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We have examined the effects of purified human alpha-thrombin on factor VIII antigen (FVIII-Ag) release by human umbilical vein endothelial cells in culture. Alpha-thrombin induced a time and dose-dependent release of FVIII-Ag into supernatant medium. Alpha-thrombin-mediated FVIII-Ag release was not dependent on protein synthesis and was observed in both serum-free and serum-containing media. FVIII-Ag release, however, was prevented when the serine esterase activity of thrombin was inhibited. Pretreatment of human endothelial cells with alpha-thrombin, but not diisofluorophosphate-thrombin, prevented subsequent FVIII-Ag release by alpha-thrombin. Thrombin-mediated FVII- Ag release was not associated with significant 51Cr release from prelabeled endothelial monolayers. We conclude that alpha-thrombin induces release of preformed FVIII-Ag from human umbilical vein endothelial cells by a receptor-independent, nonlytic mechanism requiring serine esterase activity.

The contemporary emphasis of criminal justice policy on incapacitation of felony offenders has ironically opened up a window of opportunity for the expansion of alternatives to incarceration, including community corrections. This study analyzes the organizational diffusion of state-mandated community corrections policy in Connecticut, Colorado, and Oregon. Specifically, we measure the degrees of implementation in each state and analyze the organizational conditions that contribute to successful implementation. Also, we present a model of transformative rationality that points to the theoretical underpinnings of successful implementation. It identifies organizational conditions that are necessary to maintain a commitment to the fundamental premises of policy while simultaneously encouraging constructive adaptation of the policy to local environments.

A normative policy-impact model that provides criteria for evaluating specific programs as well as for determining which goals should be given priority in criminal justice is presented. With "decision structure," "self-interest goals," and "public-interest goals" the main elements of the model, the article stresses the impact of criminal justice on various groups related to this policy area. Although a policy may be aimed primarily at groups out side government (e.g., criminals), it also will have an impact on those asked to carry it out (e.g., police). When the effects benefit the nongovernment groups (sometimes called the clientele), the policy achieves "public-interest goals. " When the beneficiaries are government officials, "self-interest goals" are being attained. One of the main themes of this paper is that the extent to which public-interest goals can be reached depends entirely on how well they serve the self-interests of those who are responsible for executing the policies in question. Thus, while the article proposes that the ultimate goal of the criminal justice system should be the "equalization of the burden of crime," it emphasizes that the means of accomplishing this goal are uncertain because traditional crime-control strategies (e.g., deterrence) have major fallacies. Moreover, even if promising strategies are discovered, the self- interests of personnel in the criminal justice system motivate them to subvert such policies. Only through conscious mani pulation of work incentives can the vested interests of many criminal justice personnel in the status quo be altered and the equalization of the costs of crime be obtained.

Is it possible that jurors, in the process of evaluating the evidence against a defendant, act to some degree as legislators by assessing the soundness of policies they perceive the criminal law to be supporting? To test the hypothesis that jurors reflect public opinion in making such judgments, the author correlated changes in public opinion on war policy with fluctuations in the proportion of jury trial defendants found guilty of violating selective service laws.It was found that juries convicted those accused of draft evasion at a higher rate when a war was in progress than during peacetime and that during the Korean and Vietnam wars the conviction rate was directly correlated with public approval of American military actions. A breakdown of regional differences showed that the South was somewhat more supportive of the Vietnam War and more prone to convict in selective service cases than the rest of the nation was, but the results of this comparative analysis were inconclusive. Although the correspondence between public opinion and verdict tendencies was far from perfect (perhaps in part because of the skewed composition of juries), the study does support the notion that jurors draw on prevailing popular sentiments about laws and the public policies the laws further.

Has the assurance of a lawyer for criminal defendants really mattered? Is not the sophisticated response that legal aid lawyers have neither the experience nor the time and resources and commitment to give meaningful help to their clients? Professor Levine reports a study comparing the performance of private criminal lawyers and Legal Aid Society lawyers in Brooklyn, New York, notes various earlier findings, and proposes certain actions to make the right to counsel more truly effective. But the performance of the legal aid lawyers turns out to be far from inept, token representation. They are surprisingly conscientious and effective advocates. However, their clients lack confidence in them, so prefer to plea bargain, rather than go to trial. This client perception is a key difference between private and legal aid attorneys.

