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Many of the terms used to describe conditions in elderly individuals, whether medical (deterioration, involution, degeneration) or neurobehavioral (impairment, dysfunction), imply deficiency. The complex of distorted views of real impairment, illness, or disability may be described as the deficiency model. Although developmental theory has expanded explosively and could offer an alternative frame of reference to dispel denigration of the elderly condition, late life continues to be viewed as lacking all redeeming aspects, while mortality is considered an obstacle to prolonging life rather than one of its determinants. Deficiency-model thinking has influenced the conduct of epidemiologic, neurobiologic and clinical research, whose results in turn have often been interpreted to reinforce such thinking. It can also distort clinical approaches to diagnosis and treatment of late-life disorders. This paper offers instead an alternative approach that focuses on late life as a developmental task.

The wider perspective rural transformation, colonial antecedents and the state the internal dynamics of rural transformation involution versus peasant differentiation the external linkages of rural transformation.

In 1976 I published an article in theActa Historiae Neerlandicae(an annual series of publications in English on the history of The Netherlands, alas abruptly discontinued in 1982 for financial reasons) in which I tried to summarize the main causes of the decline of the cultivation system in Java (Fasseur, 1976, 143–62). Being then a young and ambitious historian with little respect for the big names in the field of Indonesian sciences, I stated that the literature on the cultivation system contained many misunderstandings as to the origins of the ‘decay’ of the system. In this connection I mentioned in particular Wertheim's well-known study onIndonesian Society in Transitionand Clifford Geertz's stimulating essay onAgricultural Involution(1963). Although this latter book is certainly not without its shortcomings, it has greatly obliged all historians by reviving the interest in the role played by the cultivation system in the development of Java during the last century and a half. The period of the cultivation system, in the words of Geertz, was ‘the classic stage’ of colonial history, ‘the most decisive of the Dutch era’. Although I did not realize that fully in 1975, it was thus an opportune moment to publish, twelve years after Geertz's provocative study, a doctoral dissertation on the history of the system. The main flaw of Geertz's work was its weak historical component. The only ‘historical’ dataAgricultural Involutionprovided, were borrowed from an agricultural atlas ofJava published in 1926.

Numerical Campedelli surfaces are minimal surfaces of general type with p_g=0 (and so q=0) and K^2=2. Although they have been studied by several authors, their complete classification is not known. In this paper we classify numerical Campedelli surfaces with an involution, i.e. an automorphism of order 2. First we show that an involution on a numerical Campedelli surface S has either four or six isolated fixed points, and the bicanonical map of S is composed with the involution if and only if the involution has six isolated fixed points. Then we study in detail each of the possible cases, describing also several examples., Comment: 22 pages

Modern evolutionary biologists, as for example Michael Arnold, attest that hybridizations could have a strong creative force in organismal evolution. Such an idea was considered as blasphemous by 19th century critics on evolutionism, and did not entirely convince Charles Darwin himself, but it would not have surprised the ancient Greeks and Romans, who knew that inter-specific couplings gave birth to new species. These new species, however, were considered as products of a process of "adulteration" or "involution", rather than "evolution".

This collection aims to attract attention to the admirable achievements of indigenous builders in Indonesia and to contribute to a broader sense of commitment to the endangered architectural heritage in the region. It presents the second part of the results of a research project on vernacular architecture in western Indonesia, sponsored by the Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences. The volume is intended to provide an introduction to all relevant vernacular architectural traditions and developments in western Indonesia.

This paper contributes to the debate on rural land sales in Africa. First, it shows that the emergence of sales in the forested area of Cote d'Ivoire corresponds to an "imperfect" land commoditization, due to the social embedding of land transfers in the autochthon-migrant relationship. Then, it analyzes land sales in a former no-man's land, outside this relationship, where the transactions correspond to complete sales. However, a diachronic analysis reveals an "involution" in the market, related to the transformation of the pioneer's individual private right into a family right, once the land is inherited, highlighting therefore another social dimension of land markets. © 2006 by the Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System.

