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Diese Arbeit bietet eine solide theoretische Grundlage zu Philanthropie und religiös motivierten Spendenaktivitäten und deren Einfluss auf Wohltätigkeitstrends, Entwicklungszusammenarbeit und einer auf dem Gedanken der sozialen Gerechtigkeit beruhenden Philanthropie. Untersucht werden dafür die Strukturen religiös motivierte Spenden, für die in der islamischen Tradition die Begriffe „zakat“, „Waqf“ oder im Plural auch „awqaf-“ oder „Sadaqa“ verwendet werden, der christliche Begriff dafür lautet „tithes“ oder „ushour“. Aufbauend auf diesem theoretischen Rahmenwerk analysiert die qualitative und quantitative Feldstudie auf nationaler Ebene, wie die ägyptische Öffentlichkeit Philanthropie, soziale Gerechtigkeit, Menschenrechte, Spenden, Freiwilligenarbeit und andere Konzepte des zivilgesellschaftlichen Engagements wahrnimmt. Um eine umfassende und repräsentative Datengrundlage zu erhalten, wurden 2000 Haushalte, 200 zivilgesellschaftliche Organisationen erfasst, sowie Spender, Empfänger, religiöse Wohltäter und andere Akteure interviewt. Die so gewonnen Erkenntnisse lassen aussagekräftige Aufschlüsse über philanthropische Trends zu. Erstmals wird so auch eine finanzielle Einschätzung und Bewertung der Aktivitäten im lokalen Wohltätigkeitsbereich möglich, die sich auf mehr als eine Billion US-Dollar beziffern lassen. Die Erhebung weist nach, dass gemessen an den Pro-Kopf-Aufwendungen die privaten Spendenaktivitäten weitaus wichtiger sind als auswärtige wirtschaftliche Hilfe für Ägypten. Das wiederum lässt Rückschlüsse zu, welche Bedeutung lokale Wohltätigkeit erlangen kann, wenn sie richtig gesteuert wird und nicht wie bislang oft im Teufelskreis von ad-hoc-Spenden oder Hilfen von Privatperson an Privatperson gefangen ist. Die Studie stellt außerdem eine Verbindung her zwischen lokalen Wohltätigkeits-Mechanismen, die meist auf religiösen und kulturellen Werten beruhen, und modernen Strukturen, wie etwa Gemeinde-Stiftungen oder Gemeinde-„waqf“, innerhalb derer die Spenden eine nachhaltige Veränderung bewirken können. Daher bietet diese Arbeit also eine umfassende wissenschaftliche Grundlage, die nicht nur ein besseres Verständnis, sondern auch den nachhaltiger Aus- und Aufbau lokaler Wohltätigkeitsstrukturen in Ägypten ermöglicht. Zentral ist dabei vor allem die Rolle lokaler, individueller Spenden, die beispielsweise für Stiftungen auf der Gemeindeebene eingesetzt, wesentlich zu einer nachhaltigen Entwicklung beitragen könnten – und das nicht nur in Ägypten, sondern in der gesamten arabischen Region. Als konkretes Ergebnis dieser Arbeit, wurde ein innovatives Modell entwickelt, dass neben den wissenschaftlichen Daten das Konzept der „waqf“ berücksichtigt. Der Wissenschaftlerin und einem engagierten Vorstand ist es auf dieser Grundlage gelungen, die Waqfeyat al Maadi Community Foundation (WMCF) zu gründen, die nicht nur ein Modell für eine Bürgerstiftung ist, sondern auch das tradierte Konzept der „waqf“ als praktikable und verbürgte Wohlstätigkeitsstruktur sinnvoll weiterentwickelt. This work provides a solid theoretical base on philanthropy, religious giving (Islamic zakat, ‘ushour, Waqf -plural: awqaf-, Sadaqa and Christian tithes or ‘ushour), and their implications on giving trends, development work, social justice philanthropy. The field study (quantitative and qualitative) that supports the theoretical framework reflects at a national level the Egyptian public’s perceptions on philanthropy, social justice, human rights, giving and volunteering and other concepts that determine the peoples’ civic engagement. The statistics cover 2000 households, 200 Civil Society Organizations distributed all over Egypt and interviews donors, recipients, religious people and other stakeholders. The numbers reflect philanthropic trends and for the first time provide a monetary estimate of local philanthropy of over USD 1 Billion annually. The survey proves that the per capita share of philanthropy outweighs the per capita share of foreign economic assistance to Egypt, which implies the significance of local giving if properly channeled, and not as it is actually consumed in the vicious circle of ad-hoc, person to person charity. In addition, the study relates local giving mechanisms derived from religion and culture to modern actual structures, like community foundations or community waqf that could bring about sustainable change in the communities. In sum, the work provides a comprehensive scientific base to help understand- and build on local philanthropy in Egypt. It explores the role that local individual giving could play in achieving sustainable development and building a new wave of community foundations not only in Egypt but in the Arab region at large. As a tangible result of this thesis, an innovative model that revives the concept of waqf and builds on the study’s results was created by the researcher and a dedicated board of trustees who succeeded in establishing Waqfeyat al Maadi Community Foundation (WMCF) that not only introduces the community foundation model to Egypt, but revives and modernizes the waqf as a practical authentic philanthropic structure.

