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A low-frequency quarter-wave superconducting β = 1 structure has been proposed as a main accelerating cavity for the newly planned storage ring light source with ultra-low emittance. In the development of High Energy Photon Source, a 6 GeV diffraction-limited light source at the Institute of High Energy Physics, a compact 166.6 MHz proof-of-principle cavity was designed. By optimizing its geometry, the cavity's mechanical properties have been significantly improved with a focus on stress, pressure sensitivity, Lorentz-force detuning, microphonics and tuning capabilities. The cavity was later fabricated, post-processed and tested in a vertical manner at cryogenic temperatures. High peak electromagnetic fields have been achieved with an excellent cryogenic performance, largely exceeding the design goal and project specifications. In addition, the measured mechanical parameters are in good accordance with simulation results. Small Lorentz coefficients and low pressure sensitivities were measured during the tests. This constitutes the first demonstration of a solid low-frequency β = 1 superconducting cavity design with compact geometry and favorable mechanical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To obtain a high-performance Ni-Co-WC nanocomposite coating on 45# steel, this work proposed a novel ultrasonic vibration-assisted scanning jet electrodeposition and used the range of WC nanoparticles concentration (3-12 g/L) in the electrolyte as the key variable in this study. Through harmonic response analysis, a 31 kHz frequency ultrasonic transducer was selected as the vibration source to achieve better vibration effects. The type of current mode that we employed was DC mode. The influence of ultrasonic vibration and the concentration of WC nanoparticles in the electrolyte on the surface morphology, micro-texture, microhardness, adhesion, and corrosion resistance of the nanocomposite coating were investigated by using SEM, XRD, Vickers microhardness tester, scratch tester and electrochemical workstation respectively. Compared to conventional scanning jet electrodeposition, the results indicated that the ultrasonic vibration improved the surface morphology, mechanical properties, and corrosion resistance of the coating, with the hardness increased by 15.9 % and the adhesion strength increased by 76.1 % as well as the corrosion current density decreased by 13.0 %. When the WC concentration in the electrolyte was 6 g/L, the Ni-Co-WC nanocomposite coating prepared by ultrasonic vibration-assisted composite scanning jet electrodeposition exhibited the best surface quality and properties. The microhardness of the coating was the highest at 590 HV, the adhesion strength was the largest at 33.4 N and the corrosion current density was as low as 4.104 μA·cm−2. Compared with the WC concentration of 3 g/L, when the WC concentration was 6 g/L, the hardness increased by 7.8 %, the adhesion strength increased by 41.5 % whereas the corrosion current density decreased by 30.6 %. In addition, molecular dynamics simulation was employed to calculate the effect of WC content in the coating on the binding energy between the coating and the substrate. The simulation results confirmed that the adhesive strength between the composite coating and substrate was directly proportional to the WC content in the composite coating. Therefore, this research is of great significance for the protection of offshore platform support structure materials and the improvement of their service life. • A new method of ultrasonic vibration-assisted jet electrodeposition is studied. • The influence of the ultrasonic vibration on the surface morphology is analyzed. • The molecular dynamics simulation was employed to analyze coatings adhesion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of Ce-rich RE on the microstructure and mechanical properties of as-cast Mg-8Li-3Al-2Zn-0.5Nd- x RE (x = 0, 1, 2, 3 wt%) alloys were investigated. The results indicated that the as-cast Mg-8Li-3Al-2Zn-0.5Nd alloy mainly consisted of α -Mg, β -Li, AlLi, MgLi 2 Al and Al 2 Nd phases. With the addition of Ce-rich RE in the alloy, Al 3 RE and Al 2 RE phases generated and gradually grew into net-like or block-like structure. With the addition of RE, Al-RE phases generated by consuming Al element and, thus, less Al element was dissolved in the matrix and less AlLi phase formed. Furthermore, less AlLi phase means that more Li element released to cause the increase of β -Li phase and refine the α -Mg phase. Under the influence of these factors, adding more RE led to higher elongation and lower tensile strength and hardness. With the addition of Ce-rich RE, the yield strength and ultimate tensile strength of the as-cast Mg-8Li-3Al-2Zn-0.5Nd alloy gradually decreased from 180 to 152 MPa and from 215 to 193 MPa, respectively, while the elongation was remarkably improved from 21.1% to 40.2%. Image 1 • Mg-9Li-3Al-2Zn-0.5Nd- x RE (x = 0, 1, 2, 3 wt%) alloys were smelted in the atmosphere rather than in a vacuum environment. • Ce-rich RE addition leads to the increase of Al 2 RE, Al 3 RE and β-Li phases and the decrease of AlLi phase. • The α-Mg phase of the alloy refined and spheroidized. • The elongation of the alloy was greatly increased by adding Ce-rich RE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on the antecedents and underlying mechanisms of the formation of adolescent social trust is scant. Family and school are two major environments in which adolescents become socialized. The current study examined the effect of parental rearing behaviors (rejection, emotional warmth and overprotection) on adolescent social trust, exploring the mediating role of adolescent self-esteem and the multilevel moderated role of the Level 2 variable class justice climate. The sample included 612 (12-16 years old) middle school students in China. Participants completed the s-EMBU, the Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale, Rosenberg’s Faith in People Scale and the perceptions of class justice