This essay presents a philosophical analysis of Cage's technique of rhythmic structure. It advances the notion that the form/content dialectic progresses in neo-avant-garde works to such an extent that the "content" of these works becomes their own "means". This I term the "involution" of artistic technique.

Este artículo discute la actual disputa familiar entre los llamados positivistas "blandos" y "duros". Se sostiene que esta disputa muestra que el positivismo jurídico contemporáneo ha rechazado el importante y original enfoque que le identificaba originariamente. El positivismo jurídico nació como una teoría del Derecho moderno, una forma de Derecho que era artificial y contingentemente construido, más que descubierto a través del uso de la razón. El estado actual de la teoría y práctica jurídica muestra la necesidad de volver a esta versión "ética" del positivismo jurídico, porque estamos asistiendo a un tipo de involución jurídica hacia formas jurídicas premodernas que suelen denominarse "neo-constitucionalismo"; una involución que -si el enfoque del positivismo jurídico original es todavía válido, tal como este artículo defiende- debe resistirse. Tal teoría "ética" fuerte debe entender a la legislación como el non plus ultra del Derecho, y a los jueces como sometidos al legislador, sin reducir la aplicación a una actividad mecánica. This article discusses the current family dispute among so-called “soft” and “hard” positivists. It claims that this dispute shows that contemporary legal positivism has rejected the important original insight that originally identified it. Legal positivism was born as a theory of modern law, a form of law that was artificially and contingently made rather than discovered through the use of reason. the current state of legal theory and practice shows the need to return to this “ethical” version of legal positivism, because we are witnessing a sort of legal involution to pre-modern legal forms that is sometimes called “neo-constitutionalism”, involution that –if legal positivism’s original insight is still valid, as this article claims it is– ought to be resisted. Such a strong “ethical” theory must understand legislation as the non plus ultra of law, and judges as “underworkmen” of the legislator, without reducing adjudication to a mechanical activity that loses sight of the particulars involved.

Let K be a knot that has an unknotting tunnel tau. We prove that K admits a strong involution that fixes tau pointwise if and only if K is a two-bridge knot and tau its upper or lower tunnel., Comment: 9 pages, 3 figures

In the first section of this paper, we show that the functions in involution of the Gelfand–Cetlin system can be obtained from a λ-parametric Lax equation. In the second section, we observe that the Gelfand–Cetlin system has no obstructions to global action–angle coordinates, and we give an explicit expression of global (action) angle coordinates. In the third section, we remark the fact that the Gelfand–Cetlin system is obtained via a nesting of superintegrable systems, and show they all present a non-vanishing Chern class.

The term “aging of people with mental illness” might be taken to refer to either the influence of time on the course of psychiatric diseases (“natural history”) or, alternatively, the importance of involutional changes after an arbitrarily chosen age, e.g. age 60. Moreover, in the present era of increasing life span, it may be of interest whether diseases first appearing in the presenium have a specific course in old age, because patients developing mental illness at advanced ages today may have a subsequent course of illness lasting as long as 30 years. In this review, we aim to describe the influence of involution on preexisting diseases, but we shall also attempt to present the available data on the latter question.

This paper describes approaches that may be used in consulting with the bereaved mother about engorgement and involution. The physical and emotional facets of this experience are intricately interwoven and lactation consultants should be aware that mothers may need a number of health care professionals to meet their needs. Suggestions for milk suppression, communication enhancement, and emotional support are offered.

Cet article presente le deroulement des evenements a Thorn, une petite ville provinciale de Hollande, ou la communaute avait progressivement perdu le controle des projets de grande envergure qui s'y realisaient, comme l'extraction du gravier et la reconstruction agricole. La construction planifiee de bungalows dans un parc et l'amenagement d'une marina ont permis au gouvernement local d'accroitre les recettes touristiques et de retrouver un certain controle. Les autorites municipales ont decide qu'il fallait que le projet touristique soit realise a une certaine distance de la ville, et qu'il soit parfaitement autonome par rapport a la societe locale. Une telle strategie semblait efficace pour beneficier du tourisme tout en limitant ses effets negatifs. Mais Thorn n'a pas su tirer parti des possibilites offertes par le developpement touristique. Le processus de planification etait denue de creativite et d'esprit d'innovation, et aucune strategie de rechange en matiere de developpement n'avait ete envisagee. L'histoire recente revele l'incapacite des autorites politiques locales a reconnaitre ou a definir les occasions favorables et, partant, a renforcer la position de la ville par rapport aux reseaux economiques et politiques exterieurs

