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International data suggest that exposure to nature is beneficial for mental health and well-being. The restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic have created a setting that allows us to investigate the importance of greenness exposure on mental health during a period of increased isolation and worry. Based on 2060 responses from an online survey in Stockholm County, Sweden, we investigated: (1) whether the COVID-19 pandemic changed peoples’ lifestyle and nature-related habits, and (2) if peoples’ mental health differed depending on their exposure to greenness. Neighborhood greenness levels were quantified by using the average normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) within 50 m, 100 m, 300 m, and 500 m buffers surrounding the participant’s place of residence. We found that the number of individuals that reported that they visited natural areas “often” was significantly higher during the pandemic than before the pandemic. Higher levels of greenness surrounding one’s location of residence were in general associated with higher mental health/well-being and vitality scores, and less symptoms of depression, anxiety, and perceived and cognitive stress, after adjustments for demographic variables and walkability. In conclusion, the results from the present study provided support to the suggestion that contact with nature may be important for mental health in extreme circumstances.

International data suggests that exposure for nature is beneficial for mental health and well-being. The restrictions related to Covid-19 pandemic have created a setting that allows us to investigate the importance of greenness exposure on mental health during a period of increased isolation and worry. Based on 2060 responses from an online survey in the Stockholm County, Sweden, we investigated: 1) weather the Covid-19 pandemic changed peoples’ life-style and nature-related habits, and 2) if peoples’ mental health differed depending on their exposure to greenness. Neighbourhood greenness levels were quantified by using the average Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) within 50m, 100m, 300m, and 500m buffers surrounding the participant’s place of residence. We found that the number of individuals that reported that they visited natural areas “often” was significantly higher during the pandemic than before the pandemic. Higher levels of greenness surrounding one’s location of residence were in general associated with higher mental health/wellbeing and vitality scores, and less symptoms of depression, anxiety, and perceived and cognitive stress, after adjustments for demographic variables and walkability. In conclusion, the results from the present study provided support to the suggestion that contact with nature may be important for mental health in extreme circumstances.

Agricultural activities can have several adverse impacts on the environment; such as important greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. To implement effective mitigation measures and create effective policies, it is necessary to know the full carbon and nitrogen budgets of agro-ecosystems. However, very often, information regarding the pools or fluxes involved in the carbon and nitrogen cycles is limited, and essential complementary data needed for a proper interpretation is lacking.This study aimed to quantify all the relevant pools and fluxes of a winter rapeseed, a widely spread crop in the Europe and Baltic regions. The N2O and CH4 fluxes were measured weekly using the closed static chamber method from August 2016 to August 2017 in a winter rapeseed field in Central Estonia. Additionally, nutrient leaching and soil chemical parameters, as well as environmental parameters like soil moisture, electrical conductivity and temperature were monitored. At the end of the season, the rapeseed and weed biomasses were collected, weighed and analyzed. The remaining relevant fluxes in the N cycle were calculated using various non-empirical methods: NH3 volatilization was estimated from slurry and environmental parameters, N deposition and NOx emissions were obtained from national reports, and N2 emissions were calculated with the mass balance method. Regarding the C cycle, gross primary production (GPP) of the rapeseed field was also calculated by the mass balance method. Simultaneously, for comparison and validation purposes, GPP was estimated from the data provided by MOD17A2H v006 series from NASA, and N2 was estimated from the measured emissions of N2O using the N2:N2O ratio calculated from the DAYCENT model equations.N2 emissions and GPP were the biggest fluxes in the N and C cycles, respectively. N2 emissions were followed by N extracted with plant biomass in the N cycle, while in the carbon cycle soil and plant respiration and NPP were the highest fluxes after GPP. The carbon balance was positive at the soil level, with a net increase in soil carbon during the period, mainly due to GPP carbon capture. Contrarily, the nitrogen balance resulted in a net loss of N due to the losses related to gaseous emissions (N2 and N2O) and leaching.To conclude, it was possible to close the C and N budgets, despite the inherent difficulties of estimating the different C and N environmental pools and fluxes, and the uncertainties deriving from some of the fluxes estimations.