A very-long-baseline interferometer system was designed and built for geodetic applications. Each interferometer terminal records a 360-kHz spectral band of noise from a compact extragalactic radio source. The center frequency of the spectral band can be selected to sample sequentially bands covering a much wider frequency range to obtain subnanosecond accuracy in group-delay measurements. A tunnel-diode pulse generator is used to calibrate the delays in the receiver. The necessary sets of algorithms and computer programs have been developed to analyze the data and have allowed the system to be employed to make accurate determinations of vector baselines, radio-source positions, polar motion, and universal time.

Dietary intake was assessed in 50 patients in hospital by using a dietary history method and computer based system for data collection and standard food tables to calculate the composition of nutrients. The results were compared with those from a weighed assessment that was calculated by using both food tables and manufacturers' food analyses. The use of the food tables overestimated mean (SEM) individual nutrient intakes by between 2.5% (1.5%) and 15.5% (3.0%). The mean errors associated with the dietary history assessment varied from -23% (7.8%) for fat intake to +21.4% (8.5%) for carbohydrate intake. Overall, 30% of the assessments of total nutrient intakes that were calculated using this method were within -20% to +20% of actual values; 18% were within -10% to +10%. The mean errors associated with the computer based assessment varied from -1.0% (4.3%) for carbohydrate intake to +8.5% (3.4%) for protein intake. Overall, 56% of the assessments of total nutrient intakes were within -20% to +20% of actual intakes; 31% were within -10% to +10%. The computer based system provides an accurate, reproducible, convenient, and inexpensive method for assessing dietary intake.

The results of 24 h food preference tests have suggested that learned food aversions may be involved in the development of anorexia in tumour bearing rats and in patients with cancer. We have performed similar tests over longer periods, up to 10 days, in male rats implanted with Leydig cell tumours, using semisynthetic diets containing differing proportions of fat, protein and carbohydrate. Tumour growth caused anorexia (16-30% decrease in food intake) and cachexia (78% decrease in body fat and 18% decrease in body protein, but 16% increase in body water). Both tumour bearing and control rats preferred a high carbohydrate diet to a high fat diet regardless of their previous diet: tumour bearing rats showed no evidence of a learned food aversion in these experiments. Tumour bearing rats did show an initial preference for a novel high protein diet when this was offered as an alternative to the normal protein diet they had previously been consuming, but this apparent learned food aversion disappeared on the second day of the test and was in fact reversed on all the subsequent days of the test. However, tumour bearing rats did show a sustained preference for a novel low protein diet when this was offered as an alternative to the normal protein diet they had previously been consuming. These results suggest that anorexia in the tumour bearing rats was not caused by a learned food aversion. However the results do indicate that the tumour bearing rats may have developed a specific aversion to protein in the diet. Leydig cell tumours are known to secrete large amounts of oestradiol. However injections of oestradiol in normal male rats caused an increase in body fat content and had no effect on the rats' preference for dietary protein. Clearly hypersecretion of oestradiol was not responsible for the loss of body fat, the fluid retention and the aversion to dietary protein which characterised the tumour bearing rats. The mechanisms by which tumour growth causes anorexia and cachexia in these rats remains obscure.

An analysis of criminal court verdicts after trials with and without juries shows that, contrary to popular belief, juries are acting tougher than judges in deliberating the fate of defendants. Study of 58,336 trials of persons charged with felonies in six states and the District of Columbia shows that juries convict substantially more often than judges trying cases alone. The slightly contrary results in two other jurisdictions are explained by special circumstances. The phenomenon of jury toughness is seen to be the result of changes in the dominant po litical ideology, as trend data on federal court verdicts show an increasing rate of jury convictions since the 1950s as a response to the growth of popular conserva tism on criminal justice issues. Jurors, as representing the body politic, have used their discretion over fact finding as their means of expressing indignation about crime and dealing harshly with criminals.

malian species. The authors describe several studies designed to determine how much time fathers spend with their children and how this compares with the extent of involvement by mothers. On average, fathers spend 25 to 35% as much time as mothers do in direct interaction with their children. Factors affecting the degree of paternal involvement are then described. These factors include: Motivation, skills, support, and institutional practices. Researchers have demonstrated that human fathers can be as competent as mothers, although lack of practice leads over time to lower levels of competence than evinced by mothers. Mothers and fathers behave differently in interaction with their children, with maternal-child interaction dominated by caretaking and father-child inter? action characterized by play.

In the last two decades, average levels of paternal involvement in childcare have increased significantly (Lamb, Pleck, Charnov, & Levine, in press), albeit more slowly than many in the media would have us believe. Most professional discussions of these secular changes have focuscd on the effects of increased paternal involvement on children. In this brief chapter, we discuss the likely effects of increased paternal involvement on mothers and fathers.

