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David Mitchell is one of Britain’s foremost contemporary writers who is only just becoming the subject of academic attention. Focusing on his first novel, Ghostwritten (1999), this essay argues that the science of complexity provides a language with which to account for the novel’s complex interconnecting structure. The novel is defined as an autopoietic system according to the theories of Maturana and Varela and its engagement with the issues of causality and time explored in relation to the work of Ilya Prigogine. The paper concludes that Ghostwritten is a complex narrative system that responds to the intimate connection between the macroscopic and the microscopic in the contemporary world. Postprint

In her article "Early Twentieth-century Fashion Designer Life Writing," Ilya Parkins examines memoirs of major modernist fashion designers in the, finding that the genre is characterized by a strong geographic cleavage between France and America, overlain by perceptions of epistemic difference. She compares Elsa Schiaparelli's and Paul Poiret's work, finding that despite their differences, the opposition between France as a locale of abstract knowledge and America as a site of empiricism allows them to claim, as French designers, a certain privilege in a profession characterized by an unresolvable tension between art and commerce. The encroachment of American industrial models in their industry, however, threatens their episteme and ultimately their senses of self. Designer memoirs are poignant archives of melancholy, a condition deriving from nostalgia at the perceived loss of an aesthetic orientation and way of life, and intelligible as a response to fashion's uneasy encounter between aesthetics and industry. Ilya Parkins, "Early Twentieth-Century Fashion Designer Life Writing" page 2 of 10 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 13.1 (2011)

The Solidarity-led roundtable negotiations in Poland in June 1989 and subsequent peaceful transition to the first postcommunist government to be freely elected briefly caught the world’s attention but was overshadowed by the tragic events at Tiananmen Square. The fall of the Berlin Wall in November that year came to epitomize the transformation and unification of Europe.1 Much of the literature covering the transformations in Central and Eastern Europe during this period centers on the impact of Soviet foreign policy on the dramatic changes in the Eastern Bloc. Many historians and political scientists continue to overlook just how uncertain the early post-Cold War European continent was and how far the independently transitioning Central European states moved beyond Soviet Premier Mikhail Gorbachev’s vision of reforming the bloc (as outlined in Robert Snyder and Timothy J. White’s chapter) to move closer to the goal of European integration under the EU and ultimately NATO. Polish efforts to transform diplomatic relations with a rapidly unifying Germany are part of this unrecognized transformation. As Ilya Prizel argues, “only Poland seemed to understand from the start that German unification was unstoppable and that Warsaw’s interests would be best served by accepting the inevitable and using the unification process to normalize Polish-German relations.”2

We discuss one historical aspect of the mathematical education in Georgia, namely, the textbook on mathematics by Ilya Zhgenti.

If the 20th Century was the century of physics, the 21st Century is the century of cybernetics, biology and ecology. Technological advance has both crossed new frontiers and discovered old limits. Nobel laureate Ilya Prigogine broke new ground with his understanding that nature, including its human component, seeks to establish order out of chaos by “self-organizing,” not only according to pre-determined laws, but through random creative choices as well that are responsible for the endless novelty and potentiality of being. The technologically-armed purposive role of humans in the Anthropocentric Age thus takes on a new significance: “What we do today depends on our image of the future rather than the future depending on what we do today” as Prigogine puts it. “The equations of the future are written in our actions as well as in nature. Time becomes construction.” Nowhere is this truer than in the new science of genomics, which touches the soul, and in the effort to preserve the ecological balance that has enabled humanity to flourish within the narrow band of earth's livable climate. In this section we bring together leading thinkers, scientists and technologists of our age to address these issues of mankind's fate.