Forest certification has emerged as a voluntary, market-driven tool for sustainable forest management (SFM). Its legitimacy depends on its ability to achieve its objectives and to retain the support of stakeholders such as NGOs and the companies that adopt it. This study presents a novel approach for assessing the contributions of forest certification to biodiversity conservation, based on Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certification in four northern European countries (Finland, Sweden, Estonia, Latvia). In each case, national FSC certification requirements related to specific biodiversity targets were compared with requirements in national legislation. Nearly 80% of the assessed certification requirements were more prescriptive than the national legislation. One-third of these requirements (3–8 per country) were assessed to have a positive contribution to biodiversity conservation, whereas four requirements (up to 2 per country) were assessed to have a low positive contribution. FSC requirements to protect Woodland Key Habitats were identified as having a positive contribution in all four countries, whereas requirements regarding live tree retention in harvests and preserving dead wood had a positive contribution in three countries each. Despite often prescribing similar measures, the other requirements with positive contributions varied between countries depending on the national legislative baseline. The remaining requirements could not be assessed through expert evaluation, indicating the need for additional empirical research to evaluate how the normative requirements translate to impacts in the field, and how the national context may affect their implementation. The approach is globally applicable, repeatable, and provides a basis for designing systematic empirical assessments of the certification impact.

Ecosystem responses to climate change are mainly predicted based on short-term studies. However, the first response can be a temporary overreaction, different from the later response of the more acclimated ecosystem. The current paper is a follow-up study of our previous article, where the effect of elevated atmospheric humidity on forest ecosystem carbon (C) balance was studied in a young silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) forest after two years of humidification. Here, we present the C balance of the same forest measured two years later when humidification treatment had been performed for four years. We revealed that the higher C sequestration capacity of the humidified birch forest ecosystem was an initial overreaction, which levelled off after four years of humidification, when the ecosystem became more acclimated to wetter conditions. Understorey production reacted rapidly and strongly by increasing belowground production more than twofold, but this reaction ceased after four years of humidification treatment. Trees responded to a lesser extent, and the initially decreased aboveground growth was recovered after four years of humidification, when the biomass allocation to tree fine-roots was increased. Our results showed that at early forest age, understorey plant production dominated in the whole ecosystem C sequestration capacity. But in the later stage, the most important C sink was biomass production of birches, and since the tree biomass production no longer differed between the treatments, C sequestration of the whole ecosystem did not differ either. The findings confirm that a preliminary reaction of an ecosystem can be different from the later response, which needs to be taken into account when prognosing the climate change consequences for carbon sequestration.

This study analyses long-term changes in drought indices (Standardised Precipitation Index—SPI, Standardised Precipitation–Evapotranspiration Index—SPEI) at 1 and 3?months scales at 182 stations in 11 central and eastern European countries during 1949–2018. For comparative purposes, the necessary atmospheric evaporative demand (AED) to obtain SPEI was calculated using two methods, Hargreaves-Samani (SPEIH) and Penman-Monteith (SPEIP). The results show some relevant changes and tendencies in the drought indices. Statistically significant increase in SPI and SPEI during the cold season (November–March), reflecting precipitation increase, was found in the northern part of the study region, in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, northern Belarus and northern Poland. In the rest of study domain, a weak and mostly insignificant decrease prevailed in winter. Summer season (June–August) is characterized by changes in the opposite sign. An increase was observed in the north, while a clear decrease in SPEI, reflecting a drying trend, was typical for the southern regions: the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, Moldova and southern Poland. A general drying tendency revealed also in April, which was statistically significant over a wide area in the Czech Republic and Poland. Increasing trends in SPI and SPEI for September and October were detected in Romania, Moldova and Hungary. The use of SPEI instead of SPI generally enhances drying trends.

Living near, recreating in, and feeling psychologically connected to, the natural world are all associated with better mental health, but many exposure-related questions remain. Using data from an 18-country survey (n = 16,307) we explored associations between multiple measures of mental health (positive well-being, mental distress, depression/anxiety medication use) and: (a) exposures (residential/recreational visits) to different natural settings (green/inland-blue/coastal-blue spaces); and (b) nature connectedness, across season and country. People who lived in greener/coastal neighbourhoods reported higher positive well-being, but this association largely disappeared when recreational visits were controlled for. Frequency of recreational visits to green, inland-blue, and coastal-blue spaces in the last 4 weeks were all positively associated with positive well-being and negatively associated with mental distress. Associations with green space visits were relatively consistent across seasons and countries but associations with blue space visits showed greater heterogeneity. Nature connectedness was also positively associated with positive well-being and negatively associated with mental distress and was, along with green space visits, associated with a lower likelihood of using medication for depression. By contrast inland-blue space visits were associated with a greater likelihood of using anxiety medication. Results highlight the benefits of multi-exposure, multi-response, multi-country studies in exploring complexity in nature-health associations. This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 666773 (BlueHealth). Data collection in California was supported by the Center for Conservation Biology, Stanford University. Data collection in Canada was supported by the Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia. Data collection in Finland was supported by the Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke). Data collection in Australia was supported by Griffith University and the University of the Sunshine Coast. Data collection in Portugal was supported by ISCTE—University Institute of Lisbon. Data collection in Ireland was supported by the Environmental Protection Agency, Ireland. Data collection in Hong Kong was supported by an internal University of Exeter—Chinese University of Hong Kong international collaboration fund. The funders had no role in the conceptualisation, design, analysis, decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript.

