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Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) offer attractive attributes that are useful in innovative biomaterial design for neuroscience research due to their nanoscale features, modifiable chemical functionalities, and tunable electrical properties. In this study, we developed a simple and cost-effective fabrication method for advanced surface-modified cell culture system by immobilizing biofunctionalized CNTs onto commercial tissue culture polystyrene plates. This active substrate was examined to understand the effects of electrical, morphological, and chemical interactions with CNT-entrapped drug, bpV as a PTEN inhibitor, on the neuronal differentiation of PC-12 cells. Compared to control, the percentage of neuronal cells stimulating neurites increased by a factor of 4.0, 7.8, and 10.0, when cultured on immobilized carboxylated CNT substrate, PEGylated CNT substrate, and PEGylated CNT substrate in the presence of 10 nM bpV, respectively. The bpV-loaded CNT substrates down-regulated the expression of PTEN and up-regulated the Akt/ERK signaling pathway, thereby providing the mechanism for the improved neuronal outgrowth. These results highlight the promise of the biofunctionalized CNTs as the electroactive and drug-releasing smart nanomaterials for promoting neuronal outgrowth and suggest their potential utility in future neural regeneration applications.

Oxidative stress-induced neuronal cell loss is considered to be the major mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, which could be induced by a high concentration of glutamate. In this study, sargachromenol (SC) was isolated from a marine brown seaweed

While synchronous ovarian and endometrial endometrioid carcinomas (ECs) have long been described in the literature, ovarian or endometrial EC involving concomitant endocervical polyp (ECP) has not yet been reported. This study aimed to investigate the histological types and prevalence of gynecological tumors co-existing with ECP and to comprehensively analyze the clinicopathological characteristics of ovarian and endometrial ECs involving ECPs. We searched for ECP cases associated with premalignant lesions or malignancies of the female genital tract occurring between March 2019 and February 2022. We then investigated the histological types and prevalence of gynecological tumors co-existing with ECP. In addition, we reviewed electronic medical records and pathology slides to collect the clinicopathological features of four patients with ovarian or endometrial EC involving ECP. We found 429 ECPs over the three-year study period. Of these, 68 (15.9%) were associated with premalignant or malignant lesions occurring in the uterine cervix, endometrium, and ovaries. Four of these cases, including two (0.5%) ovarian grade 3 ECs and two (0.5%) endometrial grade 1 ECs, involved ECPs. In the former cases (cases 1 and 2), ECs involving ECPs exhibited similar morphology and immunohistochemical staining results to those of advanced-stage ovarian EC. In the latter cases (cases 3 and 4), the histological and immunophenotypical features of EC involving ECP were identical to those of primary endometrial EC, despite the lack of tumor involvement in the myometrium, lower uterine segment, and cervical stroma as well as the absence of lymphovascular invasion and lymph node metastasis. In all cases, no evidence of benign endometriosis, endometrial hyperplasia without atypia, or atypical hyperplasia/endometrial intraepithelial neoplasm within ECP or the adjacent endocervical tissue was noted. Considering our results, the involvement of ECP by EC may have been caused by an implantation metastasis from the ovarian (cases 1 and 2) or endometrial (cases 3 and 4) EC. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first exploration of the synchronous occurrence of endometrial or ovarian EC and ECP involvement. Implantation metastasis via transtubal and trans-endometrial cavity migration may have been the pathogenic mechanism of ECP involvement.

We incorporated nationwide Candida antifungal surveillance into the Korea Global Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System (Kor-GLASS) for bacterial pathogens. We prospectively collected and analyzed complete non-duplicate blood isolates and information from nine sentinel hospitals during 2020–2021, based on GLASS early implementation protocol for the inclusion of Candida species. Candida species ranked fourth among 10,758 target blood pathogens and second among 4050 hospital-origin blood pathogens. Among 766 Candida blood isolates, 87.6% were of hospital origin, and 41.3% occurred in intensive care unit patients. Adults > 60 years of age accounted for 75.7% of cases. Based on species-specific clinical breakpoints, non-susceptibility to fluconazole, voriconazole, caspofungin, micafungin, and anidulafungin was found in 21.1% (154/729), 4.0% (24/596), 0.1% (1/741), 0.0% (0/741), and 0.1% (1/741) of the isolates, respectively. Fluconazole resistance was determined in 0% (0/348), 2.2% (3/135, 1 Erg11 mutant), 5.3% (7/133, 6 Pdr1 mutants), and 5.6% (6/108, 4 Erg11 and 1 Cdr1 mutants) of C. albicans, C. tropicalis, C. glabrata, and C. parapsilosis isolates, respectively. An echinocandin-resistant C. glabrata isolate harbored an F659Y mutation in Fks2p. The inclusion of Candida species in the Kor-GLASS system generated well-curated surveillance data and may encourage global Candida surveillance efforts using a harmonized GLASS system.