Introduction Thus far our principal concern has been fairly well established aspects of energy transformation in living organisms, the macromolecules they're made of, and the environments in which living things flourish. There has been a decidedly practical slant to much of the discussion to show how concepts from thermodynamics are useful in today's biochemistry laboratory. In the present chapter, we'll change tack and set sail for waters less well charted. The exploration will aim to locate the material covered thus far in the broader scheme of things, and also to see how the development of topics of considerable current interest must conform somehow, probably, to laws of thermodynamics. Our course might be somewhat off the mark, as the questions we wrestle with here are more speculative than above; often, no right answer is known. But the journey will not be any less worth the effort, as it will help to reveal how lively a subject biological thermodynamics is today and draw attention to a few of the areas where there is still much work to be done. An undercurrent of the discussion is a research program proposed over a century ago by the great British physicist Lord Kelvin: (1824–1907) to explain all phenomena of the world, both natural and manmade, in terms of energy transformations. The absolute temperature scale we have used throughout this book to quantify thermal energy is named in Kelvin's honor.

In this paper, we combine a number of results (some due to the author, some not) to show that Zariski density is, in a strong sense, a generic property of subgroups of SL(n, ℤ) and Sp(2n, ℤ). We also extend previous results of the author on generic properties of elements of the special linear and symplectic groups to generic elements in arbitrary Zariski-dense (as subgroups of the ambient complex algebraic group) subgroups of these groups. Jointly with Ilya Kapovich, we also show that a generic free group automorphism is hyperbolic.

Two pioneering achievements by Ilya Ilyich Metchnikoff were recorded in 1908. Most notable was his Nobel Prize in Medicine for discovering the innate cellular immune response to an infectious challenge. Of lesser note was his recommendation, "...to absorb large quantities of microbes, as a general belief is that microbes are harmful. This belief is erroneous. There are many useful microbes, amongst which the lactic bacilli have an honorable place." While his discovery of the inflammatory response was rapidly incorporated into our understanding of cellular immunity, his recommendation "to absorb large quantities of microbes," on the other hand, languished for decades in limbos of indifference, skepticism, and disbelief. The present chapter is a synopsis of salient discoveries made during the past 100 years, which gradually displaced these skepticisms, validated his concept of "useful microbes," and propelled his "lactic bacilli" into the mainstream of modern medical science, practice, and therapy.

Directed by Walter Scholz, this seldom-produced work shone with unexpected brilliance among the more familiar and accepted plays of the canon. Scholz chose to project plot and character largely through use of dance and ritual, with almost uniformly satisfying results. The play began with the full cast onstage, dancing, while the prologue was presented. The next scene, depicting the three Queens in black, was a persuasive example of the power that ritual could achieve when blended effectively into the action of the play. The acting itself, was, on the whole, less impressive, but still excellent in many of the scenes. Douglas Blair was a consistently strong and attractive Palamon, but Nocona Aranda as Arcite was unpredictable—occasionally effective but too often overwhelmed by his lines. Perhaps the most remarkable achievement… was the conception of the Jailer’s Daughter. Scholz’s direction and Suzanna Peters’ portrayal of the Daughter were impeccable. Peters captured the Ophelia-like tenderness of the mad Daughter exquisitely, and one scene especially stood out: the stunning enactment of her mad fantasy by the Jailer and others … Credit is due… to Ilya Mindlins lighting and the ambitious musical material arranged by Stephen Pauli and director Scholz. (Joseph H. Stodder and Lillian Wilds, Shakespeare Quarterly 31 [1980]: 258–59)

This paper offers a perspective on how Ilya Prigogine’s theoretical ideas rooted in the physical sciences can inform and inspire organization theory and strategic management scholars. To that end, the next section of this paper provides a brief synopsis of some of Prigogine and his collaborators seminal scientific insights in the dynamics of far-from-equilibrium systems in the physical sciences. This is followed by a brief summary of how their insights gleaned from studying the dynamics of far-from-equilibrium systems in the physical sciences may inform the study of social systems. The section following this provides examples of the general applicability of the theory of nonlinear dynamics of far-from-equilibrium systems in economics and organization theory. While Prigogine’s theoretical insights have important implications for all levels of social systems, the main purpose of this paper is to examine how his insights inform the role of the strategy-making process in matching the internal and external ecological dynamics that together determine an individual organization’s evolution and its longevity. Consequently, in the next to last section of the paper I draw on my own work about the role of strategy-making in organizational evolution to establish conceptual links with the fundamental insights generated by Prigogine and his collaborators. The conclusion section suggests the potential of Prigogine’s work to unify the physical and social sciences and to motivate a new philosophy of science.