scale, along with other control variables. The results suggested that parental rearing behaviors significantly predicted adolescent social trust, regardless of adolescent gender or age. Additional mediation analysis suggested that parental rearing behaviors had both direct effects on adolescent social trust and indirect effects through adolescent self-esteem. Further multilevel structural equation modeling indicated that class justice climate moderated the effect of parental rejection on adolescent self-esteem. The findings suggest that family and school practice jointly shape adolescents’ social trust. How parents treat their children has a huge influence on the degree to which their children trust other people. In addition, perceived class justice could buffer the harmfulness of negative parental rearing behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tensile properties, impact toughness and plane-strain fracture toughness of sand-cast Mg-6Gd-3Y-0.5Zr magnesium alloy were studied in different thermal conditions, including as-cast, as-quenched and isothermal aging states. The results show that optimum heat treatment is solutionized at 490 ℃ for 12 h, and then aged at 212 ℃ for 100 h. Tensile test exhibits that as-quenched GW63 alloy shows high elongation but low tensile strength, nevertheless, aged alloy shows higher strength but worse ductility. Impact values of GW63 alloy are 34.6, 50.9 and 20.3 J/cm 2 in the as-cast, as-quenched and aged states, respectively. Room temperature impact toughness is more closely related to material ductility than strength for the studied alloy. The plane-strain fracture toughness values of the as-cast, as-quenched and aged alloy are 16.2, 17.7 and 19.5 MPa m½, respectively, i.e., the improvement of 20.4% has been achieved by aging precipitation strengthening in contrast with slight improvement of 9.3% by solid solution strengthening. In addition, fractured characteristics after impact and fracture toughness tests were also investigated by fracture analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The catalytic capacity evolution of Mt in ISC of HOO was explored. • The thermal transformation process of Mt had a small effect on the LTO of heavy oil. • Mt IW dehydration process enhanced its catalytic role in the HTO of heavy oil. • Mt dehydroxylation process weakened its catalytic role in the HTO of heavy oil. • The overlapping process had no positive catalytic effect on the HTO of heavy oil. Clay minerals such as montmorillonite are significant in petroleum storage and recovery. Montmorillonite (Mt) is a natural solid acid catalyst containing Brønsted and Lewis acid sites and can catalyze heavy oil oxidation (HOO) during in-situ combustion (ISC). However, its catalytic activity largely depends on the heating process of heavy oil. In the study, the catalytic capacity evolution of Mt in ISC of heavy oil was explored with the isoconversional method and thermal analysis. In low-temperature oxidation (LTO) and high-temperature oxidation (HTO) stages, the addition of Mt largely reduced the peak temperatures (T peak) of DTA and DTG and the T peak of H 2 O (LTO and HTO stages) and CO 2 (HTO stage) in HOO. Notably, Mt did not always show the positive catalytic effect. In LTO stage, the thermal transformation process had a small effect on DTA T peak , T peak of H 2 O and CO 2 , and the reaction activation energy (E α) of HOO. In HTO stage, the catalytic effect of Mt on HOO was related to its thermal transformation process, especially interlayer water (IW) dehydration and dehydroxylation. In HTO stage, the IW dehydration process of Mt showed the strongest catalytic effect on HOO, significantly reduced DTA T peak and E α , and resulted in the lowest T peak of H 2 O and CO 2. The dehydroxylation process of Mt also showed a certain effect, whereas the overlapping process between the dehydration (IW) reaction and partial dehydroxylation reaction of Mt had no positive catalytic effect on HOO. DTA, TG-FTIR, and non-isothermal kinetic analysis further confirmed that the catalytic capacity of Mt in HTO stage was improved by IW dehydration process of Mt and weakened by the dehydroxylation process of Mt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a high-performance Mg-3Nd-3Gd-0.2Zn-0.5Zr alloy is prepared. The precipitate microstructures of the studied alloy during isothermal aging at 225 °C are characterized by HAADF-STEM observations, and the corresponding mechanical properties are also investigated. It is noted that the evolution of the precipitate microstructure is mainly divided into three stages: the precipitation and growth of β″, the transition from β″ to β 1 , and the ripening of β 1. There are apparent differences in the mechanical properties of alloy in these three stages. At the beginning of aging treatment, due to the precipitation and growth of β″, the yield strength of alloy increases rapidly while the elongation decreases. Afterwards, the transition of precipitates from β″ to β 1 leads to the simultaneous increment in the yield strength and elongation of the alloy. Finally, as the β 1 precipitates ripen, the yield strength of the alloy decreases while its elongation shows a trend of increment owing to the significantly improved dimensions and reduced number density. • Precipitate microstructures and mechanical properties of Mg-3Nd-3Gd-0.2Zn-0.5Zr alloy aged at 225 °C are investigated. • A good combination of strength and elongation is achieved at over-aged Mg-3Nd-3Gd-0.2Zn-0.5Zr alloy • Transition from β″ to β 1 leads to simultaneous increments in the yield strength and elongation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consideration of either future consequences or immediate consequences plays an important role in our daily decision-making. However, no general consensus has been reached as to whether the construct – consideration of future consequences – consists of one factor or multiple factors. To examine the latent structure, we conducted two studies. In Study 1, we collected data online from 494 participants with the Consideration