface sediments. During the mineralization of organic matter in sediments, the release of CH4 accounted for 1.1–66.8% of gaseous carbon (calculated by the mass of C). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cushion plants are one kind of unique specie in alpine ecosystems. They have a compact perennial cushion structure and play a role in facilitating the survival of other associated species by improving the local micro-environment. They are called "engineers" in the alpine ecosystem and their enhancement of soil nutrient availability is one of the ways of their engineering effect. In this study, Androsace tapete, a species of cushion plant widely distributed on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, was selected to investigate the dynamics of this process during the growing season at elevations of 4500 m and 4800 m on the southern slope of the Nyenchenthanglha mountains in Damxung. The effects of A. tapete on soil nutrient availability were analyzed by comparing the inorganic nitrogen content, net nitrogen mineralization rate and soil enzyme activities during the growing season in the soil under A. tapete and ambient grassland (CK). The results showed three important aspects of this system. (1) Soil nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen did not show significant differences at 4500 m, but the contents of nitrate nitrogen and inorganic nitrogen under the A. tapete soil significantly increased in the middle of the growing season at 4800 m, with nitrate nitrogen increasing by 56% and inorganic nitrogen increasing by 74.5%. (2) The trend and rate of soil nitrogen mineralization were both changed under A. tapete. In the 4500 m sample site, soil net nitrogen mineralization under A. tapete was negative (nitrogen immobilization) in the middle of the growing season, and the rate was –0.11 µg g–1 d–1, while that of CK was positive (nitrogen mineralization) and the rate was 0.61 µg g–1 d–1; and the difference between them was significant. However, both were positive in the early and late growing season, and the difference did not reach a significant level. In the 4800 m sample site, the soil net nitrogen mineralization under A. tapete was positive in the early part of the growing season, and the rate was 0.07 µg g–1 d–1, while the mineralization for CK was negative, and the rate was –1.17 µg g–1 d–1; and the difference was significant. In the middle of the growing season, both of them were negative, but the soil net nitrogen mineralization rate under A. tapete (–1.95 µg g–1 d–1) was significantly lower than that of CK (–0.02 µg g–1 d–1). At the late stage of the growing season, both of them were negative, and the difference was not significant. (3) Activities of nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase in the soil were significantly increased under A. tapete. Compared to CK at the 4500 m sample site, the activities of nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase under A. tapete were increased by 9.1% and 15.7%, respectively; and they were increased by 22.5% and 16.1%, respectively, at the 4800 m sample site. The activities of these two enzymes were significantly correlated with the dynamics of inorganic nitrogen in the soil. These results indicated that, compared to CK, the cushion plant A. tapete can change the process of soil nitrogen mineralization and the content of inorganic nitrogen, but that change had seasonal dynamics and spatial differences, which implies that this process was affected not only by the engineering of the cushion plant but also by changes in the local environment. Therefore, the engineering effect of cushion plant A. tapete was not constant during the growing seasons, and further studies are needed to clarify this process, especially considering the rapidly changing climate on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This cross-sectional invitro research aimed to compare and contrast the macroscopic and microscopic, mechanical and biochemical features of leukocyte-rich platelet-rich fibrin, advanced platelet-rich fibrin, and injectable platelet-rich fibrin. Materials and methods: In all, 150 samples were taken from males aged 18 to 25 with good systemic health (n = 50 each for i-PRF, A-PRF, and L-PRF). The samples were assessed for clot length, clot width, membrane length and width. Microscopic parameters assessed were the distribution of cells and fibrin structure. Mechanical tests were performed for tensile strength using a universal testing machine and growth factor analysis was performed for platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and transforming growth factor (TGF)- β on Days 1, 3 and 7 using commercially available ELISA kits. The osteogenic potential was analyzed in a culture of human periodontal ligament cells for 21 days using cell viability assay, alkaline phosphatase formation and alizarin red staining for mineralization. Results: L-PRF demonstrates statistically superior clot length, width, weight, membrane length, width and weight in comparison to A-PRF (p < 0.05). L-PRF demonstrates a denser fibrin structure in comparison to A-PRF and i-PRF (p < 0.05). The cells in L-PRF are most commonly situated in the proximal of the clot where as they are distributed in the proximal and middle aspect for A-PRF(p < 0.05). A-PRF demonstrates the highest tensile strength followed by L-PRF (p < 0.05). When growth factor release was evaluated, A-PRF showed noticeably increased release of all growth factors, namely PDGF-BB, TGF-ß, and VEGF, in