Fexuprazan, a novel potassium-competitive acid blocker, reversibly suppresses the KTo compare fexuprazan to esomeprazole and establish its efficacy and safety in patients with erosive esophagitis (EE).Korean adult patients with endoscopically confirmed EE were randomized 1:1 to receive fexuprazan 40 mg or esomeprazole 40 mg once daily for eight weeks. The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients with healed EE confirmed by endoscopy at week 8. The secondary endpoints included the healing rate of EE at week 4, symptom response, and quality of life assessment. Safety profiles and serum gastrin levels were compared between the groups.Of the 263 randomized, 218 completed the study per protocol (fexuprazan 40 mg,Fexuprazan 40 mg is non-inferior to esomeprazole 40 mg in EE healing at week 8. We suggest that fexuprazan is an alternative promising treatment option to PPIs for patients with EE.

Flow cytometry has become an indispensable tool for counting, analyzing, and sorting large cell populations in biological research and medical practice. Unfortunately, it has limitations in the analysis of non-spherically shaped cells due to the variation of their alignment with respect to the flow direction and, hence, the optical interrogation axis, resulting in unreliable cell analysis. Here, we present a simple on-chip acoustofluidic method to fix the orientation of ellipsoidal cells and focus them into a single, aligned stream. Specifically, by generating acoustic standing waves inside a 100 ⋅ 100 µm square-shaped microchannel, we successfully aligned and focused up to 97.7% of a population of Euglena gracilis (an ellipsoidal shaped microalgal species) cells in the center of the microchannel with high precision at a volume rate of 25 to 200 µL min

Tegoprazan is a novel potassium-competitive acid blocker used to treat acid-related disorders.To compare tegoprazan 25 mg with lansoprazole 15 mg as maintenance therapy in healed erosive oesophagitis (EE) METHODS: In this phase 3, double-blind, multi-centre study, patients with endoscopically confirmed healed EE were randomised 1:1 to receive tegoprazan 25 mg or lansoprazole 15 mg once daily for up to 24 weeks. The primary efficacy endpoint was the endoscopic remission rate after 24 weeks. The secondary efficacy endpoint was the endoscopic remission rate after 12 weeks. Safety endpoints included adverse events, clinical laboratory results and serum gastrin and pepsinogen I/II levels.We randomised patients to tegoprazan 25 mg (n = 174) or lansoprazole 15 mg (n = 177). Most had mild EE (Los Angeles (LA) grade A: 57.3%, LA grade B: 37.3%). The endoscopic remission rate after 24 weeks was 90.6% with tegoprazan and 89.5% with lansoprazole. Tegoprazan was not inferior to lansoprazole for maintaining endoscopic remission at 24 weeks and 12 weeks. In subgroup analysis, tegoprazan 25 mg showed no significant difference in maintenance rate according to LA grade (p = 0.47). The maintenance effect of tegoprazan was consistent in CYP2C19 extensive metabolisers (p = 0.76). Increases in serum gastrin were not higher in tegoprazan-treated than lansoprazole-treated patients.Tegoprazan 25 mg was non-inferior to lansoprazole 15 mg in maintenance of healing of mild EE. In this study, tegoprazan had a similar safety profile to lansoprazole.