The loss of genetic variability of fruit trees is a worldwide problem and the genetic erosion is recurrent. The identification, characterisation and valorisation of traditional genetic resources are essential tools to avoid the loss of precious Italian germplasm. The Citrus fruits grown in particular environments represent an important genetic resource with traits (e.g. frost and diseases resistance) useful in breeding programs or for direct exploitation. The aim of this research was to assess the nutritional properties and consumer acceptability of some local Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck accessions from Northern Italy (Lake Maggiore, Verbano area). Physical (weight, size, juice percentage, peel thickness) and chemical (pH, titratable acidity TA, total soluble solids TSS and vitamin C content) parameters were studied on 15 accessions (3 pigmented, 4 navel and 8 common orange trees). Samples of fruit from six of these accessions, chosen for their good morpho-biological characteristics, were analysed by a trained panel to evaluate their sensorial quality. The sensorial attributes studied were: odour during peeling, hardness, juiciness, flavour, aroma, astringency and overall judgment. Significant differences were found among the groups for TA, TSS/TA; vitamin C contents ranged from 36.89 to 67.67 mg/100 ml. Positive correlations were evidenced between TA and sourness; aroma intensity, sweetness and the overall judgment; astringency and bitterness. Oranges studied had good quality and good sensorial traits even if these accessions occupy the Northern distribution range of the Citrus genus in Italy. These results were important to define the traits of the local germplasm and support the development of economic activities (trade, rural tourism, nursery, and educational activities).

Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Engenharia de Comunicações, Esta dissertação foca-se na interacção entre as áreas de computação ubíqua e sistemas baseados na localização, proporcionando uma maior flexibilidade e mobilidade aos utilizadores e um maior desenvolvimento na virtualização de espaços físicos. O principal desafio desta dissertação é a evolução do processo de virtualização do espaço físico, procurando integrar recursos locais com as funcionalidades dos placebased systems já existentes. Ao fazer face a este desafio, avaliaram-se modelos de integração resultantes da interacção de novas funcionalidades com serviços e aplicações de suporte aos place-based systems, assim como a integração de recursos locais do mundo real em sistemas de socialização no mundo virtual., This dissertation focuses on the interaction between the areas of ubiquitous computing and location-based systems, providing greater flexibility and mobility to users and further development in the virtualization of physical spaces. The main challenge of this work is the evolution of the process of virtualization of the physical space, trying to integrate local resources with the features of place-based systems that already exist. To tackle this challenge, we evaluated models of integration resulting from the interaction of new features and services to support applications for place-based systems (PBS), as well as the integration of real world local resources with social systems in the virtual world.

Šibenik-Knin County was organised as a regional self-government unit with a system of local units in the northern part of Croatian Dalmatia in 1997. Prior to 1990s this territory was divided into three large municipalities (Šibenik, Knin, and Drniš). The County comprises several types of marginalised areas with typical characteristics of karst landscapes. Development of these areas, namely islands and the hinterland, has been characterised by rural depopulation, decline in economic production, as well as changes in land cover and land use in the last 50 years. On the other hand, settlements in the coastal zone have experienced over concentration of population and economic activities, and occupation of land with tourist facilities and second homes construction (with a large share of illegal construction). There have been several main goals of this research: 1. to determine the underlying factors for uneven development and unsustainable use of local resources in the area of Šibenik-Knin county ; 2. to examine the effectiveness of the new territorial organisation (county as a regional self-government unit, 15 municipalities and 5 towns as local self-government units) in the valorisation of local resources ; 3. to study local and regional responses to economic and societal problems in marginalised areas ; 4. to develop alternatives for a more sustainable use of local social, economic and environmental resources. For this purpose statistical data were analysed, as well as existing spatial plans guidelines and proposed solutions to economic, societal and land use problems. Further on, GIS techniques were used for mapping, analysis, and visualisation of spatial and temporal development trends. The new territorial organisation has proven not to be effective in dealing with development problems and conflicts in space. Due to peripheral position and structural weaknesses some municipalities are unable to offer any development alternatives. The research results also show that the new strategies should include reorganisation of administrative units (which would reduce the number of municipalities), investing in structurally stronger settlements and towns in the marginalised parts to act as hubs for the needs of local population, and stronger land use regulations with strict supervision especially in the coastal zone. Policy solutions should be implemented by carefully balancing local resource conservation and exploitation.