of Future Consequences (CFC) scale, and performed confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) of alternative models derived from previous studies. The results indicated that a four-factor model fitted the data best. In Study 2, we administrated the CFC scale and an inter-temporal choice questionnaire to another sample of 496 participants in classrooms. Cross-validation with CFA demonstrated the four-factor solution as the best fit model. In addition, the four factors were differently correlated with the discounting rate facing various rewards. Further multilevel analysis indicated that two factors among the four moderated the magnitude effect. All these findings provided evidences for a four-factor distinction in the CFC scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intelligent fault diagnosis methods based on deep learning have achieved noteworthy application results in health diagnosis of rotating machinery. However, the fault data distribution discrepancy caused by different working conditions in real industrial scenarios can deteriorate the diagnosis performance of model. And extracted features by multi-ensemble deep auto-encoder neglect the contribution degree of each deep auto-encoder. Inspire by the demands, a dynamic domain adaptation method based on deep multiple auto-encoders with attention mechanism (DMAEAM-DDA) is proposed for rotary machine fault diagnosis under different working conditions. Firstly, combined with attention mechanism, pre-trained multiple deep auto-encoder with six different activation functions are utilized to construct deep multiple auto-encoder with attention mechanism network for extracting feature. Then the dynamic domain factor is calculated to automatically assign the weight of the marginal and conditional distribution for learning domain invariant fault features. Finally, two rotary machine experiments are employed to verify the availability of the proposed DMAEAM-DDA method, and the results show the proposed DMAEAM-DDA method has better superiority and outstanding stability compared to other methods. • A DMAEAM-DDA method is proposed for fault diagnosis on different working conditions. • The attention mechanism is introduced into DMAEAM network to improve the adaptability. • The DMAEAM-DDA method can learn domain invariant-discriminant feature across domains. • The DMAEAM-DDA method shows outstanding diagnosis performance and strong stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kaolinite is a common 1:1 layered clay mineral in oil reservoirs and also a natural solid acid catalyst. Some studies have shown that kaolinite has a catalytic effect on the oxidation of heavy oil. Its catalytic effect depends on the type and amount of acid sites and is closely related to its thermal transformation, particularly the dehydroxylation process. The effects of kaolinite and its thermal transformation on the oxidation of heavy oil were investigated with thermal analysis and the Ozawa-Flynn-Wall isoconversional method. The results revealed that kaolinite had significant effects on the High-temperature oxidation (HTO) and Fuel deposition (FD) stages of heavy oil oxidation, but its effect on the Low-temperature oxidation (LTO) stage was small. In the HTO stage, the temperature at which the CO 2 release rate peaked decreased dramatically, whereas the temperature at which the H 2 O release rate peaked increased remarkably. With the increase in the content of added kaolinite, the maximum activation energy in the FD stage of the oxidation reaction of heavy oil and the average activation energy in the HTO stage gradually decreased. It was noteworthy that the transformation of kaolinite upon thermal treatment, especially the dehydroxylation process above 400 °C, resulted in a progressive decline in the peak temperature in the HTO stage of heavy oil, but had little influence on that in the LTO stage of heavy oil oxidation. [Display omitted] • Effects of kaolinite and its thermal transformation on oxidation of heavy oil were studied. • The catalytic effect of kaolinite on the HTO stage of heavy oil is enhanced with kaolinite dehydroxylation process. • With the increase of kaolinite content, the E FD(Max) and average E HTO values significantly decreases, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

650 MHz 2-cell superconducting radio-frequency (SRF) cavities have been adopted for the collider ring of the Circular Electron Positron Collider (CEPC). By optimizing the wall thickness and geometry, the mechanical properties of the dressed cavity have been significantly improved with a focus on stress, tuning capabilities, pressure sensitivity, and Lorentz-force detuning, while microphonics and buckling were carefully monitored. Three cavities were later fabricated, post-processed and received vertical tests. The maximum unloaded quality factor (Q 0) of the cavities has reached 3.2 × 1010 at 19.7 MV/m, which exceeded the design goal during operation. The favored small coefficient of Lorentz-force detuning was validated, too. Pressure sensitivity was measured and consistent with simulation prediction. Mounted with tuners, fundamental and high-order-mode (HOM) couplers, two dressed 650 MHz 2-cell cavities were finally integrated into a test cryomodule for a beam test facility. Both cavities were successfully tuned to the operating frequency of 650.000 MHz at 2.0 K. This article covers the mechanical aspects in the development and cryogenic tests of the 650 MHz 2-cell cavities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The current study investigated the latent structure of PTSD symptoms with a sample of 326 Chinese survivors who lost their children during a deadly earthquake. The results of confirmatory factor analysis indicated that a five-factor intercorrelated model comprised of intrusion, avoidance, emotional numbing, dysphoric arousal, and anxiety arousal provided significant better fit than both the four-factor numbing model of and the four-factor dysphoria model of . Further analyses with structural equation modeling showed that the PTSD factors were differentially associated with external measures of psychosocial and physical health-related quality of life. The findings provide further empirical support for the novel five-factor PTSD model, and carry implications for conceptualizing and assessing PTSD for the upcoming DSM-5. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The present study investigated the factor structure of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms measured by the PTSD Checklist (PCL) in two large samples exposed to different traumatic events (an earthquake and a violent riot) from China. Despite the samples’ difference in type of trauma, demographics, symptom severity, and elapsed time since trauma exposure, the results of a series of confirmatory factor analyses indicate that a five-factor intercorrelated model (intrusion, avoidance, numbing, dysphoric arousal, and anxious arousal) fit the data significantly better than the other alternative models including: the three-factor DSM-IV model, the four-factor numbing model (), and the four-factor dysphoria model () in both samples. Implications and limitations regarding the results are discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• Oxygen isotope alteration rate of continental crust retrieved from zircon record. • Oxygen isotope alteration rate of continental crust is controlled by weathering. • Weathering history is linked to major evolution events of the Earth system. Weathering plays a significant role in the Earth system through the exchange of material among the lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. Variation of continental weathering in deep-time, however, remains elusive. This work investigates continental weathering recorded by detrital zircon. Zircon can record the oxygen isotopic composition (δ 18 O) of its parent crust at the time of crystallization, the value of which principally reflects the time-integrated effect of crustal alteration. The Hf isotopes and U-Pb isotopes of zircon also help to constrain the alteration history between crust generation and zircon crystallization. A new algorithm is introduced to reconstruct the average δ 18 O alteration rate of continental crust (R δ 18O-CC) through time by solving a set of linear equations based on a large population of detrital zircons with varying temporal coverage across the history of crustal alteration. A nearly three-billion-year history of R δ 18O-CC from 3.2 Ga to 0.3 Ga can be reconstructed using more than 5,000 globally distributed detrital zircons with coupled U-Pb-Hf-O isotopic records. The reconstructed R δ 18O-CC shows an overall bell-shape long-term evolution centered at ∼2 Ga superposed with variations that are coupled with supercontinental assembly cycles. The long-term evolution of the reconstructed R δ 18O-CC seems to be correlated with solid-earth CO 2 degassing expected from the age distribution of deleted mantle and the supercontinental cycles. Thus, the R δ 18O-CC is interpreted to reflect weathering considering the control of solid-earth CO 2 degassing on the total weathering flux of continental crust. However, independent evidence on the solid-earth CO 2 degassing is unavailable, interpreting R δ 18O-CC as a weathering record requires further testing. Nevertheless, this work provides an example of how the time-integrated signal, with large noise-to-signal ratio, preserved in geological archives can be deconvolved using a large dataset. The result also demonstrates the great potential that weathering history may have in reconstructing the operation of the Earth system across deep-time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A multi-source ensemble domain adaptation method is proposed for fault diagnosis. • The method considers mutual distribution difference among multi-source domain. • The method can extract domain invariant and discriminant fault feature. • The method shows significant diagnosis performance and robustness. Transfer learning has good ability to transfer knowledge for fault diagnosis under different working condition, while domain mismatches or domain shift can still occur during single-source domain transfer fault diagnosis. To alleviate the problem, a multi-source ensemble domain adaptation method is proposed for rotary machinery fault diagnosis. Firstly, multi-source and target domain anchor adapters are constructed based on class-central samples from multi-source domain. Secondly, multi-source ensemble domain adaptation transfer fault diagnosis model considering the mutual difference between multi-source domain is established to obtain multiple classifiers and prediction results. Then the classifiers with good performance are integrated to achieve final diagnosis model and results by ensemble of anchor adapters. Finally, the performance of the proposed method is verified by two experiments. The results show that the proposed method has ability to learn more comprehensive and general domain invariant diagnosis knowledge, significant diagnosis performance and robustness than other transfer learning methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to accommodate the luminosity improvement strategy, two superconducting 499.8 MHz radio frequency (rf) cavities have been adopted for the Upgrade project of Beijing Electron Positron Collider (BEPCII), a double-ring electron–positron collider as well as a synchrotron radiation (SR) light source. The in-house development of the 499.8 MHz superconducting cavity system was initiated at IHEP since 2008. One prototype niobium cavity with all the parts except for the flanges and the pickup port formed by spinning was fabricated and then vertical-tested successfully in July 2011. Four prototype input couplers were manufactured and high-power tested with one reaching a maximum rf power of continuous wave (cw) 420 kW. One prototype HOM damper with a satisfactory absorbing efficiency at the desired frequency band was also constructed and high power tested up to cw 4.4 kW. In the meanwhile, a frequency tuner consisting of a stepping motor and a piezoelectric oscillator was developed. Finally, the bare cavity was dressed with one input coupler, two HOM dampers and one frequency tuner, mounted in a domestic-developed cryostat and then high-power tested successfully in Oct. 2011. The achieved accelerating voltage is 2.2 MV with corresponding Q 0 measured to be 5.8 × 10 8 , beyond the designed goal. This is the first in-house developed 499.8 MHz HOM-damped superconducting cavity system in China. The design, fabrication, post processing and tests of the niobium bare cavity and its auxiliaries, as well as the horizontal high-power test of the cavity system are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