comparison to i-PRF and L-PRF (p < 0.05). On days 7 and 14, the cell viability of human periodontal ligament cells in co-culture with A-PRF was statistically substantially greater than that of L-PRF and i-PRF (p < 0.05). Alkaline phosphatase levels were statistically substantially higher in A-PRF, followed by i-PRF and L-PRF on days 14 and 21 (p < 0.05). After 21 days of culture, A-PRF treated cultures had much more Alizarin Red staining than L-PRF and i-PRF cultures did (p < 0.05). Conclusion: It was determined that although L-PRF exhibits greater size and weight in comparison to A-PRF and i-PRF, A-PRF has superior mechanical properties, increased growth factor releases of TGF-b, PDGF-BB, and VEGF as well as superior cell viability, alkaline phosphatase production, and mineralization on human periodontal ligament cells. Clinical relevance: Based on these findings, A-PRF can be recommended for improved delivery of growth factors and osteogenesis whereas L-PRF is better-suited for applications relying on the size of membrane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improving soil health across agroecosystems has continued to receive attention around the globe, with an emphasis on sustainable organic inputs from agricultural practice. It is well known that different organic materials, such as composts, manure and cereal straws, positively affect soil carbon. The changing agricultural practices have continuously led to new and improved plants in farming. One of these innovative plants is industrial hemp. With the increasing cultivation of industrial hemp globally, the problem of the disposal of hemp residues has been encountered. However, the rich carbon content found in hemp residues in soil is anticipated to enhance the soil quality and address the challenge of effectively utilizing hemp straw. In this study, we conducted a two-way experimental trial to evaluate the decomposition of hemp residues using placement methods (residues incorporated into the soil or left on the soil surface) and nitrogen sources as additives. Different nitrogen additives (nitrogen fertilizer pellets, liquid nitrogen, organic fertilizers, and the preparation "Bioversio") were selected to accelerate the decomposition of hemp residues. The results showed that the mineralization rates were faster in the residues incorporated in the soil, with a mass loss of over 54% compared to the treatments left on the soil. The influence of additives on the decomposition rates was statistically significant. Additionally, there was a significant increase in the N content in the soil, while the change in carbon content in the soil was not statistically significant. These research results reinforce nitrogen fertilizers' positive role in accelerating hemp residue decomposition in soil. Furthermore, our findings will help contribute to the effective and sustainable utilization of hemp residues as a bioresource material to improve soil health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Bisphosphonates are prescribed to treat excessive bone resorption in patients with osteoporosis. However, its use is associated with potential adverse effects such as medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw, prompting the introduction of the drug holiday concept in patients prior to dentoalveolar surgery. Furthermore, bisphosphonate discontinuation has been studied in vivo, in humans, and in animal models. However, it is not known whether this approach could affect bone cells in vitro. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the potential effects of bisphosphonate discontinuation on pre-osteoblast and osteoblast activities in vitro. Methodology Pre-osteoblasts (MC3T3) and osteoblasts were treated with bisphosphonate (alendronate) at concentrations of 1, 5, and 10 µM. Alendronate was then withdrawn at different time points. The negative control consisted of untreated cells (0 µM), while the positive control consisted of cells incubated with alendronate throughout the experiment. Cell viability, cell adhesion, cell cytoskeleton, mineralization, and gene expressions were investigated. Results Pre-osteoblasts and osteoblasts showed a decrease in cell viability after treatment with 5-10 μM alendronate for 4 days or longer. Two days of alendronate discontinuation significantly increased cell viability compared with the positive control. However, these levels did not reach those of the negative control. Bone nodule formation was reduced by alendronate. Discontinuation of alendronate regained bone nodule formation. Longer periods of discontinuation were more effective in restoring nodule formation than shorter periods. Addition of alendronate resulted in an increase in the percentage of dead cells, which, in turn, decreased when alendronate was discontinued. Alendronate affected the cell cytoskeleton by disassembling actin stress fibers. Cell adhesion and cell morphological parameters were also affected by alendronate. Discontinuation of alendronate restored cell adhesion and these parameters. Overall, the highest improvement after alendronate discontinuation was seen at 10 µM. However, alendronate treatment and discontinuation did not affect osteoblast gene expression. Conclusion Discontinuation of alendronate helps to reverse the negative effects of the drug on cell viability, cell adhesion, and mineralization by restoring the cell cytoskeleton. Our data suggest the benefits of drug holiday and/or intermittent strategies for alendronate administration at the cellular level.