The resources that are specific for the countryside and the exterior development programmes. The example of the relationship between social capital and Pilot Programme LEADER+. Since 2004, substantial financial resources have been allocated to the rural regions. They take the form of public programmes intended for rural areas, in particular for agriculture and farmers. Part of this funding, which has become more significant since 2007, is aimed at developing the countryside, a process that should follow a new paradigm differing from that of modernisation. In this new approach, resources other than financial ones play an important role: they include human, cultural, and social capital. As a number of analyses have shown, there is a deficit of social capital in the rural environment. The author raises the question of whether the social capital in the countryside is capable, with help, of making the best possible use of this funding, or whether part of it will remain unused. The relationships between social capital and the second phase of the Pilot Programme LEADER+ in the voivodeship of Łódź, in central Poland, constitute the empirical base for these interpretations.; À partir de 2004, des moyens financiers notables ont été octroyés aux campagnes. Il s'agit de programmes publics destinés aux territoires ruraux, avant tout à l'agriculture et aux agriculteurs. Une part de ces moyens, plus significative après 2007, a pour but le développement de la campagne qui doit s'opérer selon un nouveau paradigme, différent de celui de la modernisation. Dans cette perspective, les moyens autres que financiers jouent un rôle important : il s'agit des composantes du capital humain, culturel et social. Comme le montrent de nombreuses analyses, le capital social est déficitaire en milieu rural. L'auteur pose la question de savoir si le capital social de la campagne est susceptible d'aider à utiliser de façon optimale ces moyens ou bien, au contraire, si une partie de ceux-ci restera inutilisée. Les relations entre le capital social et le deuxième schéma du Programme pilote LEADER+ dans la voïvodie de Łódź, en Pologne centrale, constituent la base empirique de ces interprétations.

The resources that are specific for the countryside and the exterior development programmes. The example of the relationship between social capital and Pilot Programme LEADER+. Since 2004, substantial financial resources have been allocated to the rural regions. They take the form of public programmes intended for rural areas, in particular for agriculture and farmers. Part of this funding, which has become more significant since 2007, is aimed at developing the countryside, a process that should follow a new paradigm differing from that of modernisation. In this new approach, resources other than financial ones play an important role: they include human, cultural, and social capital. As a number of analyses have shown, there is a deficit of social capital in the rural environment. The author raises the question of whether the social capital in the countryside is capable, with help, of making the best possible use of this funding, or whether part of it will remain unused. The relationships between social capital and the second phase of the Pilot Programme LEADER+ in the voivodeship of Łódź, in central Poland, constitute the empirical base for these interpretations.; À partir de 2004, des moyens financiers notables ont été octroyés aux campagnes. Il s'agit de programmes publics destinés aux territoires ruraux, avant tout à l'agriculture et aux agriculteurs. Une part de ces moyens, plus significative après 2007, a pour but le développement de la campagne qui doit s'opérer selon un nouveau paradigme, différent de celui de la modernisation. Dans cette perspective, les moyens autres que financiers jouent un rôle important : il s'agit des composantes du capital humain, culturel et social. Comme le montrent de nombreuses analyses, le capital social est déficitaire en milieu rural. L'auteur pose la question de savoir si le capital social de la campagne est susceptible d'aider à utiliser de façon optimale ces moyens ou bien, au contraire, si une partie de ceux-ci restera inutilisée. Les relations entre le capital social et le deuxième schéma du Programme pilote LEADER+ dans la voïvodie de Łódź, en Pologne centrale, constituent la base empirique de ces interprétations.