https://www.ester.ee/record=b5453832*est

Magistritöö Majandusarvestus ja finantsjuhtimise õppekaval Iga organisatsioon vajab kuluarvestussüsteemi, milles näidatakse, kuidas ettevõttes tekkivaid kulusid liigitada ja analüüsida erinevate eesmärkide saavutamiseks nii majandustegevuse hindamisel kui ka juhtimisotsuste langetamisel. Kulude klassifitseerimise võimalused tulenevad esmalt sellest, et saaks koostada finantsaruandeid vastavalt finantsaruandluse standardile. Teiseks aina rohkem soovitakse ettevõtetes saada täpsemat ülevaadet nii kulude kujunemisest kui ka nende kulude seostest erinevate tegevustega. Kuluarvestussüsteemi ülesandeks ongi võimaldada kasutajatele detailsemat kulude arvestamist, kiiremat aruannete genereerimist ning eelarvete jälgimist, mis on võimalik saavutada läbi asjakohaste protsesside. Jätkusuutlikuna püsimiseks peavad ettevõtte sisesed infotarbijad tõepäraste juhtimisotsuste tegemiseks kulud eristama kulukohtade, kuluobjektide ja kululiikide lõikes. Magistritöö eesmärk on kuluarvestussüsteemi täiendamine ettevõtte juhtkonna infovajaduse rahuldamiseks. Magistritöös viidi läbi juhtumiuuring. Uuriti osaühing Estonia kulude liigitamise võimalusi kulukohtade ja objektide vahel, kasutatavat kontoplaani ja muid dokumente. Viidi läbi intervjuu juhatuse liikmega. Magistritöös käsitletud teooria ja ettevõtte juhatuse liikmega läbi viidud intervjuu põhjal parendati ettevõtte kuluarvestussüsteemi. Magistritöö empiirilises osas analüüsiti osaühing Estonia olemasolevat kuluarvestussüsteemi. Analüüsi tulemusteks oli eristada taimekasvatuse, loomakasvatuse, abitootmise ja järgmise aasta saagiks tehtud kulukohtadele lisaks üldkulukoht, mis jaguneks taimekasvatuse üldkuluks, loomakasvatuse üldkuluks ja ettevõtte üldkuluks. Ettevõtte üldkulud jaotati müügituluga proportsionaalselt taimekasvatusele ja loomakasvatusele ning siis jaotati laiali kulukäituri abil kuluobjektidele. Taimekasvatustoodangu omahinna arvestust rakendatud ei ole. Tehtud tööde (teenuste) hinnad taimekasvatuskultuuridele olid ettevõtte juhtkonna poolt fikseeritud ja kaasajastamata, mis moonutas põllukultuuri kuluinformatsiooni. Ettevõttes tehtud tööde hindade kaasajastamiseks moodustati taimekasvatuses tegevuste kulukohad, mis võimaldab jaotada detailsemalt töötunde ja töötasusid ning masinatega seotud kulusid. Every organization warrants an effective cost accounting system that denotes how to classify and analyze the costs incurred in the company to successfully attain various goals, which assists in evaluating economic activities and in making management decisions. The proficiency to classify expenses primarily arises from the ability to prepare financial statements in accordance with financial reporting standards. Secondly, there is an increasing aspiration in companies to get a more accurate overview of the development costs as well as the interrelatedness of these costs with various activities. The task of the cost accounting system is to enable users to calculate costs more meticulously, to generate reports swiftly and to monitor budgets, which can be achieved through relevant and appropriate processes. In order to remain sustainable, internal information users need to differentiate costs by cost center, cost object, and cost type, which facilitates accurate management decisions. The aim of the master's thesis is to improve the cost accounting system to meet the information requirements of the company's management. A case study was conducted for the master's thesis. The case study explored the possibilities of classifying the expenses of the private limited company Estonia between cost centers and objects, the chart of accounts used and other pertient documents. An interview with a member of the board was conducted. Based on the theoretical framework discussed in the master's thesis and the interview with a member of the company's management board, the company's cost accounting system was revamped and improved. In the empirical part of the master's thesis, the existing cost accounting system of the private limited company Estonia was analyzed. The results of the analysis were to discern, in addition to the expenditures made for crop production, animal husbandry, auxiliary production and the following year's harvest. The overheads were further divided into overheads for crops, overheads for livestock and organization’s general overheads. The company's overheads were allocated to crop and livestock production in proportion to sales revenue, and then distributed to cost objects using cost driver. The calculation of the cost price of crop production has not been applied. The monetary value of the work (services) performed for crop production were fixed and not revised by the company's management, which misrepresented the cost information of the crop. In order to update the monetary value of the work performed in the company, the costs of crop producing activities has to be further allocated, which would allow for a more detailed breakdown of working hours and wages and costs related to machinery.