We studied the effects of photoperiods on the growth performance, blood profile, welfare parameters, and carcass characteristics of broilers. A total of 336 male broiler chicks (Ross 308) were randomly allocated into 4 treatments (84 birds per treatment with 4 replicates), based on the following lighting regimen: 24 h continuous light (24L), 18 h continuous light (18L:6D), 8 h continuous light (8L:16D), and intermittent light (4L:2D). Body weight and feed intake of 7- and 35-day-old broilers were measured. At 5 weeks of age, 12 birds per treatment were selected for blood collection and carcass analysis. Body weight, body weight gain, and feed intake were the lowest in the 8L:16D treatment (p < 0.05). The heterophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, aspartate aminotransferase, interleukin-6, and corticosterone levels in the 24L treatment increased significantly when compared to that in the 18L:6D treatment (p < 0.05). The footpad dermatitis score was significantly lower in the 18L:6D and 8L:16D treatments than in the 24L and 4L:2D treatments (p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in the carcass and meat characteristics, except for the shear force of breast meat (Pectoralis major), which was the lowest in the 8L:16D treatment (p < 0.05). These results indicate that a photoperiod of 18 h resulted in an improvement in the performance and welfare of birds and a simultaneous decrease in stress level. However, further research is needed to establish a lighting regimen that satisfies both the productivity and welfare requirements of broilers in different feeding phases.

Seaweeds are potential ingredients in the cosmeceutical industry. Our previous study demonstrates that the phlorotannin-enriched extract of

Ecklonia maxima is a brown seaweed, which is abundantly distributed in South Africa. This study investigated an efficient approach using high-performance centrifugal partition chromatography (HPCPC), which has been successfully developed for the isolation and purification of phlorotannins, eckmaxol, and dieckol from the ethyl acetate fraction of E. maxima (EEM). We evaluated EEM for its inhibitory effect against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory responses in zebrafish embryos. The separation of eckmaxol and dieckol from samples of EEM using HPCPC was found to be of high purity and yield under an optimal solvent system composed of n-hexane:ethyl acetate:methanol:water (2:7:3:7, v/v/v/v). To evaluate the anti-inflammatory efficacy of EEM containing active compounds, zebrafish embryos exposed to LPS were compared with and without EEM treatment for nitric oxide (NO) production, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and cell death two days after fertilization. These evaluations indicate that EEM alleviated inflammation by inhibiting cell death, ROS, and NO generation induced by LPS treatment. According to these results, eckmaxol and dieckol isolated from brown seaweed E. maxima could be considered effective anti-inflammatory agents as pharmaceutical and functional food ingredients.

Approximately half of the BSIs caused by E. coli are secondary to E. coli UTIs. Since the uropathogenic E. coli causing most of the UTIs is genetically diverse, understanding the risk factors in the E. coli urine isolates causing the BSI is important for pathophysiology.

Inference of co-expression network and identification of disease-related modules and gene sets can help us understand disease-related molecular pathophysiology. We aimed to identify a cardiovascular disease (CVD)-related transcriptomic signature, specifically, in peripheral blood tissue, based on differential expression (DE) and differential co-expression (DcoE) analyses. Publicly available blood sample datasets for coronary artery disease (CAD) and acute coronary syndrome (ACS) statuses were integrated to establish a co-expression network. A weighted gene co-expression network analysis was used to construct modules that include genes with highly correlated expression values. The DE criterion is a linear regression with module eigengenes for module-specific genes calculated from principal component analysis and disease status as the dependent and independent variables, respectively. The DcoE criterion is a paired t-test for intramodular connectivity between disease and matched control statuses. A total of 21 and 23 modules were established from CAD status- and ACS-related datasets, respectively, of which six modules per disease status (i.e., obstructive CAD and ACS) were selected based on the DE and DcoE criteria. For each module, gene–gene interactions with extremely high correlation coefficients were individually selected under the two conditions. Genes displaying a significant change in the number of edges (gene–gene interaction) were selected. A total of 6, 10, and 7 genes in each of the three modules were identified as potential CAD status-related genes, and 14 and 8 genes in each of the two modules were selected as ACS-related genes. Our study identified gene sets and genes that were dysregulated in CVD blood samples. These findings may contribute to the understanding of CVD pathophysiology.