International audience; After more than 45 years of development of the Languedoc Coast, pointed out more particularly with the Mission Racine (1963-1983) having the double purpose to diversify the regional economy with the tourism and to get the Money from the Northern European tourists, the weight of the coast from the Languedoc remains dominating in the regional touristic economy. On the five departments which this region counts, four of them have a maritime front on the Golf du Lion and are confronted with the preservation of the attractiveness of the sea resorts, with the problems linked with the rehabilitation of the tourist buildings and with the future of these littoral areas today which welcome about 10 million tourists a year.Among the public initiatives carried out by the communities of this region, a departmental device marked the history of the local development in the southwest of France. From a work of thesis, this communication will show how touristic activities were thought and organized from a rural zone in process of desertion, and how these activities were the ferments of a touristic territorial politics on the scale of a department possessing a maritime front. The invention of the Pays Cathare, is above all the emergence of an innovatiing development project while leaning on the historical and architectural heritage (cofinanced by the Leader programs I and II, 1992, 1999) which had for objective to revitalize a rural economy in trouble. From the end of 1980s, the Department of the Aude wished to set up a politicy of communication, arrangement and touristic development which formed itself around a federative subject: the cathar fact. Symbol of the occitan autonomy, finding an echo in the local imagination, The Image of “ Pays Cathare ” led to a politicy of cultural activities on this whole department and allowed to set this touristic destination on the scale of the European southwest. Highlighting a diachronic view, about this example of the Department of Aude, the capacity of mobilization of the local actors around the touristic project, the forms and the specific actions which structure it as well as the networks which are at the root of them, by revealing the connection of this activity with the other local resources, the various constituents of the local touristic offer (in particular the coast), we finally suggest elements of interpretation of the durability of the touristic project which finds not only its appropriate specificity but also its real anchoring within the social, political and economic structures which work in the heart of the territorial development.

During natural disasters such as earthquakes or tsunamis, most of the casualties are known to suffer from musculoskeletal injuries. This leads to an enormous need of orthopaedic (surgical) implants such as osteosynthesis plates, which are difficult to provide in developing countries that rely on imported ones. One of the alternatives is utilization of local resources, but only after they have been proven safe to use, and meet the international standards set. Through this paper we would like to urge the international community to include locally produced biomedical products, like osteosynthesis plates in their scientific evaluations and communications. When the quality of local products is proven, the reluctance to use local products also by surgeons from developing countries will disappear and larger scale production can be initiated. This in its turn solves many problems that come after natural disasters and stimulates the national economy in an efficient and effective way.

In recent years, “Bottom-up Planning Approach" has been widely accepted and expanded from planning theorists. Citizen participation becomes more important in decision-making in informal settlements. Many of previous projects and strategies due to ignorance of citizen participation, have been failed facing with informal settlements and in some cases lead physical expansion of these neighbourhoods. According to recent experiences, the new participatory approach was in somehow successful. This paper focuses on local experiences in Iran. A considerable amount of people live in informal settlements in Iran. With the previous methods, the government could not solve the problems of these settlements. It is time to examine new methods such as empowerment of the local citizens and involve them to solve the current physical, social, and economic problems. The paper aims to address the previous and new strategies facing with informal settlements, the conditions under which citizens could be involved in planning process, limits and potentials of this process, the main actors and issues and finally motivations that are able to promote citizen participation. Documentary studies, observation, interview and questionnaire have been used to achieve the above mentioned objectives. Nearly 80 percent of responder in Saadi Community are ready to participate in regularising their neighbourhoods, if pre-conditions of citizen involvement are being provided. These pre-conditions include kind of problem and its severity, the importance of issue, existence of a short-term solution, etc. Moreover, confirmation of dweller-s ownership can promote the citizen engagement in participatory projects.