Nanoplastics (NPs), characterized by sizes < 1 µm, are not completely removed in conventional drinking water treatment plants affecting human health. Catalytic ozonation appears as a promising alternative due to its ability to oxidize emerging pollutants by generating hydroxyl radicals with higher removal rate and mineralization than single ozonation. In this work, catalytic ozonation was investigated for the removal of polystyrene nanoplastics (PSNPs) by employing transition metal ion catalysts, Fe3+, Co2+, Ni2+, and Zn2+. The single ozonation of PSNPs, in the absence of catalyst, led to low turbidity reduction (33 %) and low mineralization rate (16 %) even after 2 h reaction time. Nevertheless, the rapid size reduction of PSNPs by >99 % in less than 5 min of ozonation (TOD: 30 mg L−1) was confirmed. This fact could imply a new issue under the ozone disinfection conditions by the formation of smaller-size particles. However, in the presence of Co2+ (1 mM), the highest PSNPs ozonation performance was achieved, decreasing the turbidity up to 65 % and achieving 70 % of mineralization in the same ozonation time. The scavenger experiments with methanol confirmed that direct ozonation and catalyst role were responsible for PSNPs degradation, with the generation of •OH being the most dominant catalytic mechanism. Therefore, although single ozonation at disinfection doses reduced the particle size of PSNPs, the catalytic process demonstrated greater efficacy in the total removal of PSNPs. These results highlight the need to further investigate ozonation of NPs intermediates, and the synergic improvements of catalytic ozonation for their mineralization.

IntroductionFibroblast growth factor 20 (Fgf20), a member of the Fgf9 subfamily, was identified as an important regulator of bone differentiation and homeostasis processes. However, the role of Fgf20 in bone physiology has not been approached yet. Here we present a comprehensive bone phenotype analysis of mice with functional ablation of Fgf20.MethodsThe study conducts an extensive analysis of Fgf20 knockout mice compared to controls, incorporating microCT scanning, volumetric analysis, Fgf9 subfamily expression and stimulation experiment and histological evaluation.ResultsThe bone phenotype could be detected especially in the area of​ the lumbar and caudal part of the spine and in fingers. Regarding the spine, Fgf20-/- mice exhibited adhesions of the transverse process of the sixth lumbar vertebra to the pelvis as well as malformations in the distal part of their tails. Preaxial polydactyly and polysyndactyly in varying degrees of severity were also detected. High resolution microCT analysis of distal femurs and the fourth lumbar vertebra showed significant differences in structure and mineralization in both cortical and trabecular bone. These findings were histologically validated and may be associated with the expression of Fgf20 in chondrocytes and their progenitors. Moreover, histological sections demonstrated increased bone tissue formation, disruption of Fgf20-/- femur cartilage, and cellular-level alterations, particularly in osteoclasts. We also observed molar dysmorphology, including root taurodontism, and described variations in mineralization and dentin thickness.DiscussionOur analysis provides evidence that Fgf20, together with other members of the Fgf9 subfamily, plays a crucial regulatory role in skeletal development and bone homeostasis.

This study aimed to analyze the N storage capacity of litterfall and its impact on C mineralization in beech forests. The research was conducted at 15 sample plots under European beech stands located in different ecological conditions on the territory of Serbia. More than half (53%) of the sample plots are characterized by low and very low litterfall N content (

Abstract A new species of the extant staphylinid genus Vicelva Moore & Legner, V. rasilis sp. nov., is reported from mid‐Cretaceous Kachin amber of northern Myanmar. Vicelva rasilis is distinguishable from extant members of Vicelva by the smoother dorsal surface of head, pronotum and elytra, less prominent median projection of clypeus, unnotched mesal edge of mandibles, semiglabrous antennomere 6, and longer tarsomere 1. The pollen‐containing coprolite attached to the beetle and the crystals within the beetle body provide valuable information about the biology and taphonomy of the fossil.