Contributions in modern theoretical physics and chemistry on the behavior of nonlinear systems, exemplified by Ilya Prigogine's work on the thermodynamics of open systems (Prigogine and Stengers, 1984), attract growing attention in economics (Anderson, Arrow, and Pines, 1988; Arthur, 1990; Baumol and Benhabib, 1989; Mirowski, 1990; Radzicki, 1990). Our purpose here is to relate the new orientation in the natural sciences to a particular nonorthodox strand of thought within economics. All that is needed for this purpose is some appreciation of the general thrust of the enterprise, which involves a shift of perspective from the determinism of conventional physics (which presumably inspired the neoclassical research program in economics) to the nonteleological open-endedness, creative, and nondetermined nature of evolutionary processes.

Getting Russia Wrong: The End of Kremlinology by Patrick Cockburn. London: Verso, 1988. Pp.220; index. £24.95 (hardback); £8.95 (paperback). ISBN 0 86091 264 7 and 977 3 Perestroika in Perspective: The Designs and Dilemmas of Soviet Reform by Padma Desai. London: Tauris, 1989. Pp.138; index. £14.95. ISBN 185043 141 8 Gorbachev and Perestroika edited by Martin McCauley. London: Macmillan, 1990. Pp.222; index. £35 (hardback); £14.99 (paperback). ISBN 0 333 52594 9 and 52595 7 The Long Road to Freedom: Russia and Glasnost by Walter Laqueur. London: Unwin Hyman, 1989. Pp.329; index. £16.95. ISBN 0 04 440343 7 Parting with Illusions by Vladimir Pozner. London: Grafton Books, 1990. Pp.324; index. £16.99. ISBN 0 246 13743 6 Moscow Graffiti by John Bushnell. Boston MA: Unwin Hyman, 1990. Pp.192;index. £28 (hardback); £9.95 (paperback). ISBN 0 04 445168 7 and 445169 5 Gorbachev: The Man and the System by Ilya Zemtsov and John Farrar. Pp.462; index. New Brunswick, NJ, and Oxford: Transaction, 1989. £22.95. ISBN 0 8...

Ilya Metchnikoff and Paul Ehrlich shared the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine – Metchnikoff for discovering the major types and functions of phagocytes and Ehrlich for discovering the types of blood leukocytes, helping to uncover how to generate and use antibodies to protect against bacterial toxins, and formulating the receptor concept of antibodies binding to antigens. In 1908 phagocytic and humoral defences were thought to be unrelated but it was realized much later that they influence one other. Thus, it is fitting that the 1908 Nobel Laureates in Physiology or Medicine remain closely connected in the minds of modern immunologists. Metchnikoff and Ehrlich shared qualities of natural curiosity and tenacity coupled with remarkable inductive-mechanistic thinking and a zest for experimentation. However, their approaches to and methods of research were decidedly different – Metchnikoff's by evolutionary biology and an approach to experimentation via microscopy and Ehrlich's by an imaginative side-chain theory and organic chemistry.

While science has accepted biological evolution through natural selection, there is no generally agreed explanation for why evolution leads to ever more complex organisms. Evolution yields organismic complexity because the universe is, in its very fabric, inherently complex, as suggested by Ilya Prigogine's work on dissipative structures. Because the universe is complex, increments in organismic complexity yield survival benefits: (1) more efficient extraction of energy and matter, (2) more flexible response to vicissitudes, (3) more effective search. J.J. Gibson's ecological psychology provides a clue to the advantages of sophisticated information processing while the lore of computational theory suggests that a complex computer is needed efficiently to perform complex computations (i.e. sophisticated information processing).