Background: Thunderstorm asthma is a term used to describe surges in acute respiratory illnesses following a thunderstorm and is often attributed to an intense exposure to aeroallergens. Several episodes of thunderstorm asthma have been observed worldwide; however, no such cases have been described in Sweden. In Sweden, the most prominent exposure to air-borne pollen occurs during the blooming of the birch. We aimed to explore the associations between respiratory health and the combined exposure to thunderstorms and birch pollen. Methods: We investigated the association between the daily numbers of outpatient visits due to respiratory cases and the combined exposure to thunderstorms and birch pollen during the period of 1 May–31 September in 2001–2017, in Stockholm County, Sweden, by using time series analysis with log linear models. Results: We detected noticeable increases in the number of outpatient visits on both the same day (max 26%; 95% CI 1.16–1.37) and the day after (max 50%; 95% CI 1.32–1.70) the occurrence of a thunderstorm, when the concentrations of birch pollen and the number of lightning discharges were within the highest categories. Conclusions: It is possible that co-exposure to heavy thunderstorms and high concentrations of birch pollen affects the respiratory health of the Stockholm population. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study addressing the thunderstorm-related respiratory illnesses in Sweden and the effects of birch pollen. Our study may be important for future public health advice related to thunderstorm asthma.

There is a critical gap in our knowledge about sustainable forest management in order to maintain biodiversity with respect to allocating conservation efforts between production forests and set-asides. Field studies on this question are notably scarce on species-rich, poorly detectable taxon groups. On the basis of forest lichen surveys in Estonia, we assessed the following: (i) how much production stands contribute to maintaining the full species pool and (ii) how forest habitat conditions affect this contribution for habitat specialist species. The field material was collected in a &ldquo, semi-natural forestry&rdquo, system, which mitigates negative environmental impacts of even-aged forestry and forestry drainage by frequently using natural regeneration, tree retention, and low intensity of thinnings. We performed standard-effort surveys of full assemblages of lichens and allied fungi (such as non-lichenized calicioid and lichenicolous fungi) and measured stand structure in 127 2 ha plots, in mainland Estonia. The plots represented four management stages (old growth, mature preharvest forests, clear-cut sites with retention trees, and clear-cut sites without retention trees). The 369 recorded species represent an estimated 70% of the full species pool studied. Our main finding was that production forests supported over 80% of recorded species, but only one-third appears tolerant of management intensification. The landscape-scale potential of production forests through biodiversity-friendly silviculture is approximately twice as high as the number of tolerant species and, additionally, many very rare species depend on setting aside their scattered localities. The potential is much smaller at the scale of individual stands. The scale effect emerges because multiple stands contribute different sets of sensitive and infrequent species. When the full potential of production forests is realized, the role of reserves is to protect specific old-growth dependent taxa (15% to 20% of the species pool). Our study highlights that production forests form a heterogeneous and dynamic target for addressing the biodiversity conservation principle of sustainable forest management.

Ecosystem restoration is gaining political and economic support worldwide, but its exact targets and costs often remain unclear. A key issue, both for predicting restoration success and assessing the costs, is the uncertainty of post-restoration development of the ecosystem. A specific combination of uncertainties emerges when ecosystem restoration would negatively affect pre-restoration species conservation values. Such dilemma appears to be common, but largely ignored in restoration planning; for example, in historically degraded forests, wetlands and grasslands that provide novel habitats for some threatened species. We present a framework of linked options for resolving the dilemma, and exemplify its application in extensive mire restoration in Estonia. The broad options include: redistributing the risks by timing; relocating restoration sites; modifying restoration techniques; and managing for future habitats of the species involved. In Estonia, we assessed these options based on spatially explicit mapping of expected future states of the ecosystem, their uncertainty, and the distribution of species at risk. Such planning documentation, combined with follow-up monitoring and experimentation, can be used for adaptive management, by funding organizations and for academic research.

Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is the most widely used silicon-based polymer due to its versatility and the range of attractive properties. Fabrication of PDMS involves liquid phase cross-linking to obtain hydrophobic and mechanically flexible material in the final solid form. This gives opportunity to add various fillers to affect the properties of resulting material. In the present work, we describe simple and reliable method of making a PDMS-based composite material with significantly improved thermal insulation properties by adding hollow glass microspheres (HGMs) to the mixture of liquid base and cross-linker (10:1 ratio) followed by degassing and heat-assisted crosslinking. We obtained 31% reduction of thermal conductivity for samples with HGMs content of 20% by mass. At the same time, sound insulation capacity slightly decreased as a result of lower density of PDMS-HGMs composite in comparison to pure PDMS. The wettability of the samples had no dependence on HGMs content.

Due to a growing interest in basalt fibers as a reinforcing material for concrete, it becomes necessary to study behavior of such fibers and their interaction with the concrete matrix. Basalt fibers have prospective mechanical and processability properties, as well as good cost-effectiveness when used as concrete reinforcement. However, alkali resistance properties of basalt fiber are rather weak. Three types of basalt fibers from various manufacturers are presented, which were produced from different basalt raw materials and with distinct production technologies. All presented basalt fiber types were studied before mixing with concrete and after it has cured. Size and morphology, young’s modulus, tensile strength, bending modulus and flexural properties as well as chemical analysis tests were carried out on the types of basalt fibers under consideration. One type of basalt fibers showed better alkali resistance properties due to the special selection of raw materials for the basalt fibers production.

ObjectivesLarge disparities in colorectal cancer (CRC) management and survival have been observed across Europe. Despite recent increases, the survival deficit of Estonian patients with CRC persists, particularly for rectal cancer. The aim of this study was to examine diagnostic, staging and treatment patterns of CRC in Estonia, comparing clinical data from 1997 and 2011.DesignNationwide population-based retrospective study.SettingEstonia.ParticipantsAll incident cases of colon and rectal cancer diagnosed in 1997 and 2011 identified from the Estonian Cancer Registry. Clinical data gathered from medical records.Outcome measuresDifferences in diagnostic, staging and treatment patterns; 5-year relative survival ratios.ResultsThe number of colon cancer cases was 337 in 1997 and 498 in 2011; for rectal cancer, the respective numbers were 209 and 349. From 1997 to 2011, large increases were seen in the use of colonoscopy and lung and liver imaging. Radical resection rate increased from 48% to 59%, but emergency surgeries showed a rise from 18% to 26% in colon and from 7% to 14% in rectal cancer. The proportion of radically operated patients with ≥12 lymph nodes examined pathologically increased from 2% to 58% in colon cancer and from 2% to 50% in rectal cancer. The use of neoadjuvant radiotherapy increased from 6% to 39% among stage II and from 20% to 50% among patients with stage III rectal cancer. The use of adjuvant chemotherapy in stage III colon cancer increased from 42% to 63%. The 5-year RSR increased from 50% to 58% in colon cancer and from 37% to 64% in patients with rectal cancer.ConclusionsMajor improvements were seen in the diagnostics, staging and treatment of CRC in Estonia contributing to better outcomes. Increase in emergency surgeries highlights possible shortcomings in timely diagnosis and treatment.