Abstract Matrix vesicles (MVs) provide the initial site for amorphous hydroxyapatite (HA) formation within mineralizing osteoblasts. Although Na+/Ca2+ exchanger isoform‐3 (NCX3, SLC8A3) was presumed to function as major Ca2+ transporter responsible for Ca2+ extrusion out of osteoblast into the calcifying bone matrix, its presence and functional role in MVs have not been investigated. In this study, we investigated the involvement of NCX3 in MV‐mediated mineralization process and its impact on bone formation. Using differentiated MC3T3‐E1 cells, we demonstrated that NCX3 knockout in these cells resulted in a significant reduction of Ca2+ deposition due to reduced Ca2+ entry within the MVs, leading to impaired mineralization. Consequently, the capacity of MVs to promote extracellular HA formation was diminished. Moreover, primary osteoblast isolated from NCX3 deficient mice (NCX3−/−) exhibits reduced mineralization efficacy without any effect on osteoclast activity. To validate this in vitro finding, μCT analysis revealed a substantial decrease in trabecular bone mineral density in both genders of NCX3−/− mice, thus supporting the critical role of NCX3 in facilitating Ca2+ uptake into the MVs to initiate osteoblast‐mediated mineralization. NCX3 expression was also found to be the target of downregulation by inflammatory mediators in vitro and in vivo. This newfound understanding of NCX3's functional role in MVs opens new avenues for therapeutic interventions aimed at enhancing bone mineralization and treating mineralization‐related disorders.

Abstract Objective To explore the feasibility of injectable platelet-rich fibrin (i-PRF) in regenerative endodontics by comparing the effect of i-PRF and platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) on the biological behavior and angiogenesis of human stem cells from the apical papilla (SCAPs). Methodology i-PRF and PRF were obtained from venous blood by two different centrifugation methods, followed by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was conducted to quantify the growth factors. SCAPs were cultured with different concentrations of i-PRF extract (i-PRFe) and PRF extract (PRFe), and the optimal concentrations were selected using the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. The cell proliferation and migration potentials of SCAPs were then observed using the CCK-8 and Transwell assays. Mineralization ability was detected by alizarin red staining (ARS), and angiogenesis ability was detected by tube formation assay. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was performed to evaluate the expression of genes related to mineralization and angiogenesis. The data were subjected to statistical analysis. Results i-PRF and PRF showed a similar three-dimensional fibrin structure, while i-PRF released a higher concentration of growth factors than PRF ( P .05). More importantly, our results showed that i-PRFe had a stronger effect on SCAPs than PRFe in facilitating mineralization and angiogenesis, with the consistent result of RT-qPCR ( P

Aim: This study aimed to fabricate and characterize Mesoporous calcium silicate nanoparticles (MCSNs) and silver-incorporated Mesoporous calcium silicate nanoparticles (Ag-MCSNs) as bioactive nanoparticles either for hybridization with contemporary endodontic materials to improve their bioactivity by using (MCSNs) as a drug delivery system, and to achieve both low cytotoxicity and enhanced antibacterial activity by incorporating Ag which is avery potent antibacterial agent to form (Ag-MCSNs) as new multifunctional materials. Methods: The MCSNs and Ag-MCSNs nanoparticles were made using the template method. Both nanoparticles' mesoporous structure, specific surface area, pore volume, pore size, and shape were examined and characterized by FTIR, XRD, EDS, DLS, and FE-SEM. The ion release, pH change, cytotoxicity by MTT assay, and antibacterial properties against planktonic Enterococcus faecalis were further investigated by colony forming units (CFUs) counting technique. Result: MCSNs nanoparticles were prepared and successfully incorporated with silver as Ag-MCSNs. MCSNs and Ag-MCSN nanoparticles had the characteristic mesoporous material shape and over time showed sustained ion release (Ca2+,Si4+ and Ag+) ,with an alkaline pH value (8.2–9.0). Both materials showed no obvious cytotoxicity but more cell viability with MCSNs (vitality value is >70%). Both nanoparticles showed antibacterial activity against Enterococcus faecalis (p

Paper pulp is a lignocellulosic fibrous material used in the industrial production of paper and board products. In addition to cellulose and hemicellulose, paper pulp contains 1 to 20% lignin, depending on the raw materials and pulping process used. Lignin is a heterogenous aromatic polymer that is hydrophobic and more resistant to microbial degradation compared to the easily biodegradable cellulose and hemicellulose. In this study, the biodegradation of paper pulps containing varying amounts of lignin was examined in soil and marine environments using ISO testing methods. Lignin significantly reduced the mineralization of paper pulps to CO2 in both environmental conditions, and a strong inverse correlation between lignin content and the mineralization to CO2 was observed. A similar impact was observed with natural materials containing lignin, such as birch sawdust. Since the calculation of biodegradability in most ISO and EN standards is based solely on the concept of mineralization to CO2, materials containing lignin can receive poor values in these tests. The implications of this for standardized requirements of biodegradability and possible options to overcome testing deficiencies are discussed.