This article is the last in a series of four adapted from James A. Levine'sDay Care and the Public Schools: Profiles of Five Communities. The first three articles examined the debate over public school prime sponsorship and presented the history and development of programs in Austin, Texas; Atlanta, Georgia; Brookline, Massachusetts; and Oakland, California. In this issue, Mr. Levine focuses on two systems of public school-affiliated family day care in South Carolina, and presents his conclusions and personal view of prospects for the future. The complete report is available as a book from the Education Development Center (EDC) Distribution Center, 39 Chapel Street, Newton, Massachusetts 02160 ($5 prepaid).

A simple and reliable dilution refrigerator is described for routine measurements below 0.06 K. Novel construction techniques are used to reduce the number of potentially troublesome low temperature joints to a minimum, and to facilitate sample changing.

Experimental measurement of the mobility of photoelectrons in low-temperature helium gas is described. At the highest gas densities (near the normal boiling point) the mobility is lower than the value predicted by kinetic theory by four orders of magnitude. At intermediate density a transition region occurs, and at the lowest densities studied, the mobility approaches the kinetic-theory limit. A theoretical discussion of the interaction of a slow electron with a collection of helium atoms is given, and it is shown that at high density and low temperature a correlated ("bubble") state becomes thermodynamically stable. The theory predicts correctly the mobility at high density, the critical density at which the transition occurs, and the approach to the kinetic-theory value at low density. It does not, however, account for the details of the transition region. The observations, and their interpretation, provide strong support for the "bubble" model for electrons in liquid helium.

The quasiparticle recombination time ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{\mathcal{r}}$, has been measured in superconducting aluminum films. The temperature dependence of ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{\mathcal{r}}$ at low temperatures was found to be in good agreement with theoretical expectations.

Coincidence detectors of Weber have given a 10:l ratio (R*) of prompt to delayed coincidences. Simplified analysis indicates that such an R* would require daily gravity-wave incidence rate and energy depositions that would have been seen in the single-bar detector of the preceding Letter (and were not), suggesting that Weber-s 1969-1970 events were not produced by gravity waves or that such waves do not exist in similar numbers and intensity in 1973.

The diffusion of quasiparticle excitations in superconducting aluminum films has been observed. The measured diffusion constant $D=22.5$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ ${\mathrm{sec}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ is in good agreement with an estimate based on the normal-state resistivity of the films.

Experimental evidence that slow electrons injected into helium vapor do not travel between collisions as free electrons but form heavy complexes with helium atoms was obtained from mobility data. A mobility four orders of magnitude lower than expected from kinetic theory assuming free electrons was observed in the saturated vapor. The mobility rises rapidly as the gas pressure is lowered below the saturated vapor pressure. It is interpretable in terms of a thermodynamic instability of the complex, but is not consistent with the possibility of observing the transport of an impurity negative ion. (L.N.N.)

The electronic properties of the pseudobinary compound LaSn x In3− x and several related compounds are known to vary in an oscillatory manner with composition x.1 There is considerable experimental evidence that the variation is due primarily to changes in the electron/atom ratio. We have measured transition temperature T c , density of states at the Fermi surface N (0), Debye energy ΘD and hardness, in an attempt to understand superconductivity in this system.

The Mark III very-long-baseline interferometry (VLBI) system allows recording and later processing of up to 112 megabits per second from each radio telescope of an interferometer array. For astrometric and geodetic measurements, signals from two radio-frequency bands (2.2 to 2.3 and 8.2 to 8.6 gigahertz) are sampled and recorded simultaneously at all antenna sites. From these dual-band recordings the relative group delays of signals arriving at each pair of sites can be corrected for the contributions due to the ionosphere. For many radio sources for which the signals are sufficiently intense, these group delays can be determined with uncertainties under 50 picoseconds. Relative positions of widely separated antennas and celestial coordinates of radio sources have been determined from such measurements with 1 standard deviation uncertainties of about 5 centimeters and 3 milliseconds of arc, respectively. Sample results are given for the lengths of baselines between three antennas in the United States and three in Europe as well as for the arc lengths between the positions of six extragalactic radio sources. There is no significant evidence of change in any of these quantities. For mapping the brightness distribution of such compact radio sources, signals of a given polarization, or of pairs of orthogonal polarizations, can be recorded in up to 28 contiguous bands each nearly 2 megahertz wide. The ability to record large bandwidths and to link together many large radio telescopes allows detection and study of compact sources with flux densities under 1 millijansky.