A deformation of the standard prolongation operation, defined on sets of vector fields in involution rather than on single ones, was recently introduced and christened 'σ-prolongation'; correspondingly, one has 'σ-symmetries' of differential equations. These can be used to reduce the equations under study, but the general reduction procedure under σ-symmetries fails for equations of order 1. In this paper, we discuss how σ-symmetries can be used to reduce dynamical systems, i.e. sets of first-order ODEs in the form .

We give an example of the recent proposed mirror construction of Strominger, Yau and Zaslow in ``Mirror Symmetry is T-duality,'' hep-th/9606040. The paper first considers mirror symmetry for K3 surfaces in light of this construction. We then consider the example of mirror symmetry for Calabi-Yau threefolds of the type considered by Voisin and Borcea, of the form SxE/involution where S is a K3 surface with involution, and E is an elliptic curve. We show how dualizing a family of special Lagrangian real 3-tori does actually produce the mirrors in these examples., Comment: 30 pages, plain TeX, epsf.tex, amssym.tex, 3 figures. Final version

Some aspects of the algebraic quantization program proposed by Ashtekar are revisited in this article. It is proven that, for systems with first-class constraints, the involution introduced on the algebra of quantum operators via reality conditions can never be projected unambiguously to the algebra of physical observables, i.e., of quantum observables modulo constraints. It is nevertheless shown that, under sufficiently general assumptions, one can still induce an involution on the algebra of physical observables from reality conditions, though the involution obtained depends on the choice of particular representatives for the equivalence classes of quantum observables. © 1996 American Institute of Physics., This work was supported by funds provided by DGICYT and the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science under Contract Adjunct to the Project No. PB91-0052

We study the theory of systems with constraints from the point of view of the formal theory of partial differential equations. For finite-dimensional systems we show that the Dirac algorithm completes the equations of motion to an involutive system. We discuss the implications of this identification for field theories and argue that the involution analysis is more general and flexible than the Dirac approach. We also derive intrinsic expressions for the number of degrees of freedom., 28 pages, latex, no figures

Sir,We appreciate Dr. Sinzig’s interest in our report of theimaging findings of a rapidly involuting congenital heman-gioma [1]. Dr. Sinzig’s questions raise several interestingpoints about the role of the pediatric radiologist in the clinicalcare of patients, the understanding of the risks of ionizingradiation and the influence of hindsight bias on scientificanalysis.The initial evaluation with CT in this case was performedbecause CT provides the best evaluation of the effect of thetumor on the adjacent osseous structures, as well as the highestresolution of vascular features short of catheter angiography.Subsequent CT studies were performed in response to whatwere perceived to be potentially ominous clinical findings;these exams were performed as emergency studies. None oftheCTstudieswasperformedtodocumentexpectedinvolutionof the lesion. Indeed, there was considerable debate regardingthe diagnosis of RICH until the involution became apparent toall. All subsequent evaluations have been with MR imaging.ForallbutthefirstCT,apediatricradiologistwasnotconsultedabout what modality should or should not be used to urgentlyevaluatethischildwithaknownhemorrhagicintracranialmass.Dr. Sinzig’s questions reflect the perspective of one whois aware of the eventual benign evolution of this lesion. Thisis a classic demonstration of hindsight bias [2], in whichhaving knowledge of future events (the eventual benign out-come) shapes one’s perspective of past decision-making. Theclinicians who ordered the exams in this case were not at allconfident of the eventual involution ofthis large hemorrhagictumor in this small child’s brain. Any criticism of their deci-sions needs to recognize this fact.Finally, Dr. Sinzig refers to the “continuously better-known side effects of ionizing radiation, especially ininfants and children” in her letter, citing recent publications[3, 4] that document the estimated risk of radiation exposureon populations. It is important that we all recognize thedifference between estimated risk as it applies to popula-tions, and known side effects as they apply to individuals.Increased incidence of cancer in populations is not a sideeffect of performing CTin any one individual. Rather, it is atheoretical concern based upon what we know of the ioniz-ing effects of radiation exposure. It is our responsibility torecognize this concern and do what we can to minimize thetheoretical risk. We also have a responsibility to educateourselves and our patients and their families as to the relativerisks of performing or not performing diagnostic studies, sothat our decisions can be seen as justifiable and in the bestinterests of our patients, even in retrospect.References