An accurate evaluation of resection margin (RM) is critical in breast-conserving surgery (BCS) as negative RM status is critical for successful local control. We compared gross and microscopic methods for RM evaluation and analyzed their concordances.Gross evaluation (GE), frozen section analysis (FSA), and permanent section diagnosis (PSD) were compared for specimens from 725 breast cancer patients.The RM was grossly involved in 74 cases (10.2%). The sensitivity and specificity of GE were 22.9% and 96.1%, respectively. FSA revealed positive RM in 290 cases (40.0%), with high sensitivity (86.7%) and specificity (83.1%). With PSD, 240 cases (33.1%) showed RM involvement. Discordant results between gross and microscopic methods were observed in 104 cases (14.3%).Our observations of the low sensitivity of GE, high discordance rate between gross and microscopic methods, and high sensitivity and specificity of FSA support the necessity of intraoperative FSA for assessing RM status during BCS.

BackgroundThe association between types of subjective memory complaint (SMC), poor objective cognitive performance, and brain Aβ deposition have been poorly understood. We investigated the association between types of SMC and objective global cognitive performance, then assessed whether this association is mediated by the brain amyloid prediction index (API).MethodsIn total, 173 non-demented older adults [63 cognitively normal (CN) and 110 mild cognitive impairment (MCI)] underwent comprehensive clinical assessments. Objective global cognitive performance and brain amyloid index were measured using the total score (TS) of the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease neuropsychological battery and API, respectively. In total, four items of SMC from the subjective memory complaints questionnaire (SMCQ) (SMCQ1: a feeling of memory problem; SMCQ2: the feeling of worse memory than 10 years ago; SMCQ3: the feeling of worse memory than others of similar age; or SMCQ4: the feeling of difficulty in everyday life) in global memory function were assessed.ResultsIn non-demented and participants with MCI, SMCQ3-positive and SMCQ4-positive groups were associated with decreased TS. In participants with MCI, the SMCQ3-positive group was associated with increased API, and API was associated with decreased TS, but the SMCQ4-positive group did not. In addition, the association between the SMCQ3-positive group and poor TS disappeared when API was controlled as a covariate, indicating that API has a mediation effect.ConclusionThe present findings suggest that SMC, a feeling of worse memory performance than others in a similar age group, in the older adults without dementia is associated with poor objective cognitive performanceviaincreased brain amyloid index.

Background/Aim: Uterine mesonephric-like adenocarcinoma (MLA) is a rare malignant tumor of the female genital tract. Patients and Methods: We reviewed 237 endometrial carcinoma cases and investigated the clinicopathological and molecular characteristics of uterine MLA. Results: We found that 3.0% (7/237) of the endometrial carcinoma cases were MLAs. Compared to endometrial endometrioid carcinoma, MLA showed larger tumor size, deeper myometrial invasion, increasingly advanced-stage disease, and more frequent lymphovascular space invasion. All MLAs exhibited architectural diversity, compactly aggregated small tubules, eosinophilic intraluminal secretions, overlapped and angulated nuclei, scant cytoplasm, and presence of spindle cells. All the MLAs expressed at least two mesonephric markers. All except one MLA harbored activating Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog mutations. All patients with MLA developed postoperative metastases. MLA had the lowest progression-free survival rate among different histological types of endometrial carcinoma. Conclusion: Uterine MLA is a highly aggressive gynecological malignancy, showing unique morphological and molecular features, frequent recurrences and metastases, as well as poor prognosis.

The burst sequence (BS) region within the promoter is very important for the burst expression of the very late promoters of baculovirus. As the use of repeated BSs in the polyhedrin promoter was reported to increase its activity, in this study, the effect of repeated BSs of the p10 promoter on the activity of the p10 promoter was investigated. The effect of repeated BSs was determined through analysis of virus-induced transient expression and the generation of recombinant viruses. It was observed that the use of repeated BSs downstream of the p10 promoter strongly inhibited the activity of the p10 promoter. However, the insertion of noncoding sequences instead of repeated BSs into the p10 promoter led to a very weak decrease in the activity of the p10 promoter, rather than the strong decrease caused by repeated BSs. These results indicated that the decrease in p10 promoter activity was BS-specific. In addition, it was suggested that although the polyhedrin promoter and the p10 promoter share a number of transcription factors, there are also transcription factors that bind only one of these promoters and not the other.