The design, construction and performance of an eyetracker is discussed. The device provides real-time signals giving the direction of a user's gaze, with a precision of 0.3 degrees of arc and an update time of 17 ms. It is usable by a wide range of subjects in normal office-type conditions.

Chez un homme hemophile (Hemophilie A) et atteint du SIDA, une biopsie chirurgicale, realisee afin de confirmer un psoriasis devant une dermatose papulo-squameuse, s'est complique d'une hemorragie importante

During the fall of 1967, radar was employed to study the scattering properties of the planet Venus at 3.8-cm wavelength. An increase in the transmitter power to 300 kW CW and a reduction in the system noise temperature to 60 degrees K provided a considerable improvement in the radar performance. The frequency power spectra of the echoes were determined by digital Fourier analysis of the received signals. The total power in each spectrum was computed to yield the value for the radar cross section of Venus. These average 1.75 percent of the projected area of the disk.

Levine, James S. (Yale University, New Haven, Conn.), and Norman Strauss . Lag period characterizing the entry of transforming deoxyribonucleic acid into Bacillus subtilis . J. Bacteriol. 89: 281–287. 1965.—The kinetics of appearance of transformants as a function of time of exposure to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) has been studied in Bacillus subtilis . A short lag period of approximately 1 min at 37 C is evident when the transformation is terminated with deoxyribonuclease. The length of this lag is independent of the genetic trait transferred. Moreover, the lag is unaffected by transforming DNA concentration, by the presence of homologous unmarked DNA, and by shearing and cross-linking of the transforming DNA. The lag shows a strong inverse temperature dependence. The energy of activation is 13.9 kcal. The lag is abolished when the transformation is terminated by washing instead of by addition of deoxyribonuclease. These results are taken to indicate an immediate adsorption of DNA to cells, followed by a deoxyribonuclease-sensitive period of 1 min, during which time the genetic trait is entering the cell. These results make feasible an investigation of the configuration assumed by the DNA molecule during entry into the cell.

Since cytochrome c and myoglobin are heme proteins, we tested the assumption that their catabolism contributes to endogenous CO production(Vco). Adult mice were injected with NaHCO3 solution or this solution containing equimolar amounts of myoglobin, cytochrome c, freshly dissolved hematin or hematin stored for 24 and 48 hrs. After the injection, each mouse was placed in a glass chamber from which gas was sampled at 4 and 23 hrs. Within 4 hrs of injecting myoglobin or freshly prepared hematin, the Vco was 2 to 4 fold greater than for control mice. Tin protoporphyrin prevented most of this rise in Vco suggesting that heme oxygenase mediated the reaction. In contrast, Vco 4 hrs after injecting either cytochrome c or stored hematin was indistinguishable from control mice. However between 4 to 23 hrs Vco increased and was comparable to myoglobin or fresh hematin treated animals. The cytochrome c heme differs from myoglobin or hemoglobin only in that the 2 vinyl groups are covalently linked to cysteine. Storage of hematin also alters these vinyl groups (NEJM 315:235, 1986). While these in vivo studies suggest that heme cleavage at the α methene bridge requires 2 vinyl groups on the adjacent pyrrole rings, in vitro studies (J Biol Chem 257:9944, 1982) suggest alternative explanations. The delayed increase in Vco from cytochrome c and aged hematin suggests either slow conversion to compounds that are cleaved by heme oxygenase or excretion and CO formation by enteric bacteria.

This paper is concerned with an area of second language learning which has long been regarded as idiomatic and therefore not amenable to systematization.' Specifically, we have in mind the lexical combinability of words, i.e., the tendency of one word to occur with another word or words to convey a particular meaning. This area, which involves questions of style and word-usage, is an extremely difficult aspect of language learning; it requires not only knowledge of the dictionary definitions of vocabulary items, but also information about their combinatory properties. One of the most effective methods of dealing with this problem derives from a principle first developed within the context of machine translation theory.2 This principle has come to be known in linguistic literature as the theory of lexical functions. The present paper will demonstrate the applicability of lexical functions to the problem of word-collocations in the acquisition of German as a second language. The term lexical function refers to the regular semantic relations which exist between certain key words and other words (or wordcombinations) in a language. According to this theory, words are not viewed in isolation, but rather as lexical correlates of other words. The formalism used to express a lexical function consists of three elements: the name of the function, the key word (in parentheses), and the word or word-combination value of the function. An example of a lexical function is the semantic relation between a (key) word denoting a certain phenomenon and the designation "to a very high degree" (of the phenomenon). This function has been called "Magn" (from Latin magnus) and is illustrated as follows