In recent years, “Bottom-up Planning Approach" has been widely accepted and expanded from planning theorists. Citizen participation becomes more important in decision-making in informal settlements. Many of previous projects and strategies due to ignorance of citizen participation, have been failed facing with informal settlements and in some cases lead physical expansion of these neighbourhoods. According to recent experiences, the new participatory approach was in somehow successful. This paper focuses on local experiences in Iran. A considerable amount of people live in informal settlements in Iran. With the previous methods, the government could not solve the problems of these settlements. It is time to examine new methods such as empowerment of the local citizens and involve them to solve the current physical, social, and economic problems. The paper aims to address the previous and new strategies facing with informal settlements, the conditions under which citizens could be involved in planning process, limits and potentials of this process, the main actors and issues and finally motivations that are able to promote citizen participation. Documentary studies, observation, interview and questionnaire have been used to achieve the above mentioned objectives. Nearly 80 percent of responder in Saadi Community are ready to participate in regularising their neighbourhoods, if pre-conditions of citizen involvement are being provided. These pre-conditions include kind of problem and its severity, the importance of issue, existence of a short-term solution, etc. Moreover, confirmation of dweller-s ownership can promote the citizen engagement in participatory projects., {"references":["Website of the American Planning Association; Available:\nhttp://www.planning.org/careers/","C. Mussel, P. Kreisl, and A. Vettermann, Kassel, Nordstadt. Available:\nhttp://www.Sozialestadt.de","Soziale Stadt , Info 14 ,Activation and Participation in Germany, The\nnewsletter devoted to the federal-land Socially Integrative City\nProgramme, 2003.","M. Ardeshiri, \"Regularising Plan of Saadi Community\", Shiraz, 2003.","Iranian Ministry of Housing and Urban Development, Strategies for\nEnabling and Regularising Informal Settlements,Tehran: Urban\nDevelopment and Rehabilitation Organization, National Task Force For\nEnabling Informal Settlements, 2004, pp. 4-8.","Iranian Ministry of Housing and Urban Development, Enabling and\nRegularising Informal Settlements, City of Zahedan, Tehran: Urban\nDevelopment and Rehabilitation Organization, National Task Force For\nEnabling Informal Settlements, 2004, p.14.","Maab Consulting Engineers, \"detailed plan of shiraz city-district 3\",\nTehran, 2003.","A. Alavitabar, Study on Pattern of Citizens- Participation in\nManaging of Cities, Vol. 1, World and Iranian Experiences, Tehran:\nIranian Municipalities Organization, 2000, pp. 38-50.","A. Alavitabar, Study on Pattern of Citizens- Participation in Managing\nof Cities, Vol. 2, Empirical Findings and Strategies, Tehran: Iranian\nMunicipalities Organization, 2001, pp. 137-139.\n[10] H. Mohammadi Makerani, Citizen participation in urban\nplanning;potentials and obstaclesÔÇöthe case of Iran, Shiraz, Saadi\ncommunity, Ph.D dissertation, Dept. Urban Planning, Kassel Univ.,\nKassel, Unpublished.\n[11] Statistical Centre of Iran, A Nation-wide Census of Population and\nHousing, Tehran, 1996."]}

Hvorfor klarer nogle udkantssamfund sig bedre end andre, på trods af samme ydre betingelser? Dette er et vigtigt spørgsmål at få belyst, når det gælder om at udforme effektive politikker, der kan fremme danske udkantsområder i tilbagegang. I denne artikel undersøger jeg betydningen af stedbundne ressourcer (lokal kultur, viden, organisation, netværk og herlighedsværdier) i to udkantssamfund med næsten samme rammebetingelser: Klitmøller i Hanstholm Kommune og Karby på Mors. På baggrund af lokalhistorie, interviews og statistik vurderer jeg, hvorfor Klitmøller og ikke Karby er i befolkningsmæssig fremgang, samt hvilke politikanbefalinger dette peger i retning af. Først vil jeg præsentere teorier om uhåndgribelige ressourcer, herunder lokale 'stedbundne' og 'ikke-stedbundne' ressourcer. På den baggrund vil jeg dernæst besvare tre spørgsmål, der knytter sig til empirien: Hvilke ressourcer er der opbygget historisk i de to lokalsamfund? Hvad fortæller statistikken? Hvad fortæller det nutidige foreningsliv? Dette leder endelig frem til en vurdering af, hvorfor Klitmøller og ikke Karby er i positiv udvikling samt, mere generelt, hvilke stedbundne ressourcer, der bidrager til positiv udvikling i udkantssamfund.

Despite their concern about declining soil fertility, farmers from the Tanzanian village of Kwalei use very little mineral fertilizer to improve their crop yields. A PRA study in this benchmark site for the African Highland Initiative (AHI) revealed that although this type of input was available, it was considered too expensive for widespread use. As their livestock could not produce enough farmyard manure for their needs, farmers coped by using the leaves of certain local shrubs as green manure, which seemed to improve soil fertility when ploughed into the fields. However, although they based their soil fertility management strategies on these shrubs, researchers and extension workers did not know their scientific name or nutrient content, and it was agreed that an inventory should be made of this important local source of nutrients.