Numerous defects in materials may be characterized as cavities or inclusions within the framework of linear elasticity. Recently, the author and co-workers have developed a general procedure termed “Heterogenization”, which permits an efficient analysis of elastic bodies with circular cavities or inclusions in terms of correspondingly loaded homogeneous bodies without such defects. One of the features of this novel methodology is that the expressions derived are completely independent of the loading. The present contribution summarizes the essentials of this methodology, which is based on a certain involution correspondence, and considers specific applications to cavities, elastic inclusions with different boundary conditions, as well as to coupled fields such as piezoelectricity and thermoelasticity.

The celebrated Leibniz enriched the sciences by many actual contributions; but he also entertained numerous greater projects, the execution of which the world has in vain awaited from him. I shall not here pronounce an opinion why this was so; whether his essays seemed to him still too incomplete — a scrupulousness peculiar to men of real worth, and one which has ever and again deprived learning of precious fragments — or whether it was with him as with the great chemists, of whom Boerhaave conjectures that they frequently announced performances as if they had them in their power, while actually they were only giving credence to their skill, believing that the execution could not miscarry if they once resolved to undertake it. At least it seems probable that a certain body of mathematical teaching, which Leibniz in anticipation entitled Analysis Situs,2 never existed save in intention. Many writers, including Buffon (in dealing with the involution of Nature in germs), have lamented the loss which we thereby suffer.

Called "Ohnree" by his French friends and all those with a year of college French, he was a postmature infant who, while awaiting birth, occupied a private womb. For this reason he fell into the habit of contemplating his navel. Little wonder he became a mystic. A mystic is one who writes a book to prove a book cannot be written on the subject of the book, and succeeds (Fig. 1). Bergson invented a type of mystic experience called "creative involution." During one of these experiences Bergson discovered involutional malcoholia, as have many Frenchmen before, after, and during Bergson. According to Bergson, there are three mental functions.

1. Introduction: organization, cadres, and corruption 2. Sugar-coated bullets from enemies: corruption in early years 3. The Great Leap Forward: the beginning of involution 4. Political mobilization and the cadres 5. The reforms and the transformation of cadres 6. The economic transition and cadre corruption 7. Conclusion Bibliography.

Foreword 1. The Problem Defined: The Need for an Anthropology of Art 2. The Theory of the Art Nexus 3. The Art Nexus and the Index 4. The Involution of the Index in the Art Nexus 5. The Origination of the Index 6. The Critique of the Index 7. The Distributed Person 8. Style and Culture 9. Conclusion: The Extended Mind Bibliography Index

THE MANAGEMENT of hemangiomas has been a subject of intense controversy for many decades. Once the involuting nature of these benign tumors was recognized, the obvious question became, "Why would you want to treat something which will go away on its own?" 1 The answer is that, despite the benign and trivial nature of most hemangiomas, a significant minority cause functional compromise or permanent disfigurement. To complicate matters further, hemangiomas are remarkably heterogeneous in terms of size, location, and rates of growth and involution. 2 They are also notoriously unpredictable early in infancy: some barely grow, while others blossom forth into huge tumors. These clinical realities make decisions regarding treatment difficult, even for the most experienced of clinicians. 3 Evaluating infants with hemangiomas requires that we remember one of the most basic principles of medical decision making: "First, do no harm." It is likely that the strongly anti-interventionist bias taught by many of