Background One health is a flexible concept with many facets, including the environment, community, and the nosocomial super-bacteria resistance network. We investigated the molecular prevalence of extended-spectrum-β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-EC) in workers, livestock, and the farm environment in Korea. Methods ESBL-EC isolates were obtained from samples from 19 swine farms, 35 retail stores, seven slaughterhouses, and 45 related workers throughout Korea from August 2017 to July 2018, using ChromID ESBL (BioMerieux, Marcy l'Etoile, France) agar and enrichment broth. The presence of ESBL and mobilized colistin resistance (mcr) genes and antimicrobial resistance were determined. Clonality was evaluated with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Results In total, 232 ESBL-EC isolates were obtained from 1,614 non-duplicated samples (14.4% positive rate). The ESBL-EC isolates showed regional and source-related differences. blaCTX-M-55 (N=100), blaCTX-M-14 (N=65), blaCTX-M-15 (N=33), and blaCTX-M-65 (N=23) were common ESBL types. The ESBL-EC isolates showed high resistance rates for various antimicrobial classes; however, all isolates were susceptible to carbapenem. One swine-originating colistin-resistant isolate did not carry any known mcr gene. PFGE was successful for 197 of the 232 isolates, and most PFGE types were heterogeneous, except for some dominant PFGE types (O, R, T, U, and V). MLST of 88 isolates was performed for representative PFGE types; however, no dominant sequence type was observed. Conclusions The proportion of ESBL-EC in swine industry-related samples was significant, and the isolates harbored common clinical ESBL gene types. These molecular epidemiologic data could provide important evidence for antimicrobial-resistance control through a one health approach.

Background/aim We present a case of uterine dedifferentiated mesonephric-like adenocarcinoma (MLA). Case report A 54-year-old woman underwent total hysterectomy for a uterine mass under the impression of a uterine sarcoma. Histologically, MLA exhibited various growth patterns including tubular and glandular architecture. Undifferentiated carcinoma (UC) displayed discohesive tumor cells without any obvious architecture. Immunohistochemically, UC was positive for epithelial markers in very few scattered tumor cells. MLA exhibited the wild-type p53 expression pattern, whereas UC showed a uniform and strong p53 immunoreactivity. Targeted sequencing analysis revealed an identical Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) mutation in both components. A pathogenic missense tumor protein 53 (TP53) mutation was detected in UC, but not in MLA. Conclusion The mutant p53 expression pattern exclusively detected in UC was concordant with the presence of missense TP53 mutation. Our observations suggested that TP53 mutation is associated with the possible transformation from MLA to UC.

Individual attitudes towards immigration are powerfully driven by ethnic context, that is, size of foreign-born population. We advance the literature by examining how the change (growth) in foreign-born population, in addition to its size (level), is related to two distinct outcomes: natives’ views on legal and unauthorized immigration. By analysing a probability US sample, we find that an increase in the state-level immigration population is positively related to Americans’ approval of a policy aimed at containing the flow of undocumented immigrants. The proportion of immigrants in a state, however, is not a significant predictor of support for such restrictive policy. With respect to legal immigration, neither the amount of recent change in, nor the size of, the immigration population matters. Our study provides strong evidence for contextual effects: net of compositional factors, a dynamic change in foreign-born population has an independent impact on how Americans view unauthorized, but not legal, immigration.

Ovarian clear cell carcinoma (OCCC) reportedly develops from endometriosis. However, the molecular mechanism underlying its malignant progression to OCCC remains elusive. This study aimed to identify an essential gene in the malignant transformation of endometriosis to OCCC. We performed RNA sequencing in formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded (FFPE) tissues of endometriosis (n = 9), atypical endometriosis (AtyEm) (n = 18), adjacent endometriosis to OCCC (AdjEm) (n = 7), and OCCC (n = 17). We found that tetraspanin 1 (TSPAN1) mRNA level was significantly increased by 2.4‐ (DESeq2) and 3.4‐fold (edgeR) in AtyEm and by 80.7‐ (DESeq2) and 101‐fold (edgeR) in OCCC relative to endometriosis. We confirmed that TSPAN1 protein level was similarly overexpressed in OCCC tissues and cell lines. In immortalized endometriosis cell lines, TSPAN1 overexpression enhanced cell growth and invasion. Mechanistically, TSPAN1 triggered AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity, promoting endometriosis and cell growth. Upregulated levels of TSPAN1 are considered an early event in the development of high‐risk endometriosis that could progress to ovarian cancer. Our study suggests the potential of TSPAN1 as a screening candidate for high‐risk endometriosis., Endometriosis can progress toward ovarian clear cell carcinoma (OCCC). While investigating genes involved in this process, we confirmed that TSPAN1 expression increases during progression from endometriosis to OCCC. TSPAN1 promoted endometriotic cell growth through AMPK activity. These results indicate altered TSPAN1 expression levels as an early marker of malignant transformation that may enable screening for high‐risk endometriosis.