A fundamental problem of sustainability is how to reduce the double complexity of ecological and social systems into simple operational terms. We highlight that the conservation concept of focal species (selected species sensitive to a set of anthropogenic threats to their habitat) links multiple issues of ecological sustainability, and their habitat models can provide a practical tool for solving these issues. A review of the literature shows that most spatial modeling of focal species focuses on vertebrates, lacks the aspect of aquatic and soil habitats, and has been slow in the uptake by actual management planning. We elaborate on a deductive modeling approach that first generalizes the main influential dimensions of habitat change (threats), which are then parameterized as habitat quality estimates for focal species. If built on theoretical understanding and properly scaled, the maps produced with such models can cost-effectively describe the dynamics of ecological qualities across forest landscapes, help set conservation priorities, and reflect on management plans and practices. The models also serve as ecological hypotheses on biodiversity and landscape function. We illustrate this approach based on recent additions to the forest reserve network in Estonia, which addressed the insufficient protection of productive forest types. For this purpose, mostly former production forests that may require restoration were set aside. We distinguished seven major habitat dimensions and their representative taxa in these forests and depicted each dimension as a practical stand-scale decision tree of habitat quality. The model outcomes implied that popular stand-structural targets of active forest restoration would recover passively in reasonable time in these areas, while a critically degraded condition (loss of old trees of characteristic species) required management beyond reserve borders. Another hidden issue revealed was that only a few stands of consistently low habitat quality concentrated in the landscape to allow cost-efficient restoration planning. We conclude that useful habitat models for sustainable forest management have to balance single-species realism with stakeholder expectations of meaningful targets and scales. Addressing such social aspects through the focal species concept could accelerate the adoption of biodiversity distribution modeling in forestry.

Forests provide essential economic, social, cultural and environmental services. To be able to maintain the provision of these services, sustainable forest management (SFM) is a vital obligation. The maintenance of biodiversity, ranging from gene to ecosystem levels, is essential for functions and associated services, and it is one of the most important criterion for assessing sustainability in the Pan-European region. Currently, the majority of SFM Criteria and Indicators focuses on attributes relative to tree species or to the whole forest. With reference to biodiversity conservation, this means that the collected information cannot fully assess whether forests are being managed sustainably. To understand the drivers of forest biodiversity and drive sustainable management, several taxonomic groups should be investigated, since they may respond differently to the same environmental pressures. However, up to now, broad multi-taxonomic analyses were mainly performed through reviews and meta-analyses which limit our holistic understanding on the effects of forest management on different facets of biodiversity. Recently, several research institutions took up the challenge of multi-taxonomic field sampling. These local efforts, however, have limited extrapolation power to infer trends at the European scale. It is high time to share, standardize and use existing multi-taxon data through a common platform to inform sound management and political decisions. Biodiversity indicators have also some potential to be used in evaluation of impact of forest management on soils and surface waters in terms of naturalness, degradation and reclamation.We present the COST Action CA18207 “Biodiversity of Temperate forest Taxa Orienting Management Sustainability by Unifying Perspectives” (Bottoms-Up). It will gather the most comprehensive knowledge of European multitaxonomic forest biodiversity through the synergy of research groups that collected data locally in more than 2200 sampling units across approximately 300 sites covering nine different European forest types. For each sampling unit, information will be available on at least three taxonomic groups (vascular plants, fungi, lichens, birds and saproxylic beetles being the most represented) and on live stand structure and deadwood. Multi-taxon biodiversity will be associated with: (i) information on forest management based on observational studies at the coarse scale, and (ii) structural data deriving from forest manipulation experiments at the fine scale. Specific objectives are:• Developing a standardized platform of multi-taxon data;• Establishing a network of forest sites with baseline information for future monitoring;• Designing shared protocols for multi-taxon sampling;• Assessing the relationships between multi-taxon biodiversity, structure and management;• Creating a coordinated network of forest manipulation experiments;• Evaluating indicators and thresholds of sustainability directly tested on biodiversity;• Developing management guidelines defining sustainable management to be applied in forest certification and within protected areas.The Action involves about 80 researchers and stakeholders from 29 countries and represents an outstanding opportunity to develop a strong network of collaboration for standardized broad-scale multitaxon studies in Europe.Keywords: Multi-taxon, Pan-European region, Sustainable Forest Management.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been showcased as auspicious candidates for delivering therapeutic cargo, including oncolytic viruses for cancer treatment. Delivery of oncolytic viruses in EVs could provide considerable advantages, hiding the viruses from the immune system and providing alternative entry pathways into cancer cells. Here we describe the formation and viral cargo of EVs secreted by cancer cells infected with an oncolytic adenovirus (IEVs, infected cell-derived EVs) as a function of time after infection. IEVs were secreted already before the lytic release of virions and their structure resembled normally secreted EVs, suggesting that they were not just apoptotic fragments of infected cells. IEVs were able to carry the viral genome and induce infection in other cancer cells. As such, the role of EVs in the life cycle of adenoviruses may be an important part of a successful infection and may also be harnessed for cancer- and gene therapy.

Additional file 8. Forest plots.

Additional file 9. Meta-regressions.

Additional file 1. Swedish perspectives on active management of forest set-asides.