Objective The Haopinggou Ag-Au polymetallic deposit is a typical intermediate-sulfidation epithermal deposit in the Xiong'ershan ore concentration area. Ag-Pb-Zn mineralization mainly occurs in steeply dipping veins and breccia matrix. The relationship between large-scale Pb-Zn mineralization and widely developed alteration minerals remains unclear. Methods In order to discuss chlorite's significance related to Pb-Zn mineralization, chlorite composition in the Haopinggou Ag-Au polymetallic deposit has been analyzed by field geological observation and electron microprobe analysis (EMPA) in this paper. Results Three types of chlorite were observed in the deposit, occurring in altered wall rocks (Type I), in(with) Pb-Zn sulfides (Type II), and in(with) the breccia matrix (Type III). All three types of chlorite are prochlorites and fall within the compositional range of Fe-rich chlorite, indicating that they could be formed in a partially reducing acidic environment. Fe2+ for Mg2+ is the primary substitution in chlorite lattice, suggesting a close association between chlorite formation and mafic wall rocks. Based on the corrected chlorite geothermometer, these chlorites formed under aluminum-saturated conditions in the medium to low-temperature range of 196-239℃. The temperatures of chlorites associated with mineralization (Types II and III) are higher than those in chlorites around quartz veins (Type I). It is believed that during the mineralization process, the hydrothermal fluids evolved from acidic to nearly neutral conditions as the temperature gradually decreased. The initial acidic environment facilitated interaction between water and rocks, promoting the dissolution of surrounding rocks and providing space for the further precipitation of metal sulfides. The evolution of ore fluid properties also corresponds to the deposition process of Ag-Pb-Zn. The genesis of chlorite in the deposit is well-correlated with the ore-forming and holds significant prospecting value. (1) Type I chlorites mainly develop on both sides of quartz veins, formed by the dissolution and metasomatism of basic wall rocks by ore-bearing hydrothermal fluids. Type I chlorite's Fe and Mg components are mostly derived from the wall rocks. Although this type does not contain mineralization, it can be used to trace veins. (2) Type III chlorites reflect the migration process of ore-bearing hydrothermal fluids carrying dissolved minerals (biotite/clinopyroxene), which precipitate with changes in the physicochemical environment. Type III chlorite's Fe and Mg components are mainly introduced by ore-bearing hydrothermal fluids. This type of chlorite fills the intergranular pore spaces between minerals and easily replaces minerals such as biotite and hornblende, exhibiting apparent mineral alteration features in hand specimens, which is beneficial for prospecting.(3) The formation mechanism of Type II chlorites includes the possibilities mentioned above. This type of chlorite is formed by complete dissolution and metasomatism of cement in ore-bearing hydrothermal fluids, forming fine-grained cryptocrystalline chlorite fillings in breccia rocks. Ore-bearing hydrothermal fluids and wall rocks both contribute Fe and Mg in the chlorites. Hand specimens of Type II chlorite are dark green, disseminated and filled in the matrix, making it easy to distinguish. The chemical characteristics of Type II chlorites are similar to those of chemical characteristics of granite-related deposits, implying the contribution of magmatic fluids to ore-forming fluids. Conclusion The Haopinggou Ag-Au polymetallic deposit contains three types of chlorites. Their chemical characteristics all reflect an acidic and reducing metallogenic environment. In cation exchange, the primary substitution is Fe for Mg, and other substitutions are insignificant. The effect of Fe/(Fe+Mg) must be eliminated in order to calculate the temperature of such deposits using chlorite geothermometers. The formation mechanism of the three chlorites is closely related to mafic wall rock, and their chemical properties suggest the involvement of magmatic fluids in ore-forming fluids. Significance These three types of chlorite are well-matched with intense Ag-Pb-Zn mineralization and can serve as key indicators for locating Pb-Zn veins.