650 MHz 2-cell superconducting cavities are proposed for the main ring of the Circular Electron–Positron Collider (CEPC). The cavity is designed with two detachable double-notch higher order mode (HOM) couplers to suppress the fundamental mode and extracted the HOM power. The present paper describes the design, fabrication, surface treatment and vertical tests of the cavities and HOM couplers. The performances of the cavity at 2 K is not affected after the installation of the HOM coupler. The maximum intrinsic quality factor Q 0 of the cavity dressed with the HOM coupler reached 3. 1 × 1 0 10 at operation accelerating gradient. The vertical tests results showed that the fundamental mode external quality factor Q e of all HOM couplers is an order of magnitude larger than Q 0 of the cavity. The HOM damping results for the 650 MHz 2-cell cavity were also measured at cryogenic temperature and compared with the simulated and measured results at room temperature. Two 650 MHz 2-cell cavities each with two HOM couplers will be assembled in the CEPC 650 MHz test cryomodule after helium vessel dressing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A dual-vacuum furnace with the heater in the outside vacuum has been developed at the Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP) to perform nitrogen doping (N-doping) heat treatment of 1.3 GHz 1-cell niobium cavity. The inner chamber is made of stainless steel, where the cavity is inside. This furnace equipped with cryopump can reach less than 1 × 10−4 Pa and 1 × 10−6 Pa at 800 °C and room-temperature, respectively, which is favorable for N-doping. During the doping process, nitrogen is injected by a mass flow controller with feedback of a film gauge to stabilize the doping pressure. The performance of this furnace during the doping process is introduced in details. Two 1.3 GHz 1-cell cavities made of fine grain niobium have received N-doping at this furnace, and the vertical test results are promising. The best intrinsic quality factor (Q 0) of these cavities have exceeded 3 × 1010 at 24 MV/m, which is the target of vertical test for Circular Electron Positron Collider (CEPC). Besides, the phenomenon of anti-Q-slope is also obvious. It seems that the stainless steel is harmless to the cavity performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS) has been in operation for about 2 years, and an upgrade is proposed to compensate the space charge effect. A superconducting radio frequency (SRF) linac with double spoke cavities and medium-beta elliptical cavities has been designed to increase the injection energy from 80MeV to 300MeV, and institute of high energy physics (IHEP) has developed a prototype double spoke cavity at β 0 0.5. The cavity shape was optimized to minimize Ep/Eacc while keeping Bp/Eacc reasonably low. Meanwhile, mechanical design was applied to check stress, Lorentz force detuning and microphonic effects, and to minimize pressure sensitivity. A new input power coupling scheme was proposed to avoid electrons hitting directly on ceramic window. After fabrication and post processing of cavity, the cavity was vertical tested for several times, and mechanical polishing was applied to improve the performance. The cavity finally reached Bp of 140mT at Eacc = 16.1MV/m and Q 0 = 1. 42 × 1 0 10 under vertical test at 2K. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The microstructure, fracture mechanism and their correlation with the mechanical properties of as-cast Mg-Nd-Zn-Zr alloy were studied, in which the effect of cooling rate on the microstructure and the mechanical properties were taken into account. The results showed that the microstructure of the alloy is composed of primary phase (α-Mg) and eutectic compounds. With the increase of the cooling rate in the range of 0.4–2.4 °C/s, the grain size of the alloy decreases from 66 μm to 44 μm, while the volume fraction of the eutectic compounds increases from 3% to 6.1%. The decrease of the grain size tends to improve the yield strength, ultimate tensile strength and elongation of the alloy. The eutectic compounds have complicated effects on the mechanical properties. It is found that the increase of the volume fraction of the eutectic compounds leads to the decrease of the yield strength while the network-like eutectic compounds formed at higher cooling rates decreases the ultimate tensile strength. The fracture pattern of the alloy changes from intergranular to quasi-cleavage fracture and then to a mixed fracture of intergranular and transgranular fracture with the increase of cooling rate. • The fracture mechanism depends on the morphology and distribution of the eutectics. • Quantified the effect of cooling rate on the primary phase and eutectics. • Dominant effect on materials property switches between primary phase and eutectics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vamorolone, a potential alternative to conventional glucocorticoids, shows significant promise in sports medicine due to its reduced side effects and superior pharmacodynamic properties. This study aims to investigate the metabolic characteristics of this novel synthetic cyclodextrin-steroid anti-inflammatory drug and elucidate the metabolic pathways in human liver microsomes (HLMs) in vitro, thereby providing a scientific basis for assessing its potential risks for athletes. All compounds are detected by liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) and