All happy families are similar, but every unhappy family is unhappy in its own way. Lev Tolstoy, Anna Karenina Today, the case for socialism is no longer persuasive, but this was not always so. Once, many intelligent people considered socialism not only morally but also economically superior to capitalism and democracy. They thought a benign state would pursue higher ideals than a petty democracy and execute them more effectively. Marxist-Leninist ideas and socialist institutions conditioned the postcommunist transition. To provide some background, I review the essence of the Soviet-type system. As communism broke down, countries faced very different political and economic preconditions, and their collapses proceeded in sharply contrasting ways. Real Socialism Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, Vladimir Lenin, and other communist theoreticians left many ideas on how to develop a socialist state, but Josef Stalin was the one who formed the classical communist economic system with the first five-year plan of 1929–33. This system remained intact until his death in March 1953, and he imposed it on all countries in the Soviet bloc. Despite many reform attempts, the lasting changes were remarkably small. This system was the least common denominator of all the countries discussed in this book. The institutional barriers built to reform it were formidable.

This series provides the chemical physics field with a forum for critical, authoritative evaluations of advances in every area of the discipline. This stand-alone special topics volume reports recent advances in electron-transfer research with significant, up-to-date chapters by internationally recognized researchers.

The First Principle of Thermodynamics is concerned with conservation, the Second Principle with evolution. Time, oscillations, instability and chaos are accorded scientific dignity by the Second Principle. Energy and matter are conservative properties of the biosphere (First Principle of Thermodynamics). Their organization and the information embodied in the history of energy and matter are evolutionary properties: such properties regard the thermodynamics of far-from-equilibrium systems. At equilibrium, energy and matter are blind; far from equilibrium they begin to see (Ilya Prigogine). This paper shows the emergence of novelties in some particular cases.

It is a special pleasure and honor for the first named author to dedicate this paper to the 60th birthdays of two of his outstanding friends — Israel Gohberg and Ilya Piatetski-Shapiro.

Relation between science and poetry. The possible dialogue between verse and universe (or multiverse). Testimony from Ilya Prigogine and Carlo Rubbia, in Rio...

This paper describes how the sustainability assessment of a complex human system, such as a city, must start from the knowledge of physical laws and constraints, which the development of the system is based on. It is well known that the Second Law of thermodynamics states that an isolated system tends towards maximum entropy, which implies maximum disorder. In general, life seems to contradict the Second Law since we observe that the trend of living organisms is towards the creation of order where previously there was disorder: it is the trend to organize and self-organize. Ilya Prigogine called these systems “dissipative structures” that are thermodynamic self-adaptive systems open to both energy and matter. Human systems (economic, social, urban, etc.) use relations and exchanges with their environment in order to survive and might be identified as dissipative structures far from thermodynamic equilibrium. In particular, the evolution and maintenance of a city is possible due to inputs of natural resources from the terrestrial ecosystems and outputs of heat and wastes into terrestrial ecosystems. Edgar Morin said that the autonomy of a system is funded on the dependence on the environment so that autonomy and dependence are complementary concepts, although they seem in contrast, and there cannot be autonomy without dependence. Different kinds of inputs, especially from the environment, are stored in a city and become part of its “living” structure. Morin’s concepts of autonomy and dependence for human systems suggest that those systems must evolve between two extremes: autarchy and globalization. This paper seeks to show how, in entropic terms, these two configurations are inconsistent with the concept of sustainability.

Walter G.Kauman passed away on the 11 November 2005, in South of France were he was retired. He was born and educated in Berlin until the “Abitur” in 1941.In 1947, he immigrated to Australia where he started his professional career as worker in the plant of the Radio Corporation Ltd, during one year, before joining the CSIR, as technical assistant in the drying section. In the mean time he prepared the Bachelor of Science in physics, at the University of Melbourne. He was graduated in 1953 with the “Dixon Scholarship” Prize.He completed his studies in Belgium at the Free University in Brussels where he has obtained a‘“Licence Speciale” in Chemical Physics in 1957 and prepared a PhD in chemistry under the supervision of Professor Ilya Prigogine (Nobel Prize winner in 1977).

The double perspective offered up by a pairing of artist and writer can leave a transfixing legacy. Take Restoration London as an example. It is almost impossible to visualise the city without viewing it through the engravings of Wenceslaus Hollar and the diaries of Samuel Pepys. As Hollar depicts London Bridge decorated with the decapitated heads of traitors, it also comes alive as the place where the naval secretary Pepys took his brief pleasure with prostitutes. Similarly, eighteenth-century Venice is forever caught by the accidental double-act of Canaletto and Casanova, rural nineteenth-century Russia by that of Ilya Repin and Leo Tolstoy, while arguably the befogged nineteenth-century London conjured up by both Turner and Charles Dickens still dominates our perception of that city.