Organic vegetable producers in Georgia, USA, utilize a range of amendments to supply nitrogen (N) for crop production. However, differences in soil type, fertilizers and environmental conditions can result in variability in N mineralization rates among commonly utilized organic fertilizers in the region. In this study, the effects of temperature on N mineralization from three commercial organic fertilizers [feather meal (FM), pelleted poultry litter (PPL) and a mixed organic fertilizer (MIX)] in two soil types from Georgia, USA (Cecil sandy clay loam and Tifton loamy sand) were evaluated for 120 d. Net N mineralization (Net Nmin) varied with soil type, fertilizer and temperature. After 120 d, Net Nmin from the FM fertilizer ranged between 41% and 77% of total organic N applied, the MIX fertilizer ranged between 26% and 59% and the PPL fertilizer ranged between 0% and 22% across all soil types and temperatures. Incubation at higher temperatures (20 °C and 30 °C) impacted Net Nmin of FM fertilizer in the Tifton series soil. Temperature and soil type had a relatively minor impact on the potentially mineralizable N of the PPL and MIX fertilizers after 120 d of incubation; however, both factors impacted the rate of fertilizer release shortly after application, which could impact the synchronicity of N availability and plant uptake. Temperature-related differences in the mineralization of organic fertilizers may not be large enough to influence a grower’s decisions regarding N fertilizer inputs for vegetable crop production in the two soils. However, organic fertilizer source will likely play a significant role in N availability during the cropping season.

Sagh mineral occurrence is located southeast of Torbat-e-Heydarieh, Khorasan Razavi province, and in the eastern part of the Khaf-Kashmar-Bardeskan magmatic belt. The rock units of area are divided into two categories: intrusions (monzonite, monzodiorite, diorite, and syenite) in the southern half, and conglomerate in the northern half. One square kilometer of continuous mineralization may be observed as stockwork, while there are other locations where it has a linear trend and is supported by intrusive rocks. Primary minerals include specularite, chalcopyrite, pyrite, galena, and sulfosalt, and secondary minerals include malachite, goethite, hematite, chalcosite, caveolite, and anglesite. The mineralization textures are vein-veinlet, disseminated, replacement, and cloform, mainly with a strong chloritic-silicified alteration. The average amount of copper is 0.8 with a maximum of more than 3%, the average amount of silver is 24.4 with a maximum of more than 113 ppm, and the average amount of gold is 44 with a maximum of 250 ppb. The average amount of lead is 761 ppm with a maximum of 0.4% and the average amount of zinc is 430 ppm with a maximum of 0.1%. The formation temperature of ore-forming fluid is between 159 and 328 °C and the salinity is between 7.2 and 16.7 wt.% equiv. NaCl. The mixing of magmatic fluids with meteoric waters with low temperatures and salinity was the most important mechanism of mineral formation. Based on the evidence of tectonic setting, lithology, type of alteration, shape, and state of mineralization, and the presence of abundant specularity with copper, silver, and gold anomalies, probably the Sagh area is iron oxide Cu-Ag±Au type. Introduction The geological settings, hydrothermal alteration, and mineralizing fluid compositions vary among the deposits of “IOCG-type” (Hitzman et al., 1992; Sillitoe, 2003). However, they belong to a family of Cu ±Au deposits that include substantial hydrothermal alkali (Na/Ca/K) alteration and a lot of low-Ti iron oxide (magnetite and/or hematite). According to Williams et al. (2005), these deposits likewise exhibit strong structural constraints and a temporal but not a tight geographical relationship with igneous rocks. They formed in rift or subduction settings (Hitzman, 2002) from the Late Archean to the Pliocene (Groves et al., 2010). Sagh mineral occurrence is located the southeast of Torbat-e-Heydarieh, Khorasan Razavi province, and in the eastern part of the Khaf-Kashmar-Bardeskan magmatic belt (Fig.1). This belt has a high potential for iron oxide copper-gold type deposits and sometimes skarn and porphyry copper (Karimpour, 2004). The purpose of this research is geological studies and determine the relationship of intrusions with mineralization, examine the total paragenesis sequence, geochemistry, fluid inclusions studies and finally determine the mineralization model, and the formation of mineral occurrences in the Sagh area, for the first time is done. Materials and methods To investigate the lithology, alteration, and mineralization of the Sagh area, 61 samples were taken mainly from the intrusions. 