metabolite identification was performed using Compound Discoverer 3.3 software. In the HLMs model, 12 metabolites of vamorolone are successfully identified, including 10 phase I metabolites and 2 phase II metabolites. Among these, the reduction metabolite M1 exhibited the highest peak area, indicating it as one of the primary metabolic pathways. The dehydrogenated compound M2 had the second highest peak area, further elucidating the metabolic characteristics of vamorolone. This study systematically identifies the metabolite structures of vamorolone in HLMs and provide crucial data for the pharmacokinetics and biomarker research of this drug. The findings not only enhance the understanding of its metabolic mechanisms but also offer a scientific basis for evaluating its safety and efficacy in sports medicine. Meanwhile, these discoveries can contribute to better regulation and control of Vamorolone's use in competitive sports, ensuring fairness in competitions., (© 2024 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

The gas chromatography-combustion isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/C/IRMS) confirmation procedure for prednisone (PS) and prednisolone (PSL) is still a great challenge for the doping control laboratory due to the many structurally similar steroids present in urinary matrices. This study aims to establish an innovative online two-dimensional high performance liquid chromatography (2D-HPLC) purification method for measuring the carbon isotope ratios (CIRs) and achieving the identification of the synthetic forms of these two endogenous anabolic androgenic steroids (EAASs). Initially, the one-dimensional chromatographic column was used to separate and purify endogenous reference compounds (ERCs), and the co-elution fluids containing PS and PSL were switched to a two-dimensional chromatographic column for further purification through an online transfer system. Then the purified compounds were analyzed using GC/C/IRMS after sample pretreatments. The results showed that the minimum detection concentration of PS and PSL reached 30 ng mL -1 , and no isotope fractionation occurred during the entire collection and preparation process. This method has been validated with the WADA technical document and showed good sensitivity and selectivity, demonstrating its practical applicability for urine samples in doping control laboratories.

Background: The network analysis method emphasizes the interaction between individual symptoms to identify shared or bridging symptoms between depression and anxiety to understand comorbidity. However, the network analysis and community detection approach have limitations in identifying causal relationships among symptoms. This study aims to address this gap by applying Bayesian network (BN) analysis to investigate potential causal relationships., Method: Data were collected from a sample of newly enrolled college students. The network structure of depression and anxiety was estimated using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) Scale measures, respectively. Shared symptoms between depression and anxiety were identified through network analysis and clique percolation (CP) method. The causal relationships among symptoms were estimated using BN., Results: The strongest bridge symptoms, as indicated by bridge strength, include sad mood (PHQ2), motor (PHQ8), suicide (PHQ9), restlessness (GAD5), and irritability (GAD6). These bridge symptoms formed a distinct community using the CP algorithm. Sad mood (PHQ2) played an activating role, influencing other symptoms. Meanwhile, restlessness (GAD5) played a mediating role with reciprocal influences on both anxiety and depression symptoms. Motor (PHQ8), suicide (PHQ9), and irritability (GAD6) assumed recipient positions., Conclusion: BN analysis presents a valuable approach for investigating the complex interplay between symptoms in the context of comorbid depression and anxiety. It identifies two activating symptoms (i.e., sadness and worry), which serve to underscore the fundamental differences between these two disorders. Additionally, psychomotor symptoms and suicidal ideations are recognized as recipient roles, being influenced by other symptoms within the network., (© 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Previous studies have explored the differences in moral judgments under normal situations and acute stress using the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST). The present study examined whether anticipatory stress (i.e., induced by an anticipated speech) could elicit similar effects and further explored the mediation of emotional responses between acute stress and moral judgments with a process-dissociation approach. Fifty-three undergraduate students (20 males and 33 females) were randomly assigned to the stress and control groups. In the first stage, they were instructed to prepare a public speech (the stress group) or just recall events during the previous vacation (the control group). In the second stage, they reported emotional valence and arousal for each moral dilemma in a set of 12 moral dilemmas, followed by judgments on moral acceptability of the agent's action. The manipulation check confirmed that anticipatory stress was reliably induced, as indicated in both self-reported and physiological data. The traditional dilemma analysis revealed that participants in the stress group would make fewer utilitarian judgments than those in the control group. The process dissociation (PD) analyses further revealed that the stress group exhibited higher deontological inclinations than the control group, but no significant differences in utilitarian inclinations. Emotional valence played a mediating role in the association between stress and deontological inclinations. To sum up, our study extended the investigation of the relationship between acute stress and moral judgment to anticipatory stress, clarified its distinct impact on deontological and utilitarian inclinations, and revealed the mediating effect of emotional valence.