International audience; This paper presents an analysis of political aspects of the grant allocation process in France (1975 -85). Although the general trend is towards a bureaucratization of transfer system, by which more and more funding is allocated co automatic procedures, the question of the role of political processes in grant distribution remains an important open question, subject to different evaluations. The main theories affirm - but without empiric evidence - that grants allocation is one of the key issues in the French system of local government, not because it is based on a c1ientelist or partisan logic but because of its role in the complex interdependent relationship existing between the centre and the periphery and between local leaders and the central state bureaucracies. The data collected in the framework of the Fiscal Austerity and Urban Innovation Project (from a sample of 171 communes). With over 20.000 inhabitants) partially support these views and show that some traditional politicalresources such as “cumul des mandats” and “personal relational network” of the mayors are really efficient in obtaining more specific investment grants from the central slate or from the “Département” and the “Region”. However, although this is not the result of partisan favouritism, political clientelism or “administrative activism'. the allocation of the main block grant (the « Dotalion Globale de Fonctionnement”, DGF) produces some important disparities and inequalities which have favoured right-wing municipalities during the last ten years and have disadvantaged suburban poor communes run by communist mayors.; L'allocation des subventions aux villes française, le rôle des processus politiques.Cet article présente une analyse des aspects politiques du processus d'allocation des subventions en France de 1975 à 1985. Bien que la tendance générale soit à une bureaucratisation plus poussée du système et que les subventions sont de plus en plus attribuées selon des procédures automatiques la question du rôle joué par les processus politiques reste posée. Les principales théories sur cette question affirment, mais sans preuves empiriques que le processus d'allocation des subventions est un des enjeux majeurs du fonctionnement de l'administration locale, non parce qu'il repose sur une logique politique partisane ou clientéliste mais parce qu'il est un élément régulateur des rapports entrele Centre et la Périphérie, entre les leaders politiques locaux et les bureaucraties étatiques. Les données de la recherche Austérité Financière et Innovation locale (sur 171 communes de plus que 20,000 habitants) confirment partiellement ces vues et montrent que des ressources politiques traditionnelles comme le cumul des mandats ou un réseau relationnel étendu permettent aux maires d'obtenir plus de subventions spécifiques d'équipement de l'état central du département ou de la région. Cependant, même s'il ne s'agit pas de l'effet direct du favoritisme partisan, du clientélisme politique ou de l'activisme administratif, l'attribution de la principale subvention étatique (la DGD) s'est traduite dans les dix dernières années par des disparités et des inégalités sensibles avantageant en moyenne les municipalités de droite et désavantageant les communes suburbaines ouvrières dirigées par des maires communistes.

Regional development is a new concept whose opportunities are enhancing and diversifying economic activities, enhancing investments in the private sector, contributing to unemployment reduction, and last but not least improving the standard of living. To assure the development policies in economy, agriculture, forestry, tourism, regional planning, infrastructure, and education etc., it is needed to take into account the specific conditions of the rural regions, Romanian villages and to observe the principles of subsidiarity and solidarity. In this context, the paper aimed to point out the opportunities for the development of rural communities through regional development.

After adopting political centralization as a form of political and administrativeorganization, Angola and Mozambique made up on decentralization reforms as a largeprocess of administrative reform.This choice for decentralization reforms would be warranted, according to theprevailing discourse, mainly by political actors, by its capacity to address certainpolitical, social, economic and administrative problems that can be found in these twocountries.However, the synchronism between this discourse and the legal consecration ofdecentralization in these countries remains far from being a reality.Thus, this study analyzes the legal consecration of decentralization, taking into accountthe discourse of decentralization prevailing in both countries., Après avoir adopté la centralisation comme mode d´organisation politique etadministrative, l´Angola et le Mozambique ont décidé d’emprunter la voie de ladécentralisation.Cette option pour la décentralisation se justifierait, selon le discours porté,principalement, par les acteurs politiques, par sa capacité à répondre à des enjeuxpolitiques, sociaux, économiques et administratifs qui on trouve dans ces deux pays.Cependant, le synchronisme entre ce discours et la consécration juridique de ladécentralisation dans ces pays reste loin d´être une réalité.Ainsi, la présente étude analyse la consécration juridique de la décentralisation,compte tenu du discours sur la décentralisation tenu dans ces deux pays.

The Noir de Bigorre (NB) pork chain (pure Gascon breed) recently obtained the national "AOC" label required for further Protected Designation Origin (PDO) registration, for both fresh meat and dry cured hams.