Search

In this paper, we describe the design and fabrication of a front-end receiver and matrix modules for 2−18 GHz with high gain, good phase matching characteristics, and reliability; this was accomplished by applying a chip-and-wire process using a bare-type monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) device. To compensate for the mismatch among many sub-modules, a front-end module, matrix module, and built-in test module suitable for sub-band frequency characteristics were designed and applied to the direct receiver. The matrix box used a high-pass filter to remove unwanted low frequencies and a 4-way divider to distribute single input BIT signals. The broadband receiver module had two paths: a phase path and an amplitude path. Phase- and amplitude-matched radio frequency semi-rigid cables of different lengths were used to connect to the internal sub-modules of the matrix receiver. The main RF line was a dielectric substrate, RT/Duroid 5880, with a relative dielectric constant of 2.2 and a dielectric thickness of 0.127 mm. The sizes of the front-end receiver and matrix box were 137 mm × 120 mm × 31 mm and 250 mm × 238 mm × 138 mm, respectively. In the wideband frequency receiver module, the gain was 22.99 dB at mid-band (frequency 2−6 GHz) with a return loss of about 14.76 dB. Th e gain was 23.25 dB at a high band (frequency 6−18 GHz), having a return loss of about 11.63 dB. The peak values of phase matching among the channels for 2–6 GHz were ±3.30°, and the peak values of phase matching among the channels for 6–18 GHz were ±8.24°.

Among all industrial accident-induced diseases, musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are most prominently observed among nurses. The physical load of everyday tasks involved in nursing work was assessed in this study using a developed risk index, whereby the physical burden was evaluated using the exposure duration and work intensity levels. This survey targeted nine small-, medium-, and large-sized hospitals in South Korea and categorized representative nursing tasks into six groups. The subtasks within these six categories (evaluated as high risk) included changing a patient's posture and assisting with walkers or wheelchairs, transporting/handling drug carts, bathing patients, replacing bedding, traction therapy, cardiopulmonary resuscitation and artificial manual breathing unit, and computer work. The risk index ratio was significantly different by task type for each task. We demonstrated that the risk index developed in this study can be used to evaluate MSDs in hospitals.

DWP16001 is a novel sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor for the treatment of type 2 diabetes with selective and sustained sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition. We aimed to evaluate whether the coadministration of DWP16001 and metformin causes any changes in pharmacokinetics (PK) or pharmacodynamics (PD).A randomized, open-label, single- and multiple-dose, 2-sequence, crossover study was conducted in healthy male subjects. Subjects received the following treatments: a single oral dose of DWP16001 (DWP) 2 mg, metformin immediate release 1000 mg (MET) twice daily for 7 days and a single oral dose of DWP and MET at steady-state for metformin (DWP+MET). Serial blood and interval urine were collected for PK and PD analyses. Safety and tolerability profiles were assessed throughout the study.DWP+MET displayed increased peak concentration and area under the concentration-time curve from time 0 to time of the last quantifiable concentration compared with DWP (per standard bioequivalence boundaries, 0.8-1.25); the geometric mean ratios (GMRs) and their 90% confidence intervals (CIs) were 1.22 (1.13-1.31) and 1.09 (1.05-1.14), respectively. DWP+MET and MET showed similar peak concentration and area under the concentration-time curve within a dosing interval at steady state for metformin; the GMRs and 90% CIs were 0.98 (0.90-1.06) and 1.05 (0.98-1.13), respectively. The amount of urinary glucose excretion from time 0 to 144 h was also comparable between DWP+MET and DWP (GMR and 90% CI; 0.99, 0.94-1.05).The results suggest that DWP16001 and metformin could be coadministered without clinically relevant PK and PD interactions.