Background: As the number of older people is rapidly growing, prevention, screening, and treatment of mental health problems (including anxiety and depression) in this population increasingly become a heavy burden to individuals, families, and even the whole society. The Kessler-6 screening measure (K6) is an efficient and effective instrument for general mental health problems. However, few studies have examined its measurement invariance across time, which is particularly important in longitudinal studies, such as exploring developmental trajectories of non-specific psychological distress and evaluating the effects of certain interventions., Methods: The current study investigated the factor structure and the longitudinal measurement invariance of the K6 among a national representative elder sample of China. Longitudinal data in two survey waves (the year 2010, and the year 2014) from the China Family Panel Studies were drawn for secondary data analysis. A total of 3845 participants aged 60 years old and above (52.2% male, mean age = 66.99 years, SD = 5.93 years) responded to both waves of the survey., Results: A comparison of four existing models with confirmatory factor analysis supported a two-factor solution of the K6. A series of multi-group confirmatory factor analyses further indicated that the K6 held strict longitudinal measurement invariance across time. Additionally, the internal consistency indices across time and the stability coefficients over time were acceptable., Conclusions: The findings further confirmed the psychometric defensibility of the K6 when used in the old Chinese population. The longitudinal measurement invariance justified comparisons of psychological distress scores among different measurement time points., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Background: The 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15) shows good performance in detecting depression among older persons, but its applicability has not been well studied in non-Western oldest-old adults and centenarians. This study aimed to evaluate the psychometric property of the GDS-15 and a simplified version among a large representative longevous population in China., Methods: A total of 1624 individuals (786 oldest-old persons aged from 80 to 99 years; 838 centenarians aged 100+ years) participated in this study. Home interviews with structured questionnaires were conducted to collect sociodemographic data. Depressive symptoms were measured using the Chinese GDS-15 version. We implemented mixed methods for the psychometric evaluation of the GDS-15. Cronbach's α coefficient and item-total correlation coefficients were used to evaluate the internal consistency. A standard expert consultation was conducted to test the content validity of each item. Multiple factor analyses were used to explore the optimal factor structure and measurement invariance., Results: The α coefficient of the GDS-15 was 0.745, while two items impaired the overall consistency reliability. Nineteen experts rated the applicability for each item and provided removal suggestion. Five items with less validity were removed, and a simplified 10-item GDS model with three-factor structure was proposed as an optimal solution. The GDS-10 model showed factorial equivalence across age, sex, residence, and education in multi-group confirmatory factor analyses., Conclusions: The original GDS-15 has acceptable internal reliability, known-group validity, and concurrent validity among Chinese community-dwelling oldest-old and centenarians; however we provided preliminary evidence indicating that individual items related to somatic function or social activities may not be applicable for this population. The modified GDS-10 can be proposed as a potentially more practical and comprehensible instrument for depression screening., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Purpose: Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most common type of thyroid cancer. LncRNA HOTAIR (HOx Transcript AntIsense RNA) and Galectin-3 are involved in PTC. This study explored the clinical effect of lncRNA HOTAIR/Galectin-3 on PTC patients., Methods: Subjects were assigned into PTC (160 cases) and benign thyroid tumor groups (150 cases). Fasting peripheral venous blood was collected. LncRNA HOTAIR/Galectin-3 expressions in serum were detected. Subjects were assigned into HOTAIR/Glactin-3 high/low expression groups and their correlation with age, gender, BMI, tumor size, pathological stage, TSH, TPO-Ab, and TG-Ab in PTC was analyzed. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was conducted on diagnostic efficacy of HOTAIR or/and Galectin-3. The difference of area under the curve (AUC) was compared and analyzed., Results: HOTAIR and Glactin-3 were higher in PTC group and correlated with tumor pathological stage. Higher HOTAIR/Glactin-3 expression indicated a more advanced TNM stage. LncRNA HOTAIR was positively correlated with TPO-Ab and TG-Ab. AUC of HOTAIR for PTC diagnosis was 0.895, with 96.00% specificity and 80.63% sensitivity. AUC of Glactin-3 for PTC diagnosis was 0.817, with 66.67% specificity and 78.75% sensitivity. AUC of HOTAIR combining with Glactin-3 for PTC diagnosis was 0.969 with 96.00% specificity and 87.50% sensitivity. AUC of lncRNA HOTAIR was higher than that of Glactin-3, while AUC of the combination was higher than that of lncRNA HOTAIR or Glactin-3., Conclusion: LncRNA HOTAIR and Glactin-3 were highly expressed in PTC. The combination detection of lncRNA HOTAIR/Glactin-3 had higher diagnostic efficiency on the differential diagnosis of benign thyroid tumor and PTC., Competing Interests: The authors declared that they have no competing interests., (© 2021 Li et al.)