32 samples for the thin section and 10 samples for the polished thin section and polished block were selected, prepared, and studied. Then, the geological and alteration-mineralization map with a scale of 1:5000 was prepared in Arc GIS software. Furthermore, for geochemical studies of mineralization zones and veins, 24 samples were taken and sent to the Zarazma laboratory for analysis. Analysis was done by the ICP-OES method. Furthermore, 11 samples were selected for gold analysis with Fire assay, and sent to Zarazma laboratory. Using a cooling and heating system made by Linkam Company, model THM 600, microthermometric tests and salinity determination were performed on 2 wafers of quartz minerals and 31 fluid inclusions at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Result The rock units of the area are divided into two categories: subvolcanic and plutonic intrusions in the southern half and conglomerate units in the northern half. Intrusive rocks are composed of monzonite, monzodiorite, diorite and syenite. Mineralization can be seen in the form of stockwork in a wide and continuous zone with an area of about one square kilometer, but in some places, it has a linear trend (NE-SW and NW-SE trend) which is hosted by intrusive rocks. Primary minerals include specularite, chalcopyrite, pyrite, galena, and sulfosalt, and secondary minerals include malachite, goethite, hematite, chalcosite, covellite, and anglesite. Vein-veinlet, disseminated, replacement, and cloform mineralization textures are seen, with a dominant chloritic-silicified alteration. The average concentration of copper is 0.8%, with a maximum concentration of more than 3%, silver is 24.4 ppm, with a maximum concentration of more than 113 ppm, and gold is 44 ppb, with a maximum concentration of more than 250 ppb, according to geochemical data. The average amount of lead is 761 ppm with a maximum of 0.4% and the average amount of zinc is 430 ppm with a maximum of 0.1%. Based on fluid inclusions studies, the formation temperature of ore-forming fluid is between 159 and 328 °C, and the salinity is between 7.2 and 16.7 wt.% equiv. NaCl. Discussion and Conclusion Comparing the characteristics of Sagh prospect area with other copper-bearing deposits shows that this area is very similar to iron oxide copper-gold deposits. An empiric definition of IOCG deposits is summarized as having the following five characteristics (Williams et al., 2005): (1) copper, with or without gold, as economic metals, (2) hydrothermal ore styles and strong structural controls, (3) abundant magnetite and/or hematite, (4) Fe oxides with Fe/Ti ratios greater than those in most igneous rocks and bulk crust, and (5) no clear spatial associations with igneous intrusions as, for example, displayed by porphyry and skarn ore deposits. Sillitoe (2003) proposed a close genetic relationship between IOCG deposits in northern Chile, and dioritic plutons. Mineralization in the Sagh area has a close relationship with monzonitic, monzodiorite, and diorite, which are similar to Kuh-e-Zar, Bahariyeh, Namaq, Fadiheh, Chenar, and other KKBMB deposits (Table 3). The main alteration related to mineralization in the Sagh is propylitic-silicified, and its propylitic alteration is characterized by chlorite mineral. Extensive chlorite alteration in the Sagh area is similar to Monteverde deposit in Peru (Vila et al., 1998), Mont-del-Aigle in Canada (Simard et al., 2006), Kuh-e-Zar Tarbat Heydarieh (Karimpour et al., 2017), and other IOCG type deposits in the KKBMB belt (Almasi et al., 2015; Taghadosi and Malekzadeh Shafaroudi, 2018; Najmi et al., 2023; Sahebi Khader et al., 2021; Behnamnia et al., 2023) and Qala Zari (Karimpour, 2005) in the Lut block, where the temperature and salinity of ore-fluid are lower than some IOCG type deposits in the world. Based on the available evidence, the mineral occurrence of the Sagh includes 1) the presence of oxidant intrusions formed in the subduction zone in the KKBMB, 2) mineral paragenesis of specularity, chalcopyrite, pyrite, and galena, 3) structural control of mineralization, 4) copper, silver, gold, and lead geochemical anomaly, 5) chloritic-silicified alteration, which is very compatible with iron oxide copper-silver-gold systems. The location of this area in the KKBMB belt, which has great potential for IOCG deposits, and near other IOCG deposits that have many similarities (Almasi et al., 2015; Karimpour et al., 2017; Sahebi Khader et al., 2021; Najmi et al., 2023), is a confirmation of this claim. Although monzonitic, monzodiorite, diorite, and syenitic intrusions are the host rock of mineralization and mineralization is controlled by structures and faults, this magmatism can be represented of source rock at deep. The mineral paragenesis of the Sagh and the abundance of specularity with sulphide minerals of copper, lead, and silver, which are associated with quartz and chlorite, show that mineralization generated from a high fO2, Fe-Si rich ore fluid. The metal originated from an oxidan magmatism from deep, and moved up through faults, joints, and fractures. The mixing of magmatic ore solution with higher temperature and salinity with meteoric water with lower temperature and salinity has finally led to the deposition of sulfides, and the formation of mineralization. Temperature-salinity and alteration evidence show that we are currently in the upper parts of the system, and we need more information. The relevance of this magmatic belt in eastern Iran as a significant metallogenic zone for deposits of copper, gold, and silver is growing as more and more IOCG mineral occurrences are found there.