"Nature has provided, in the white corpuscles as you call them-in the phagocytes as we call them-a natural means of devouring and destroying all disease germs. There is at bottom only one genuinely scientific treatment for all diseases, and that is to stimulate the phagocytes." So opined B.B. in G.B. Shaw's The Doctor's Dilemma in a dramatic restatement of a key portion of Ilya Metchnikoff's Nobel Prize address: "Whenever the organism enjoys immunity, the introduction of infectious microbes is followed by the accumulation of mobile cells, of white corpuscles of the blood in particular which absorb the microbes and destroy them. The white corpuscles and the other cells capable of doing this have been designated 'phagocytes,' (i.e., devouring cells) and the whole function that ensures immunity has been given the name of 'phagocytosis'". Based on these insights into the foundation of resistance to infectious disease, Metchnikoff was awarded the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine together with Paul Ehrlich (Fig. 1). Although both were cited for discoveries in immunity, the contributions of the two men seem worlds apart. Ehrlich's studies did not deal with generic responses to infection, but rather with the highly specific nature of antibodies and their relationship to the cells producing them: "As the cell receptor is obviously preformed, and the artificially produced antitoxin only the consequence, i.e. secondary, one can hardly fail to assume that the antitoxin is nothing else but discharged components of the cell, namely receptors discharged in excess". But biological systems are just that-systems-and the parts need to work together. And so we arrive, a century later, at an appreciation for just how intimately related these two seemingly disparate aspects of host defense really are.

Entries include: Allen, Woody, American-Jewish Literature, Auster, Paul ,Babel, Isaac, Bellow, Saul, Brodsky, Joseph, Castel-Bloom, Orly, Cixous, Helene, Cohen, Leonard, Doctorow, Edgar L, Durlacher, Gerard, Dworkin, Andrea, Ehrenburg, Ilya Grigorevich, Elkin, Stanley, Ezekiel, Nissim, Fainlight, Ruth, Feiffer, Jules, Fierstein, Harvey, Gershon, Karen, Ginsberg, Allen, Gordimer, Nadine, Hebrew Literature, Heller, Joseph, Holocaust, Writing, Ignatow, David, Ionesco, Eugene, Jacob, Max, Jong, Erica, Josipovici, Gabriel, Kafka, Franz, Kertesz, Imre, Konrad, Gyorgy, Langer, Jiri, Levi, Primo, Lustig, Arnoot, Mailer, Norman, Mamet, David, Miller, Arthur, Nadas, Peter, Nathanson, Henri, Nemerov, Howard, Odets, Clifford, Ortiz, Alicia, Dujovne, Oz, Amos, Paley, Grace, Pasternak, Boris, Potok, Chaim, Proust, Marcel, Raab, Esther, Roth, Philip, Rukeyser, Muriel, Sendak, Maurice, Simon, Neil, Stein, Gertrude, Tchernikowsky, Shaul, Trilling, Lionel, Tuwim, Julian, Uris, Leon, Viertel, Berthold, Vigee, Claude, Vogel, David, West, Nathanael, Wiesel, Elie, Wouk, Herman, Yehoshua, A.B., Yezierska, Anzia, Yiddish Writing in the 20th Century, Zach, Nathan, Zukofsky, Louis, Zwicky, Fay

The song of Ilya and Solovej is the most popular of all russian bylinas. In the paper 18 texts are investigated, both in prose and verse, from the 18 t h century up to 1928. The structure of the song is Ilya's departure from home, his various adventures and his arrival at the court of Vladimir in Kiev. The oral tradition, more than the written, shows a great variability of motifs, actions, and names. As a kind of 'oral poetry', each bylina exists as an autonomous version. This is the reason, why it is not possible to give a general interpretation of this song, based on the traditional historical-comparative philology.

This paper discusses how the concepts of nonlinearity, discrete dynamics, chaos, and emergent order that Ilya Prigogine advanced correspond to similar ideas involved in the adaptive, evolutionary branch of economics.