Background: The aging population increases rapidly across the world. Timely and effective screening of their mental-health problems is important to individuals, families, and the whole society. The Kessler-6 screening measure (K6) is a very popular instrument for non-specific psychological distress. However, few studies have focused on the psychometric properties of this instrument in the older population., Methods: The present study employed Mokken scale analysis to evaluate its dimensionality and structure. This study also used differential item functioning (DIF) to examine whether the same structure existed across sex in a national representative sample of old Chinese people. Data were drawn from a public data set, the 2010 China Family Panel Studies (CFPS2010), and responses from a total of 6450 participants aged 60 years old and above (3136 males and 3314 females) were included in the final analysis., Results: Mokken scale analysis supported the unidimensional structure of the K6. Differential item functioning (DIF) analysis revealed that two of the six items ("Hopeless" and "Everything was an effort") were marked for DIF based on the Chi-square. However, their impacts were negligible in terms of McFadden's pseudo R 2 ., Conclusions: The K6 demonstrates adequate psychometric properties in the old Chinese population. The sum of all six items can be used as an indicator of non-specific psychological distress. Differences in the indicator across sex should be considered as a real difference in psychological distress between the female and the male.

Background: Anxiety symptoms are pervasive among elderly populations around the world. The Geriatric Anxiety Inventory (the GAI) has been developed and widely used in screening those suffering from severe symptoms. Although debates about its dimensionality have been mostly resolved by Molde et al. (2019) with bifactor modeling, evidence regarding its measurement invariance across sex and somatic diseases is still missing., Methods: This study attempted to provide complemental evidence to the dimensionality debates of the GAI with Mokken scale analysis and to examine its measurement invariance across sex and somatic diseases by conducting differential item functioning (DIF) analysis among a sample of older Chinese adults. The data was from responses of a large representative sample (N = 1314) in the Chinese National Survey Data Archive, focusing on the mental health of elderly adults., Results: The results of Mokken scale analysis confirmed the unidimensionality of the GAI, and DIF analysis indicated measurement invariance of this inventory across individuals with different sex and somatic diseases, with just a few items exhibiting item bias but all of them negligible., Conclusions: All these findings supported the use of this inventory among Chinese elders to screen anxiety symptoms and to make comparisons across sex and somatic diseases.

It is difficult to conduct rapid quantitative studies by direct analysis of mass spectrometry because of the matrix effects. In order to overcome the matrix effects in rapid quantitative analysis of complex sample and to find a rapid mass spectrometry method for capsaicin quantitation, the thermal desorption carbon fiber ionization mass spectrometry (TD-CFI-MS) was developed and optimized. TD-CFI-MS allows timesaving, less cost, less solvent consumption and no auxiliary gas. In this method the metal ceramics heater (MCH) was used for analyte desorption. The protonated water clusters in carbon fiber ion source provided proton for analytes through ion-molecular interactions. Desorption and ionization processes were separated in time and space so the analyte was less affected by the matrix during ionization, and the signal intensity of the analyte was enhanced. The matrix effects were investigated by the quantitative analysis of capsaicin in various samples using TD-CFI-MS, and the results were within 93.3-97.6% which indicated that almost no significant effects on the quantitation of capsaicin by this method. Finally, TD-CFI-MS was successfully applied for the quantitation of capsaicin in various real samples including foods and medicines indicating that this technique was a valuable strategy., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Ambient flame ionization (AFI) coupled with triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry was developed for quantitative analysis of sodium saccharin (SAC) in various food samples. Typically, the micro-flame by the combustion of n-butane provided a heating zone for fast desorption and ionization of analytes in milliseconds. Then high ion abundance of analyte could be produced in a short time, which made AFI-MS possess a very high sensitivity for SAC detection and was particularly appropriate for the quantification in multiple reaction monitor (MRM) mode. Liquid samples were introduced into outer flame using dip-it tips in order to facilitate a rapid and high-throughput analysis. Saccharin-d4 was used as the internal standard to compensate for the variations of the ion intensities. With a minimal sample preparation, a linear range of 4-100 μg/mL was developed with all linear relationships of different matrices (including coke, juice, liquors, sunflower seeds and sweetmeats) greater than 0.992. Recoveries for coke and apple matrices were ranged from 88.4% to 108.9% at the concentration of 5, 20, 80 μg/mL and the limits of detection (LODs) were in the range of 0.12-0.21 μg/mL. Furthermore, the feasibility of this method was exhibited by the quantification analysis of SAC in seventeen real samples. These results indicated that AFI-MS was a valuable strategy for rapid screening detection and precise quantification analysis of SAC in food., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

This present study examined the structure of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in a large sample of Chinese adolescents exposed to a deadly earthquake. A total of 2,800 middle school students aged 12 to 18 years participated in the study 6 months after the "Wenchuan Earthquake". Results of confirmatory factor analysis indicated that a five-factor intercorrelated model composed of intrusion, avoidance, numbing, dysphoric arousal, and anxious arousal, fit data significantly better than both the four-factor numbing model King et al. (Psychological Assessment 10:90-96, 1998) and the four-factor dysphoria model Simms et al. (Journal of Abnormal Psychology 111:637-647, 2002). Further examination of the external convergent and discriminant validity revealed that except for the dysphoric arousal factor, the remaining four PTSD factors yielded significantly different correlations with external measures of anxiety vs. depression. The findings add to the limited literature on the factor structure of PTSD in youths and on the five-factor PTSD model. In addition, they provide more detail into the latent psychopathological processes of PTSD, and inform the forthcoming DSM-5.