Magnesium (Mg) is an essential macronutrient that can be obtained through mineralization of mine spoils. The leftover mine spoils of magnesite mines still contain a reliable amount of Mg in it. The Mg present in raw magnesite spoils is in its carbonate form and hence it has to be mineralized to convert it into plant available soluble forms of Mg. The effect of B. cereus and B. stercoris in the mineralization of Mg has been studied in synthetic mineral salts medium (MSM). To obtain maximum mineralization results it is important to know the optimal conditions of the organisms under which they can grow and produce more Mg. The mineralizing capability of the individual organisms and their combined effect as a consortium under various concentrations of carbon source, pH, temperature and soil organic matter has been studied. It has been seen that the organisms grow and mineralize better when 1% of glucose has been supplemented as carbon source. The optimal pH and temperature were found to be pH 7 and 35°C, respectively. The addition of anthraquinone-2-sulphonic acid (ADQS) as soil organic matter enhances the mineralization Mg in synthetic medium. Rendering to SEM and EDX analysis, the mineralization of Mg in the synthetic medium was established.

Autologous cancer vaccine that stimulates tumor-specific immune responses for personalized immunotherapy holds great potential for tumor therapy. However, its efficacy is still suboptimal due to the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (ITM). Here, we report a new type of bacteria-based autologous cancer vaccine by employing calcium carbonate (CaCO3) biomineralized Salmonella (Sal) as an in-situ cancer vaccine producer and systematical ITM regulator. CaCO3 can be facilely coated on the Sal surface with calcium ionophore A23187 co-loading, and such biomineralization did not affect the bioactivities of the bacteria. Upon intratumoral accumulation, the CaCO3 shell was decomposed at an acidic microenvironment to attenuate tumor acidity, accompanied by the release of Sal and Ca2+/A23187. Specifically, Sal served as a cancer vaccine producer by inducing cancer cells' immunogenic cell death (ICD) and promoting the gap junction formation between tumor cells and dendritic cells (DCs) to promote antigen presentation. Ca2+, on the other hand, was internalized into various types of immune cells with the aid of A23187 and synergized with Sal to systematically regulate the immune system, including DCs maturation, macrophages polarization, and T cells activation. As a result, such bio-vaccine achieved remarkable efficacy against both primary and metastatic tumors by eliciting potent anti-tumor immunity with full biocompatibility. This work demonstrated the potential of bioengineered bacteria as bio-active vaccines for enhanced tumor immunotherapy.

Polyethylene mulching film, which is widely utilized in arid and semi-arid agriculture, leaves residual pollution. A novel approach to addressing this issue is microbial degradation. To screen the strains that degrade polyethylene efficiently and clarify the effect of degrading strains on the turnover of soil organic carbon, a polyethylene-degrading fungus PF2, identified as Trichoderma asperellum, was isolated from long-time polyethylene-covered soil. Strain PF2 induced surface damage and ether bonds, ketone groups and other active functional groups in polyethylene, with 4.15% weight loss after 30 days, where laccase plays a key role in the degradation of polyethylene. When applied to soil, the Trichoderma-to-soil weight ratios were the following: B1: 1:100; B2: 1:200; B3: 1:300 and B4: 1:400. Trichoderma asperellum significantly increased the cumulative CO2 mineralization and soil organic carbon mineralization in the B1 and B2 treatments compared with the control (B0). The treatments B1, B3 and B4 increased the stable organic carbon content in soil. An increase in the soil organic carbon content was observed with the application of Trichoderma asperellum, ranging from 27.87% to 58.38%. A positive correlation between CO2 emissions and soil organic carbon was observed, with the soil carbon pool management index (CPMI) being most correlated with active organic carbon. Trichoderma treatments improved the CPMI, with B3 showing the most favorable carbon retention value. Thus, Trichoderma asperellum not only degrades polyethylene but also contributes to carbon sequestration and soil fertility when applied appropriately.