According to critics of globalization, it has ushered in a new era of economic inequality, with some of the biggest “losers” being the majority working classes in advanced capitalist democracies. Economically aggrieved, culturally threatened, and politically excluded, they have become the bedrock of right-wing political parties in much of Europe and the United States. Integral to this phenomenon is the heightened anti-immigrant prejudice espoused by both supporters and leaders of populist movements. The present study investigates a critical issue in this context, one that has been implicitly assumed but relatively understudied: the impact of globalization on xenophobic attitudes among natives. It also examines whether and to what extent globalization moderates the effect of ethnic nationalism on their preferences for restrictive immigration and immigrant assimilation. Findings from multilevel analysis indicate that globalization, as well as the nativist backlash, plays a significant role in directly and indirectly shaping how immigration and immigrants are perceived in host societies.

Bioleaching has been regarded as a green alternative to chemical leaching in metal extraction processes. In this study, the bioleaching properties of indigenous acidophilic bacteria for various sulfide minerals were compared and evaluated in terms of pH reduction and metal leaching. The primary minerals in the samples were sphalerite (ZnS) (SP), galena (PbS) (GN1 and GN2), pyrite (FeS2) (PY), and chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) (CCP), and an indigenous acidophilic bacterium, Acidiphilium cryptum (99.56%), was applied for bioleaching experiments. The metal extraction in bioleaching differed according to the mineral content. The leached metal concentration of Zn was higher than that of Pb for the SP sample with a high ZnS content, whereas the concentration of Pb was higher than that of Zn for the GN1 and GN2 samples with a high PbS content. Meanwhile, the leaching rate of Zn was faster than that of Pb for all samples. Corrosion action was observed on the surface of bacterial residues in SP and GN1 samples. These results show that the bioleaching mechanism based on sulfide minerals proceeds through indirect biological oxidation, chemical oxidation, and direct bacterial oxidation. The results of this study can provide basic research data for process optimization when employing bioleaching to extract valuable metals.

In this study, seahorse peptide (SHP) was isolated from an alcalase-treated hydrolysate from Hippocampus abdominalis and assessed for its antioxidant potential against AAPH-induced oxidative stress damage. AAPH stimulation significantly decreased cell viability and increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in Vero cells. SHP treatment increased cell viability and remarkably lowered ROS production under AAPH-induced oxidative stress. Furthermore, it protected against AAPH-induced apoptotic DNA damage. Western blot analysis demonstrated that SHP treatment remarkably increased the protein expression levels of catalase and SOD in AAPH-induced Vero cells. A zebrafish study revealed that SHP-treated zebrafish embryos resulted in lower cell death, ROS generation, and lipid peroxidation than the AAPH-treated group. These results suggest that SHP is a potent functional antioxidant that could be developed as a natural antioxidant in the food and functional food industries.

Piezoelectric materials are a class of materials that can generate an electric charge when subjected to mechanical stress, or vice versa. These materials have a wide range of applications, from sensors and actuators to energy-harvesting devices and medical implants. Recently, there has been growing interest in using 3D printing to fabricate piezoelectric materials with complex geometries and tailored properties. Three-dimensional printing allows for the precise control of the material’s composition, microstructure, and shape, which can significantly enhance piezoelectric materials’ performance. Three-dimensional printing has emerged as a promising technique for fabricating piezoelectric materials with tailored properties and complex geometries. The development of high-performance piezoelectric materials using 3D printing could have significant implications for various applications, including sensors, energy harvesting, and medical devices. In this review paper, 3D printing methods for piezoelectric materials, their advantages and disadvantages, representative piezoelectric ceramics, and examples of 3D printing are presented. Furthermore, the applications utilizing these materials are summarized.